Numerical and Experimental Investigations on the Aerodynamic Characteristic of Three Typical Passenger Vehicles
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Quantitative Analysis of Drag Reduction Methods for Blunt Shaped Automobiles
applied sciences Review Quantitative Analysis of Drag Reduction Methods for Blunt Shaped Automobiles Ferenc Szodrai Department of Building Services and Building Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Debrecen, 4028 Debrecen, Hungary; [email protected] Received: 30 April 2020; Accepted: 19 June 2020; Published: 23 June 2020 Abstract: In fluid mechanics, drag related problems aim to reduce fuel consumption. This paper is intended to provide guidance for drag reduction applications on cars. The review covers papers from the beginning of 2000 to April 2020 related to drag reduction research for ground vehicles. Research papers were collected from the library of Science Direct, Web of Science, and Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI). Achieved drag reductions of each research paper was collected and evaluated. The assessed research papers attained their results by wind tunnel measurements or calculating validated numerical models. The study mainly focuses on hatchback and notchback shaped ground vehicle drag reduction methods, such as active and passive systems. Quantitative analysis was made for the drag reduction methods where relative and absolute drag changes were used for evaluations. Keywords: active flow control; passive flow control; coefficient of drag; ground vehicle; car 1. Introduction In the field of fluid mechanics, drag related problems are fascinating to examine. With a small modification of complex geometry, flow aerodynamics can be changed; thus, less energy will be needed for the propulsion system for a vehicle. Drag related problems were first examined in the aeronautical industry after the automotive industry also realised that it could affect fuel consumption reduction. For ground vehicles, drag related problems are specific due to external effects, such as road inclination and wind. -
Sau1601 Automotive Aerodynamics
SCHOOL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING SAU1601 AUTOMOTIVE AERODYNAMICS 1 UNIT I INTRODUCTION TO AUTOMOTIVE AERODYNAMICS 2 I. Introduction Automotive Aerodynamics is the study of air flows around and through the vehicle body. More generally, it can be labelled “Fluid Dynamics” because air is really just a very thin type of fluid. Above slow speeds, the air flow around and through a vehicle begins to have a more pronounced effect on the acceleration, top speed, fuel efficiency and handling. Influence of flow characteristics and improvement of flow past vehicle bodies Reduction of fuel consumption More favourable comfort characteristics (mud deposition on body, noise, ventilating and cooling of passenger compartment) Improvement of driving characteristics (stability, handling, traffic safety) Scope of Vehicle Aerodynamics The Flow processes to which a moving vehicle is subjected fall into 3 categories: 1. Flow of air around the vehicle 2. Flow of air through the vehicle’s body 3. Flow processes within the vehicle’s machinery. The flow of air through the engine compartment is directly dependent upon the flow field around the vehicle. Both fields must be considered together. On the other hand, the flow processes within the engine and transmission are not directly connected with the first two, and are not treated here. The external flow subjects the vehicle to forces and moments which greatly influence the vehicle's performance and directional stability. These two effects, and has only lately focused on the need to keep the windows and lights free of dirt and accumulated rain water, to reduce wind noise, to prevent windscreen wipers lifting, and to cool the engine oil sump and brakes, etc. -
License Plate MOVES Categories Memorandum
MEMORANDUM To: Ross Patronsky From: Claire Bozic Date: July 1, 2016 Re: Illinois License Plate File MOVES Categories We received a license plate file from the Illinois Secretary of State’s office covering 8 counties of northeastern Illinois. This file is a snapshot of the number of registered vehicles in northeastern Illinois as of February, 2015. It contains 7,207,996 records in the non-attainment area and includes the following variables. File Variables # Variable Type Columns 1 Year Num 1-4 2 Make Char 5-17 3 Body Type Char 18-26 4 VIN Char 27-46 5 Rent/Lease Char 47-47 6 Registration Type Char 48-64 7 County Char 65-76 8 Municipality Char 77-97 9 Zipcode Num 98-102 10 (zip)+4 Num 103-106 The file includes registered vehicles (including heavy equipment and trailers) from the seven-county area. Registrations Share Cook 3,908,004 54.22% DuPage 1,003,177 13.92% Grundy 14,844 0.21% Kane 495,236 6.87% Kendall 47,098 0.65% Lake 720,667 10.00% McHenry 348,302 4.83% Will 670,668 9.30% Total 7,207,996 100.00% The remainder of this memo refers to the attached Excel workbook. SAS_Summary Tab The dataset was processed to result in a cross-tabulation of body type by registration type for all records in the file. Added to the table are two calculated fields: MOVES category describing the body type (body_cat) and MOVES category describing the registration type (regi_cat). These fields are filled in by the lookup tables shown on the lookups tabs, discussed in the next section. -
Design and Simulation of Aerodynamic Wings of Formula One Racing Car
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 07 Issue: 01 | Jan 2020 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF AERODYNAMIC WINGS OF FORMULA ONE RACING CAR Pritam Pain1, Deep Dewan2, Arighna De3 1Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, University of Engineering & Management, Kolkata, West Bengal, India 2Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Kingston Polytechnic College, Barasat, West Bengal, India 3Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, University of Engineering & Management, Kolkata, West Bengal, India ---------------------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------------------------------------- Abstract: The aim of this report is to introduce the design and Fourth, a ground vehicle has fewer degrees of freedom than simulation of aerodynamic wings that is generally used in an aircraft, and its motion is less affected by aerodynamic formula one racing cars. In this paper, the basic concept of forces. aerodynamics, related terms are described. From the design of aerodynamic wings to the simulation of the wings using Fifth, passenger and commercial ground vehicles have very Solidworks 2016 well described in this paper. specific design constraints such as their intended purpose, high safety standards and certain regulations. Key Words: Aerodynamics, Wings, Solidworks, Simulation CONCEPT OF DRAG AND DOWNFORCE: INTRODUCTION: Motor sports are all about maximum performance, to be the Aerodynamics is the study of motion of air, fastest is the absolute. There is nothing else. particularly as interaction with a solid object, such as To be faster power is required, but there is a limit to how an airplane and automobile wing. It is a sub-field of fluid much power can be put on the ground. To increase this limit, dynamics and gas dynamics, and many aspects of force to ground must be applied on the wheels. -
VRG Class SVRA Class
VRG Class SVRA Class SCCA Class Years Make Model Series Displacement Carbs Brakes Comments CPV 3/CP Abarth-Simca 1300 FPV 1/FP AC Ace 1991 AC engine DPV 3/DP AC Ace Bristol 1971 Bristol FPV 1/FP AC Aceca 1991 AC engine DPV 3/DP AC Aceca Bristol 1971 Bristol APV 6/AP AC Cobra 427 BPV 6/BP AC Cobra 289 Alfa Romeo Spiders: HPV 1/HP 1955-1962 Alfa Romeo Giulietta Spider 1290 1x Solex FPV 1/FP 1956-1962 Alfa Romeo Giulietta Spider Veloce 1290 2x Weber FPV 1/FP 1963-1965 Alfa Romeo Giulia Spider 1570 1x Solex EPV 3/EP 1965 Alfa Romeo Giulia Spider Veloce 1570 2x Weber FPV 1/FP Alfa Romeo Duetto Spider Jr 1300 EPV 3/EP 1966-1967 Alfa Romeo Duetto 1570 Twin Weber EPV 3/EP 1968-1971 Alfa Romeo Spider (Veloce, 1750) 1779 2x Weber or Spica FI CPV 3/CP 1972 - on Alfa Romeo Spider (Veloce, 2000) 1962 2x Weber or Spica FI DPH 8/DP 1972 - on Alfa Romeo Spider (Veloce, 2000) 1962 2x Weber or Spica FI Alfa Romeo Coupes: HPV n/a 1954-1962 Alfa Romeo Giulietta Sprint 1290 1x Solex GPV 1/GP 1956-1962 Alfa Romeo Giulietta Sprint Veloce 1290 2x Weber FPv n/a 1963-1964 Alfa Romeo Giulia Sprint 101 1570 1x Solex CSV 1/CS Alfa Romeo GT Jr 1290 BSv 3/BS 1963-1965 Alfa Romeo Giulia Sprint GT 105 1570 2x Weber BSv 3/BS 1965-1968 Alfa Romeo GTV 1570 2x Weber TA2 8/BS 1967-1972 Alfa Romeo GTV 1779 2x Weber or Spica FI TA2 8/BS 1971-1974 Alfa Romeo GTV 1962 2x Weber or Spica FI TA2 8/BS Alfa Romeo GTA 1779 or 1962 CSV 1/CS Alfa Romeo GTA Jr 1290 1970-1971 Alfa Romeo GTAm 1779 or 1962 Spica FI or Lucas FI Alfa Romeo Sedans: CSv n/a 1955-1963 Alfa Romeo Giulietta Berlina -
Aerodynamics of Road Vehicles
10 Aerodynamics of Road Vehicles THOMAS MOREL I. INTRODUCTION Vehicle aerodynamics concerns the effects arising due to motion of the vehicle through, or relative to, the air. Its importance to road vehicles became apparent when they started to achieve higher speeds. The automobile as we know it came onto the scene in the last decade of the nineteenth century. Its beginnings roughly coincided with the advent of powered flight, and perhaps for this reason, it became of interest to aerodynamicists right from the start. One of the first attempts to apply aerodynamic principles to road vehicles was the streamlining given to the first holder of the land speed record, a car named Jantaud driven by Gaston Chaseloup-Laubat (Fig. 1). This vehicle held the record several times, culminating with 93 kmIhr (58 mph) achieved in 1899. The early interest in vehicle drag continued and an early paper published in 1922 by Klemperet1) (apparently the very first paper on the subject) already reported actual wind tunnel studies on several then current automobile shapes and also on one low-drag shape. The work was done in the wind tunnel of the Zeppelin Company which was involved in the development and construction of dirigibles. The influence of dirigibles showed in the shape of the low-drag model, which had a streamlined teardrop shape and no wheels. The drag coefficient of this model was 0.15, and it is interesting to note that this value is still among the lowest obtained for a vehicle-shaped body near the ground. The thrust of the original work during the first few decades of the twentieth century was toward the reduction of drag to increase the top speed of road vehicles. -
SAE World Congress & Exhibition
SAE World Congress & Exhibition Technical Session Schedule As of 04/22/2007 07:40 pm Monday, April 16 Is the Light Duty Diesel Ready for Prime Time? Session Code: CONG70 Room FEV Powertrain Innovation Forum Session Time: 10:30 a.m. Beginning last year at the SAE World Congress, a large focus was given to diesel technology. Topics varied from where we are, how it can be implemented cost effectively, alternatives to aftertreatment, production capacity to economic relevance, just to name a few. One year later we're back to revisit light duty diesel technology and look at the successes and roadblocks readying the technology for commercialization. Will the market be ready for the estimated share increase predicted by many by the year 2015? Will the fuel infrastructure, the repair sector and the regulatory agencies be prepared for the large increase in usage? These and other challenges will be discussed by the panel of experts. Moderators - Walter S. McManus, Director-AA Division, OSAT, UMTRI Panelists - James J. Eberhardt, Chief Scientist, Office of FreedomCAR & Veh Tech, US DOE; Christopher Grundler, Deputy Dir, Off of Transp & Air Qty, US EPA; Robert Lee, VP, PowerTrain Product Engineering, DaimlerChrysler Corp.; Tony Molla, VP, Communications, National Inst. for Auto Serv Excellence; James E. Williams, Sr. Downstream Manager, American Petroleum Institute Monday, April 16 A Status Report From North America's Powertrain (NAIPC) Leadership Session Code: CONG71 Room FEV Powertrain Innovation Forum Session Time: 1:30 p.m. NAIPC is an invitation-only event where today's North American powertrain leaders come together and discuss relative topics that impact the automotive industry today and in the future. -
2007 ACURA SAMPLE VIN: JH4KB16567C000000 2007 AUDI (Continued) MODEL: KB165 SAMPLE VIN: WAUHF78P37A000000
2007 ACURA SAMPLE VIN: JH4KB16567C000000 2007 AUDI (continued) MODEL: KB165 SAMPLE VIN: WAUHF78P37A000000 MODEL: HF78 BODY TYPE MODEL BASE PRICE BODY TYPE MODEL BASE PRICE ACURA MDX AUDI A4 QUATTRO – 4 x 4 Station Wagon (SUV) YD282 $39,995 4 Door Sedan/6 Speed Transmission − 4 cyl. DF78, DF98 $30,340 Station Wagon (SUV) with Technology Package YD283 43,495 4 Door Sedan/6 Speed Trans. − 4 cyl. − S-Line EF78, EF98 33,740 Station Wagon (SUV) with Technology Package 4 Door Sedan/Automatic Transmission − 4 cyl. DF78, DF98 31,540 and Entertainment System YD284 45,595 4 Door Sedan/Automatic Trans. − 4 cyl. − S-Line EF78, EF98 34,940 Station Wagon (SUV) with Sport Package YD285 45,695 4 Door Sedan/6 Speed Transmission – 6 cyl. DH78, DH98 36,440 Station Wagon (SUV) with Sport Package 4 Door Sedan/6 Speed Trans. – 6 cyl. – S-Line EH78, EH98 39,190 and Entertainment System YD288 47,795 4 Door Sedan/Automatic Trans. − 6 cyl. DH78, DH98 37,640 4 Door Sedan/Automatic Trans. − 6 cyl. − S-Line EH78, EH98 40,390 ACURA RDX Station Wagon (SUV) TB182 32,995 AUDI A6 Station Wagon (SUV) – Technocharged TB185 36,495 4 Door Sedan – 6 cyl. AH74, AH94 41,950 4 Door Sedan − 6 cyl. − S-Line model BH74, BH94 45,500 ACURA RL 4 Door Sedan KB165 45,780 AUDI A6 AVANT QUATTRO − 4 x 4 4 Door Sedan with Technology Package KB166 49,400 Station Wagon − 6 cyl. H74, KH94 48,000 4 Door Sedan − Hawaii KB163 48,665 Station Wagon − 6 cyl. -
Dmv 349 Crash Report Data Element Dictionary
DMV 349 CRASH REPORT DATA ELEMENT DICTIONARY for North Carolina for North Published January 29, 2015 By: North Carolina Department of Transportation, Division of Motor Vehicles Minimum Uniform Crash Criteria MinimumUniform Crash NORTH CAROLINA CRASH CRITERIA 2 | P a g e Contents Motor Vehicle Crash – A motor vehicle crash involves a motor vehicle in transport resulting in an un-stabilized situation, which includes at least one harmful event. An un-stabilized situation is a set of events not under human control, which originates when control is lost and terminates when control is regained or when all persons and property are at rest. ........................................................ 7 I. CRASH LEVEL .................................................................................................................................... 7 C1. Crash Case Identifier ................................................................................................................. 7 C2. Local Report Number ................................................................................................................ 7 C3. Crash Date .................................................................................................................................. 8 C4. Crash Time ................................................................................................................................. 8 C5. Crash County ............................................................................................................................. -
Aerodynamic and Thermal Analysis of a Heat Source at the Underside of a Passenger Vehicle
AERODYNAMIC AND THERMAL ANALYSIS OF A HEAT SOURCE AT THE UNDERSIDE OF A PASSENGER VEHICLE by Rocky Khasow A thesis submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Applied Science in The Faculty of Applied Sciences Mechanical Engineering University of Ontario Institute of Technology December 2014 © Rocky Khasow, 2014 Abstract and Keywords The first part of this thesis involves full experimental and numerical studies to understand the effects of cross-winds on the automotive underbody aero-thermal phenomena using a 2005 Chevrolet Aveo5 with a heat source affixed to it to create a baseline. The results show that irrespective of the yaw angle used, only temperatures in the vicinity of the heat source increased. The rear suspension also deflected the airflow preventing heat transfer. The second part of this thesis investigated using a diffuser to improve hybrid electric battery pack cooling. It was found that the diffuser led to more consistent temperatures on the diffuser surface, suggesting the same for the battery. Keywords: automotive aerodynamics, thermodynamics, aero-thermal, wind tunnel, computational fluid dynamics, CFD, underbody, cross-winds, battery pack, diffusers. ii Acknowledgements Financial support this research which was supported by NSERC through a Discovery and Engage grants is gratefully acknowledged. The support by Aiolos Engineering Corporation (the industry partner of this thesis) and its contact person and expert aerodynamicist (Scott Best) are greatly appreciated. The gracious support of the ACE’s executives in donating some climatic wind tunnel time for this thesis is acknowledged. The hard work and professionalism of staff members of ACE including John Komar, Gary Elfstrom, Pierre Hinse, Warren Karlson, Kevin Carlucci, Tyson Carvalho, Randy Burnet, Logan Robinson, Andrew Norman, Anthony Van De Wetering is appreciated and acknowledged. -
VTR-249 Standard Abbreviations for Vehicle Makes and Body Styles
Standard Abbreviations for Vehicle Makes and Body Styles Automobiles, Buses, and Light Trucks ACURA................................ACUR FERRARI............................ FERR MINI.....................................MNNI ALFA ROMEO.....................ALFA FIAT.................................... FIAT MITSUBISHI........................MITS ALL STATE.........................ALLS FISKER...............................FSKR MONARCH..........................MONA AMBASSADOR...................AMER FORD..................................FORD MORGAN............................MORG AMERICAN.........................AMER FORMERLY YUGO.............ZCZY MORRIS..............................MORR ASSEMBLED......................ASVE FRAZIER.............................FRAZ NASH..................................NASH ASTON-MARTIN.................ASTO GEO....................................GEO NISSAN...............................NISS AUBURN.............................AUBU GMC....................................GMC OLDSMOBILE.....................OLDS AUDI....................................AUDI HILLMAN.............................HILL OPEL...................................OPEL AUSTIN...............................AUST HOMEMADE.......................HMDE PACKARD...........................PACK AUSTIN-HEALY..................AUHE HONDA...............................HOND PEUGEOT...........................PEUG AUTOCAR...........................AUTO HUDSON.............................HUDS PIERCE ARROW................PRCA AVANTI...............................AVTI -
Drag Reduction in an Automobile by Using Aerodynamic Shapes
International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) ISSN: 2278-0181 Vol. 4 Issue 10, October-2015 Drag Reduction in An Automobile by using Aerodynamic Shapes Arvindakarthik K S Mohan Kumar K K Department of Aeronautical Engineering Department of Aeronautical Engineering Sri Ramakrishna Engineering College Sri Ramakrishna Engineering College Coimbatore-641030, Tamil Nadu, INDIA Coimbatore-641030, Tamil Nadu, INDIA Gokul Sangar E Department of Aeronautical Engineering Sri Ramakrishna Engineering College Coimbatore-641030, Tamil Nadu, INDIA Abstract - This paper deals with the reduction of drag. The experimentation can produce sustainable results. maximum concerns of the automotive aerodynamics are Researchers [2] have also investigated the effects of reducing drag, reducing wind noise, minimizing noise utilizing various geometries for the components of the emission, and preventing undesired lift forces and other airfoils behind vans. Others [4] have investigated the causes of aerodynamic instability at high speeds. For some wing/body interaction in generic shapes of closed-wheel classes of racing vehicles, it may also be important to produce race-cars. There have also been investigations in the desirable downwards aerodynamic forces to improve traction patterns of airflow in case of convertible cars [5]. However, and thus cornering abilities. The characteristic shape of a there still great potential for research in this application of road vehicle is bluff, compared to an aircraft and it operates fluid dynamics. very close to the ground, rather than if free air. The operating speeds are lower. Finally, the ground vehicles has fewer A moving van experiences an increase in aerodynamic degree of freedom of motion is less affected by aerodynamic force with an increase in its velocity.