u10Personality Monday, December 9, 13 Personality

A person’s general People ______from one another in ways that are relatively ______over time and place

Monday, December 9, 13 Personality Perspectives

Monday, December 9, 13 Monday, December 9, 13 Psychoanalytic Approach

1. 2. Exploring the unconscious 3. Structure of the mind 4. Development of the mind 5. Protection of the mind 6. Neo-Freudians

Monday, December 9, 13 Sigmund Freud

Freiberg, Moravia (Czech Republic) Sigismund or Scholmo Neurologist Did enough cocaine to kill a pony. Dabbled with hypnosis.

Monday, December 9, 13 Sigmund Freud

"I am actually not a man of science," he once told his friend Wilhelm Fliess, “not an experimenter, not a thinker... but a conquistador."

Monday, December 9, 13 origins

In his clinical practice, Freud encountered patients suffering from nervous disorders.

Their complaints could not be explained in terms of purely physical causes.

First patient: Anna O, aka Bertha Pappenheim.

Monday, December 9, 13 The Psychoanalytic therapy

According to Freud, if our thoughts and actions are attributed to unconscious motives and conflicts Then, treatments must expose and interpret unconscious tensions.

Monday, December 9, 13 Exploring the Unconscious

A reservoir () of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and . Freud asked patients to say whatever came to their minds (free association) in order to tap the unconscious. Once these memories are retrieved and released, (many times through ), the patient feels better (catharsis).

Monday, December 9, 13 Dream Analysis

Another method to analyze the unconscious mind is through interpreting manifest and latent contents of dreams.

Monday, December 9, 13 Freudian Slips

Another method to analyze the unconscious mind is through interpreting parapraxis, aka Freudian slip.

Monday, December 9, 13 Freudian Slips

Monday, December 9, 13 Freud’s clinical experience led him to develop the first comprehensive theory of personality, which included the

!unconscious mind !psychosexual stages !defense mechanisms.

Monday, December 9, 13 Freud’s Model of Mind The mind is like an iceberg.

It is mostly hidden, and below the surface lies the unconscious mind.

The stores temporary memories.

Monday, December 9, 13 Personality Structure

Personality develops as a result of our efforts to resolve conflicts between our biological impulses (id) and social restraints (superego).

Monday, December 9, 13 Personality Structure

Monday, December 9, 13 The id

reservoir of unconscious psychic energy strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification

Id too strong = bound up in self-gratification and uncaring to others

Monday, December 9, 13 The Ego " The largely conscious, “executive” part of personality " mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality " operates on the , satisfying the id’s desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain

# Ego too strong = extremely rational and efficient, but cold, boring and distant

Monday, December 9, 13 The Superego

" the part of personality that presents internalized ideals " provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations #Superego too strong = feels guilty all the time, may even have an insufferably saintly personality

Monday, December 9, 13 Monday, December 9, 13 Id, Ego and Superego

The Id unconsciously strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives, operating on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification.

The ego, operating on the reality principle, functions as the “executive” and mediates the demands of the id and superego.

The superego, operating on the morality principle, provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations.

Monday, December 9, 13 Freud’s clinical experience led him to develop the first comprehensive theory of personality, which included the

!unconscious mind !psychosexual stages !defense mechanisms.

Monday, December 9, 13 Personality Development Freud believed that personality formed during the first few years of life divided into psychosexual stages. During these stages the id’s pleasure-seeking energies focus on pleasure sensitive body areas called erogenous zones.

Monday, December 9, 13 Monday, December 9, 13 " a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, where conflicts were unresolved " Due to too little or too much pleasure. " Differences in fixation or successful satisfaction of the erogenous zones resulted in differences in personality

Monday, December 9, 13

! Pleasure centers on the mouth– sucking, biting, chewing.

Monday, December 9, 13 ! Oral fixation possibly because of overindulging or depriving (abrupt, early weaning). They exhibit either passive dependence (like that of a nursing infant) or an exaggerated of this dependence-- perhaps by acting tough and uttering biting sarcasm. They might also continue to seek oral gratification through excessive smoking or eating.

Monday, December 9, 13

! Anus as erogenous zone. ! Toilet training can lead to fixation if not handled correctly. ! Fixation can lead to anal retentive or expulsive behaviors in adulthood.

Monday, December 9, 13 ! Anal fixation never resolve anal conflict (Toilet training) # Anal expulsive– messy & disorganized. # Anal retentive– highly controlled and compulsively neat.

! Anal fixation never resolve anal conflict (Toilet training) # Anal expulsive– messy & disorganized. # Anal retentive– highly controlled and compulsively neat.

Monday, December 9, 13

" Oedipus " a boy’s sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father " Electra Complex " a girl’s sexual desires toward her father and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival mother

Monday, December 9, 13 boys feel guilt and fear that their father would punish them (castration) for sexual desires for their mother & jealousy of their father.

Monday, December 9, 13 women fixated in this stage symbolically castrate men through embarrassment, deception, and derogation.

Penis Envy

Monday, December 9, 13 Phallic Stage

Children cope with threatening feelings by repressing them and by identifying with the rival parent. From the K. Vandervelde private collection

Through this process of identification, their superego gains strength that incorporates their parents’ values.

Monday, December 9, 13

! Sexuality is repressed ! Children participate in hobbies, school and same-sex friendships

Monday, December 9, 13 Sexual feelings re-emerge and are oriented toward others

Healthy adults find pleasure in love and work, fixated adults have their energy tied up in earlier stages

Monday, December 9, 13 Psychosexual Stages Freud divided the development of personality into five psychosexual stages.

Monday, December 9, 13 Freud’s clinical experience led him to develop the first comprehensive theory of personality, which included the

!unconscious mind !psychosexual stages !defense mechanisms.

Monday, December 9, 13 Defense Mechanisms the ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality.

Monday, December 9, 13 Defense Mechanism Skit example and/or definition

Repression

Regression

Reaction Formation

Rationalization

Displacement

Sublimation

Projection

Monday, December 9, 13 Neo-Freudians

Accepted Freud’s basic ideas: ! the personality structures of id, ego, and superego; ! the importance of the unconscious; ! the shaping of personality in childhood; ! and dynamics of anxiety and the defense mechanisms.

But they veered away from Freud in two important ways.

1. They placed more emphasis on the role of the conscious mind in interpreting experience and coping with the environment. 2. They doubted that sex and aggression were all-consuming motivations. Instead, they placed more emphasis on loftier motives and on social interaction.

Monday, December 9, 13 1. – archetypes, collective unconscious. 2. – inferiority complex, birth order 3. – womb envy, culture, relationships 4. – psychosocial stages 5. - social, interpersonal forces. The different “me’s.” 6. – basic needs

Monday, December 9, 13 Believed in the collective Carl Jung unconscious, which contained a common reservoir Archive of of the History University American / of Akron of images derived from our species’ past.

This is why many cultures share certain myths and images called archetypes such as the mother being a symbol of nurturance.

Monday, December 9, 13 Monday, December 9, 13 chapter 2

Monday, December 9, 13 Monday, December 9, 13 Carl Jung

! Persona A mask people wear to hide what they really are or what they really feel

! Jung was the first to describe introverts and extraverts.

Monday, December 9, 13 Carl Jung Jung’s thinking was dominated by the principle of opposites – human experience consists of polarities that oppose and balance each other.

Monday, December 9, 13 Alfred Adler Like Freud, Adler believed in childhood tensions.

However, these tensions were social in nature and not sexual.

A child struggles with an inferiority complex during growth and strives for superiority and power.

Monday, December 9, 13 Karen Horney Like Adler, Horney believed in the social aspects of childhood growth and development.

She countered Freud’s assumption that women have weak superegos and suffer from “.”

Posited that men suffer from “womb envy.”

Monday, December 9, 13 Karen Horney (1885-1952)

! Feminine Psychology ! Karen Horney changed the way psychology looked at gender differences. ! Disagreed with Freud's view of women

! Countered Freud's concept of penis envy with womb envy - men compensate for the inability to bear children by striving for achievement and success in other realms. ! Disagreed with Freud's belief that males and females were born with inherent differences in their personality – argued for a societal and cultural explanation.

Monday, December 9, 13 Monday, December 9, 13 Barnum Effect

"There's a ______Every Minute"

Monday, December 9, 13 Projective Tests

" a personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one’s inner dynamics.

Monday, December 9, 13 " Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) " a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes

Monday, December 9, 13 Projective Tests

" Rorschach Inkblot Test " the most widely used projective test " a set of 10 inkblots designed by Hermann Rorschach " seeks to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots.

Monday, December 9, 13 http://goo.gl/7lC6E8 Meyers-Briggs Monday, December 9, 13 MBTI Dichotomies

Monday, December 9, 13 Myers-Briggs Criticisms

! Based on an unscientific theory (Jungian) ! Too general and vague ! Green Test # Barnum Effect ! Validity and Reliability has been questioned ! Test creators not trained in psychometrics ! Susceptible to self-report issues ! This is a test on types. There is a problem here… Think of apples.

Monday, December 9, 13