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Monday, December 9, 13 Personality u10Personality Monday, December 9, 13 Personality A person’s general People ______ from one another in ways that are relatively _________ over time and place Monday, December 9, 13 Personality Perspectives Monday, December 9, 13 Monday, December 9, 13 Psychoanalytic Approach 1. Sigmund Freud 2. Exploring the unconscious 3. Structure of the mind 4. Development of the mind 5. Protection of the mind 6. Neo-Freudians Monday, December 9, 13 Sigmund Freud Freiberg, Moravia (Czech Republic) Sigismund or Scholmo Neurologist Did enough cocaine to kill a pony. Dabbled with hypnosis. Monday, December 9, 13 Sigmund Freud "I am actually not a man of science," he once told his friend Wilhelm Fliess, “not an experimenter, not a thinker... but a conquistador." Monday, December 9, 13 origins In his clinical practice, Freud encountered patients suffering from nervous disorders. Their complaints could not be explained in terms of purely physical causes. First patient: Anna O, aka Bertha Pappenheim. Monday, December 9, 13 The Psychoanalytic therapy According to Freud, if our thoughts and actions are attributed to unconscious motives and conflicts Then, treatments must expose and interpret unconscious tensions. Monday, December 9, 13 Exploring the Unconscious A reservoir (unconscious mind) of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. Freud asked patients to say whatever came to their minds (free association) in order to tap the unconscious. Once these memories are retrieved and released, (many times through transference), the patient feels better (catharsis). Monday, December 9, 13 Dream Analysis Another method to analyze the unconscious mind is through interpreting manifest and latent contents of dreams. Monday, December 9, 13 Freudian Slips Another method to analyze the unconscious mind is through interpreting parapraxis, aka Freudian slip. Monday, December 9, 13 Freudian Slips Monday, December 9, 13 Freud’s clinical experience led him to develop the first comprehensive theory of personality, which included the !unconscious mind !psychosexual stages !defense mechanisms. Monday, December 9, 13 Freud’s Model of Mind The mind is like an iceberg. It is mostly hidden, and below the surface lies the unconscious mind. The preconscious stores temporary memories. Monday, December 9, 13 Personality Structure Personality develops as a result of our efforts to resolve conflicts between our biological impulses (id) and social restraints (superego). Monday, December 9, 13 Personality Structure Monday, December 9, 13 The id reservoir of unconscious psychic energy strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification Id too strong = bound up in self-gratification and uncaring to others Monday, December 9, 13 The Ego " The largely conscious, “executive” part of personality " mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality " operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id’s desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain # Ego too strong = extremely rational and efficient, but cold, boring and distant Monday, December 9, 13 The Superego " the part of personality that presents internalized ideals " provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations #Superego too strong = feels guilty all the time, may even have an insufferably saintly personality Monday, December 9, 13 Monday, December 9, 13 Id, Ego and Superego The Id unconsciously strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives, operating on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification. The ego, operating on the reality principle, functions as the “executive” and mediates the demands of the id and superego. The superego, operating on the morality principle, provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations. Monday, December 9, 13 Freud’s clinical experience led him to develop the first comprehensive theory of personality, which included the !unconscious mind !psychosexual stages !defense mechanisms. Monday, December 9, 13 Personality Development Freud believed that personality formed during the first few years of life divided into psychosexual stages. During these stages the id’s pleasure-seeking energies focus on pleasure sensitive body areas called erogenous zones. Monday, December 9, 13 Monday, December 9, 13 " a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, where conflicts were unresolved " Due to too little or too much pleasure. " Differences in fixation or successful satisfaction of the erogenous zones resulted in differences in personality Monday, December 9, 13 Oral Stage ! Pleasure centers on the mouth– sucking, biting, chewing. Monday, December 9, 13 ! Oral fixation possibly because of overindulging or depriving (abrupt, early weaning). They exhibit either passive dependence (like that of a nursing infant) or an exaggerated denial of this dependence-- perhaps by acting tough and uttering biting sarcasm. They might also continue to seek oral gratification through excessive smoking or eating. Monday, December 9, 13 Anal Stage ! Anus as erogenous zone. ! Toilet training can lead to fixation if not handled correctly. ! Fixation can lead to anal retentive or expulsive behaviors in adulthood. Monday, December 9, 13 ! Anal fixation never resolve anal conflict (Toilet training) # Anal expulsive– messy & disorganized. # Anal retentive– highly controlled and compulsively neat. ! Anal fixation never resolve anal conflict (Toilet training) # Anal expulsive– messy & disorganized. # Anal retentive– highly controlled and compulsively neat. Monday, December 9, 13 Phallic Stage " Oedipus Complex " a boy’s sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father " Electra Complex " a girl’s sexual desires toward her father and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival mother Monday, December 9, 13 Castration Anxiety boys feel guilt and fear that their father would punish them (castration) for sexual desires for their mother & jealousy of their father. Monday, December 9, 13 women fixated in this stage symbolically castrate men through embarrassment, deception, and derogation. Penis Envy Monday, December 9, 13 Phallic Stage Children cope with threatening feelings by repressing them and by identifying with the rival parent. private collection Vandervelde the K. From Through this process of identification, their superego gains strength that incorporates their parents’ values. Monday, December 9, 13 Latency Stage ! Sexuality is repressed ! Children participate in hobbies, school and same-sex friendships Monday, December 9, 13 Genital Stage Sexual feelings re-emerge and are oriented toward others Healthy adults find pleasure in love and work, fixated adults have their energy tied up in earlier stages Monday, December 9, 13 Psychosexual Stages Freud divided the development of personality into five psychosexual stages. Monday, December 9, 13 Freud’s clinical experience led him to develop the first comprehensive theory of personality, which included the !unconscious mind !psychosexual stages !defense mechanisms. Monday, December 9, 13 Defense Mechanisms the ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality. Monday, December 9, 13 Defense Mechanism Skit example and/or definition Repression Regression Reaction Formation Rationalization Displacement Sublimation Projection Monday, December 9, 13 Neo-Freudians Accepted Freud’s basic ideas: ! the personality structures of id, ego, and superego; ! the importance of the unconscious; ! the shaping of personality in childhood; ! and dynamics of anxiety and the defense mechanisms. But they veered away from Freud in two important ways. 1. They placed more emphasis on the role of the conscious mind in interpreting experience and coping with the environment. 2. They doubted that sex and aggression were all-consuming motivations. Instead, they placed more emphasis on loftier motives and on social interaction. Monday, December 9, 13 1. Carl Jung – archetypes, collective unconscious. 2. Alfred Adler – inferiority complex, birth order 3. Karen Horney – womb envy, culture, relationships 4. Erik Erikson – psychosocial stages 5. Harry Stack Sullivan - social, interpersonal forces. The different “me’s.” 6. Erich Fromm – basic needs Monday, December 9, 13 Believed in the collective Carl Jung unconscious, which contained a common reservoir Archive of the History of American Psychology/ University of Akron American Psychology/of University of the History of Archive of images derived from our species’ past. This is why many cultures share certain myths and images called archetypes such as the mother being a symbol of nurturance. Monday, December 9, 13 Monday, December 9, 13 chapter 2 Monday, December 9, 13 Monday, December 9, 13 Carl Jung ! Persona A mask people wear to hide what they really are or what they really feel ! Jung was the first to describe introverts and extraverts. Monday, December 9, 13 Carl Jung Jung’s thinking was dominated by the principle of opposites – human experience consists of polarities that oppose and balance each other. Monday, December 9, 13 Alfred Adler Like Freud, Adler believed in childhood tensions. However, these tensions were social in nature and not sexual. A child struggles with an inferiority complex during growth and strives for superiority and power. Monday, December 9, 13 Karen Horney Like Adler, Horney believed in the social aspects of childhood growth and development. She countered
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