Zeichen Journal ISSN No: 0932-4747

Archaeological Connotation and Rural Tourism Development: A Study of Authors Neha Walia* MBA Student, School of Hotel Management and Tourism, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab- 144411

Dr. Hafizullah Dar Assistant Professor in Tourism and Airlines, School of Hotel Management and Tourism, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab-144411

Abstract This paper endeavours to highlight the prospects of rural tourism development in the village of Rakhigarhi, . The village shot to eminence with an unprecedented discovery of the biggest archaeological settlement site of the Harappan civilization in its periphery. It made the state of Haryana rise to significance in terms of valuable archaeological sites, and the latest findings and validation of the sites being older than Harappan and Mohenjodaro regions. The government of has included Rakhigarhi to be developed as an iconic archaeological site, among five others in 2020 budget report. The local community’s involvement and participation in establishing successful rural tourism development has been the most common practice in the past. As community is major stakeholder in the development of tourism, involvement of the local people has proven to be an organic as well as lucrative step to enhance the tourist experience. This study provides a SWOT analysis of the tourism potential of the Rakhigarhi village based on the secondary data. It helps in the understanding of its prospective as a rural tourism generating destination. Keywords: Archaeology; Archaeo-tourism; Local Community; Rakhigarhi; Rural Tourism Introduction The tourism industry is an indispensable source of revenue for almost all the countries of the world. The direct contribution to the gross domestic product of the travel and tourism industry in 2017 amounted to $2.5% (3.2% of total GDP), according to the World Travel and Tourism Council and it is expected to grow to $3.8 trillion (3.6% of total GDP) by 2028 (Uniting Travel, 2020) After India gained independence in 1947, the Indian government’s focus had been primarily on developing the key areas like agriculture, industry, infrastructure, etc. in the rural India. Tourism was not considered as a potential industry and it was progressing at its own pace. It was not on the government’s priority list of economy building activities. Just from last decade or so, tourism has started to receive attention. According to a survey report,

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tourism is ranked the second highest revenue generating industry after the oil industry worldwide (Rathore, 2012) Rural Tourism Rural Tourism is a kind of tourism that offers the experience of rural settings, culture and heritage in the rural localities, which in turn brings value to the local community in an economic and social way, and also facilitates a rich exchange of interactions between the tourists and the locals for an enriching experience (Su & Province, 2013). It encapsulates a wide variety of attractions and along with it the activities performed in the agricultural or farmland pastures. Its vital landscapes feature wide-open spaces, minimum to low level of tourism development and a chance for tourists to experience the agricultural and natural settings directly and closely (Irshad, 2010). It goes without saying that rural tourism binds people of different cultures, faiths, backgrounds, languages and lifestyles. It not only generates employment for the local people but also develops social cultural and educational standards. Year 2020 was celebrated as the ‘Year of Tourism and Rural Development’, a theme shared with the World Tourism Day. The UNWTO Recommendations on Tourism and Rural Development aim to support governments at various levels, as well as the private sector and the international community in developing tourism in rural territories in a way that contributes to inclusive, sustainable and resilient development. (UNWTO, 2020) Dimensions of Rural Tourism Rural tourism is a vast field. It has been bifurcated in categories such as Agricultural Tourism, Food Tourism, Cultural tourism and Ethno Tourism. Agricultural Tourism incorporates visits to farms for the purposes of on-site retail purchases, enjoyment, and education (Veeck, Che, & Veeck, 2010). It focuses on expansion of agricultural industry and to know about how the farmers work in the fields, as well as how the food reaches on the table from the farm. For instance, if a person goes into a field and has sugarcane, this kind of experience very unique and organic and cannot be experienced in the urban areas. Similarly, the food tourism emphasizes on bringing the local food and delicacies on the main menu. A popular example would be of Sarson ka Saag, a popular dish of Punjab. The restaurants in the Punjab region emphasize on including it in their restaurant menu to make people aware of their culinary cuisine. On the other hand, Cultural Tourism constitutes of travelling of tourists to experience a host country’s culture and its cultural materials like art, museums and festivals (Reisinger, 2011). It allows the tourist to be immersed in the local culture related activities like the festivals and rituals. Furthermore, we have Ethno-tourism, which is

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explained as an excursion of the tourists that focus on the creation of man rather than the natural creation (Bolnick, 2003). For instance, the ethnic culture of the Maasai tribe of Kenya and Tanzania attract tourists from around the world for their unique culture and traditions (Giblin, 2018). Tourists are particularly attracted to the rituals, festivals and traditions of a region that are created by its local people, and by visiting them, they get to be a part of their traditions. It also concerns with expanding the horizons and to know more about a culture. Tourism is recognized as one of the largest industries in the world. It provides a ground for cultural exchange and enhances the tolerance and the mutual respect amongst the others’ culture and promotes international friendship (Rezvani, 2004). It contributes to employment generation, enhances income and enables the fair distribution from the economic perspective. It helps to create and build the infrastructure, superstructure, and maintain the facilities and services which improve the life of the local people. It also helps in the resurgence of the cultural and historical traditions. Case in point The Village of Rakhigarhi is situated in the district of , in the state of Haryana, India. It is approximately 170 kilometres away from the capital metropolitan New . It has become one of the most prominent and largest archaeological sites of the Indus Valley civilization. The village rose to eminence with government of India mentioning it in the budget report to develop it, amongst five archaeological sites, as an iconic site (Amitabh Kant, 2020). Needless to say that while developing it as an iconic site, the tourism activities in the area will have to be accelerated as well. Research Questions The thought of rural tourism is gentle in nature. It can be categorized as a kind of sustainable tourism that uses the resources in the rural areas, have negligible negative effects and bring increasing profits to the rural landscape in the areas of culture and environment, and adding value to the traditional ideas as well as modern times (Haldar, 2007). This study purpose is revolving around the following research questions:  What is the potential of rural tourism development in the village of Rakhigarhi?  What are the pros and cons of introducing rural tourism in an archaeological site?  How to involve the local community of Rakhigarhi in rural tourism activities?

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Review of Literature Rural tourism concerns itself with showcasing the rural lifestyle and actively propagating it. Over the years it has been increasingly seen that the villagers have been welcoming the visitors and gracing them with their hospitable nature (Yang, 2012). With growing responsibilities and pressure at the workplace, there has been an increasing need to unwind, re-energize and rejuvenate for the urban population to work efficiently and keep their mind clutter-free. Therefore, over the last ten years, a surge of rural tourism activities have been noticed in this sector and is making this form of tourism not only a great business hope but also a vacation drift. A lot has been researched on rural tourism by many scholars and industry pundits. Wang & Lalrinawma (2016) conducted a research to explore sustainable ways of developing tourism in the rural areas. It was conducted on secondary data – a case study on sustainability debate, environmental threats to tourism in India. It was concluded that eradicating poverty and supporting sustainable production and consumption will be a mammoth task; however, it will be highly appreciated and welcomed by the tourism industry stakeholders. Verma & Jain (2018), their purpose of study was to ascertain the emergence of awareness, opportunities, sustainability in rural tourism. The study was conducted as a primary research and 200 questionnaires were formulated on a five-point Likert scale to find out the scope of rural tourism amongst the respondents. It was therefore concluded that the respondents were willing to experience rural tourism. Hence proving the research question is as accurate. Zielinski, Kim, Milanes, & Jeong (2020), their intent of this study was to identify the main conditions that explain the differences between the developing of community based tourism in the developed countries with that of the developing countries. The findings were based on 103 case studies collected from specific locations, and were then examined on the basis of seven sections. The paper also attempted to inspect the usage of the idea of community based tourism and rural tourism and the different conditions in the developed and developing nations. It was concluded that there is negligible difference between CBT and rural tourism which is their operating behaviour. Singh, Gantait, Puri, & Swamy (2016), their purpose of this study was to identify the scope, need and significance of rural tourism in India. The paper was based on the secondary research data mostly including review of different literature based on the research topic. The findings included that rural tourism is gaining popularity; however, it needs proper marketing and long-term planning, scrutiny, monitoring and timely inspection. Singh & Narban (2015) researched to get an update on the growth of rural tourism and its development in India. Along with this, the authors emphasized on the sustainable way

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of growing the rural tourism in which local people must gain the maximum benefit. The findings are based on secondary research data of literature sources and government and UN reports. It was concluded that rural tourism is a way of releasing stress for the urban people and they like to experience the rural life to get away from their busy schedules and get a breather. Srivastava (2015), the intent of the paper was to study about preserving and conserving the heritage assets, increase the business of local handicrafts and opportunities for women and disadvantaged strata. It also sought to understand the importance of the archaeological sites and creating awareness about them. It is an exploratory form of research and has further delved into case studies. It was concluded with strategies suggested for the promotion of archaeotourism. (Kumar, 2020) The newspaper article informs Rakhigarhi being developed as a tourism destination. The Tourism Minister, Shri Prahlad Singh Patel, visited the village and assured the villagers of a sound rehabilitation as well as place for their animals. He also assured that Rakhigarhi will be developed as an iconic tourism site for its archaeological significance. Mustafa & Tayeh (2011) explored the impact of tourism development on the archaeological site of Petra in Jordan. Despite the economic advantage, the site has witnessed deterioration and the local community has also negatively impacted the ancient city. Previous studies were reviewed to understand the tourism impacts under potential economic, sociocultural and environmental categories in the absence of sustainable management plan for the site. To understand the perceptions of local community about the impacts, interviews were conducted with 48 individuals who were working inside the site of Petra. 19 questions were asked individually. The results showed a positive economic impact of tourism by most of the respondents. In environmental aspect, most of the respondents agreed that tourism has brought awareness to the locals and international tourists behaved more responsibly than the domestic tourists. The authors concluded with findings and some suggestions in order to practice sustainable tourism, especially emphasizing on spreading awareness amongst the local community about responsible behaviour and educating the guides about the appropriate behaviour at the archaeological sites. Methodology This research is qualitative in nature aimed to understand the problems and prospects of rural tourism development in Rakhigarhi, Haryana. To accomplish the study objectives, content analysis technique was applied and past literature, on rural tourism and sustainable tourism development, was evaluated as per the research questions. The secondary data has been collected from various books, journals, newspaper articles, periodicals, government and non-government reports and other unpublished documents.

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Rural tourism in India has a great potential which has not been tapped fully yet, especially in the state of Haryana. If it is accomplished, it will be the best source of employment for the local rural community and will conserve the local cultural heritage. It will further help in the cessation of exodus of the villagers who were earlier forced to migrate to the cities to find work. Triangular model for the rural development of Rakhigarhi is suggested after the SWOT analysis conducted on the available sources. The model suggests a tripartite participation, collaboration and decision making by the local government, local community and the associations/industries for the advancement of rural tourism. Archaeological Significance of Rakhigarhi Rakhigarhi, a Harappan settlement of 3rd millennium BC, based in Haryana, might change the way early human history has been conceived all these years. A joint project propounded by Deccan College, Pune and Archaeology Department of Haryana have dug out human and animal skeletons dating back to Pre-Harappan era (India T. , 2019). Spread over 220 hectares, this ancient settlement is possibly the largest Indus civilization site, not only in India but in the whole greater Indus region. One of the four largest settlements of the Indus valley civilization, the ancient centre flourished in the valley between Saraswati and Drishdwati rivers. Fig.1 Location of Rakhigarhi in the Saraswati and Drishdwati basin

Source: Department of Archaeology and Museums, Haryana Excavations of the valley have revealed all the defining features of the Indus valley civilization, the antiquities such as objects, shell bangles, semiprecious stones, beads jewellery etc. The drainage system and the signs of small scale industries reveal strong connections to the rest of the Indus valley sites (Tourism, 2020). Global scientists have validated that the remains found at Rakhigarhi were of a civilization that was at least 1000 years older than and Mohenjodaro civilization. Rakhigarhi reveals thick layers of

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Hakra-ware. The Hakra people were considered to the earliest Indus habitants who make it likely that the site may date back 2500 to 3500 BC. Fig.2 Distribution of sites in Hakra-Saraswati basin during 5th and 3rd millennium BCE

Source: Department of Archaeology and Museums, Haryana This site has given us remains that pre-date even the early Harappan period. The contribution and significance of these Haryana sites of the entire region of Saraswati and Drishdwati region and its importance is yet to be fully understood when we discuss about Indus civilization and even the Vedic civilization (Frawley, 2019). An exceptional discovery through the DNA analysis of the skeletal remnants shows that the famous Aryan invasion theory is debunked and there is no Central Asian connection. It clearly indicates that the advent of Vedic evolution was started through the natives (Vishnoi, 2018). On the premise of archaeological heritage, proper implementation of the government’s plan to build Rakhigarhi Archaeological Museum and various other policies, had commenced successfully, however, it ran into troubles after a petition was filed against the construction by a farmer saying that the water supply to his farm stopped after the construction went on for three blocks. The state government had granted Rs.24 crore for the project, of which the Public Works Department Buildings and Roads had allocated a tender of Rs.14 crore. The contractor was set to complete the work in 21 months (Deswal, Court case, changes in design delay Rakhigarhi project, 2017) Fig. 3: The Rakhigarhi Museum Project Blocks Area (in sq. ft.) Museum 38,868 Rest house 9,870 Hostel 8,371.7 Cafeteria 2,500 Source: (Deswal, Court case, changes in design delay Rakhigarhi project, 2017)

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The state of Haryana is rich in natural sources, ancient monument and archaeology; over 90 locations in Haryana have been declared important by Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) (India A. S., 2020) Life Style of the Local Community The main occupation of the villagers in Rakhigarhi is cultivation of wheat and mustard, rearing of buffaloes and making cow dung cakes (Subramanian, 2016). Cattle being an integral part of the rural household are a common sight in Rakhigarhi. Their milk is used for personal consumption and hardly ever bought. Majority of the streets in Rakhigarhi are either made of cobblestones or brick stones. Dried animal dung covers the street surface making it quite difficult to see the top of the road (Banerjee, 2019). Much of the archaeologically important land has been destroyed because of the construction of houses over it or using the mounds for sticking cow dungs. With the inclusion of development of Rakhigarhi as a famous tourist site in the Budget 2020, the villagers are elated and joyous at the announcement by the India government (Nath, 2020). However, tensions are anticipated in future as villagers might be unhappy at government’s step to rehabilitate them with a smaller land area of 100 square yards flat in comparison to their original house area size of 500 square yards. As cow dung cakes is a flourishing business in the area, the villagers need place to dry their cow dung cakes, as told by a resident of the village (Nath, 2020). On the other hand, the government’s immediate need is to stop the encroachment of the excavation mounds by the villagers. For the two groups to successfully succeed in implementing the policies and actions, both are to come in synchronization and meet in the middle to fulfil the needs and requirements of one another. SWOT Analysis of Rakhigarhi village for Rural Tourism Development SWOT analysis is a framework that has been used to analyse the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (Islam, 2020) of rural tourism in Rakhigarhi for determining and ascertaining the place’s prospects for rural tourism. This analysis will also help in ascertaining the pros and cons of the rural development in Rakhigarhi. Strengths of Rural Development in Rakhigarhi  The archaeological heritage has attracted the opening of Rakhigarhi Museum, which will further attract the historians and art lovers, especially, the foreigners.  Strategic location of Rakhigarhi in the fertile river basin (Ghaggar- Hakra), gives way to enhance the local activities of agriculture.  A potential Archaeo-Tourism destination.

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 Nestled in the heart of the historic land of Rakhigarhi, lies an ethnic resort named as Rakhigarhi resort and farm. It showcases the magnificent blend of ethnic cultures and modern experiences (Resort, 2020)  Rakhigarhi is well-connected by road with major historic destinations such as and Hisar.  There are other historic places worth visiting in and around Rakhigarhi such as , Lohar Ragho, Barsi Gate, Firoz Shah Palace, Dham and Dargah Char Qutub (Samhati, 2018) Weaknesses of Rural Development in Rakhigarhi  The village has no indigenous speciality in terms of local cuisine and costumes  There is lack of communication amongst the stakeholders like the gram panchayat and the government for tourism development  Much of the archaeological land has been destroyed by farming and construction activities  Road infrastructure is poorly maintained  Less information available about Rakhigarhi which makes the destination lesser known to tourists  Poor marketing by the Government and tourism bodies Opportunities of Rural Development in Rakhigarhi  There will be cessation of exodus of the rural youth to the urban areas.  There will be new skill development programs for the local community so that they can become stakeholders.  There will be cultural exchange between the host community and the tourists.  Many small businesses furthering entrepreneurship opportunities can be started and with advent of tourism desire can be generated to encourage start-ups.  Emergence of local hotels and inns, further boosting the employment and the rural economics of the village.  Lost folk arts, dances and handicrafts can be rejuvenated and positioned to rural tourism development of the destination  There will be reverse cash flow from the urban scape  The travel agents and tour operators can promote the nearby historical places of Kurukshetra and Hisar along with Rakhigarhi and offer itineraries to the tourists.

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Threats of Rural Development in Rakhigarhi  Villagers, small children in particular, have been selling the precious trinkets from the archaeological sites to the foreigners, further causing damage to the site  There are tensions anticipated in future as villagers are unhappy at government’s step to rehabilitate them with a smaller land area (Nath, 2020)  Lack of coordination between the government and the local bodies can lead to disagreement and clashes The analysis shows that the opportunities far more outweigh the threats and weaknesses. The prospects of developing rural tourism in the village of Rakhigarhi are definitely good and viable. While there are weaknesses such as lack of communication between the governmental bodies and the locals, if there is improvement in proper coordination and transparency amongst the tourism stakeholders, there will be a win for everyone. The development of tourism in Rakhigarhi will not only educate the masses but also generate rural revenue for the local community as well as improve their standard of living. Socio economic conditions will be improved as well. The local elders can engage themselves in providing guidance to the younger generation. The local men and women will find opportunities to do variety of jobs such as local guides, accommodation, food and beverages, housekeeping etc. This will further reduce the urban drift. Triangular Rural Tourism Model The triangular model of regional tourism can to a great extent apply in rural tourism. With establishment of industries and their collaboration with the local government and local community, forming the three conjunction points to have communicative and shared relationships and interdependency in the process of effective and efficient communication and dissemination of tourist information. (Inbakaran & Chhetri, 2003) “Participation in the benefits of tourism includes allowing and encouraging residents to gain economically from the industry, and engaging local community is awareness-building efforts and other form of education” (Timothy, 1999). In the model (Fig 4), the interdependency of the three corners are illustrated and pressed upon in bringing about the success of the rural tourism. All the three parties have to work in conjunction with each other. For instance, the household women of Rakhigarhi can be empowered with employment opportunities like Dari weaving etc., in general, so that they can provide an extra hand of income to their families, while also taking care of the household chores. In this way the employment is brought to their doorstep.

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Fig 4. The Triangular Model of Rural Tourism Development

Source: Tourism and Hospitality in 21st Century, Discovery Publishing House The local government should be flexible in their policies and rules for the local community so as to bring them career opportunities, starting with imparting the villagers with skills training of becoming local guides. This must be a free of cost training for the interested men and women. Setting up the hospitality industry, building hotels in the area for the tourists will bring in employment opportunities. The villagers can participate in the construction as well, and work in the hospitality sector, truly depicting “Atithi Devo Bhavah” (Guest is God) sentiment of Indian tourism (MANAGEMENT, 2011). Opening up and establishment of travel agencies in the region can help in better connectivity and churning of holiday travel packages for the tourists, as well as giving jobs to the locals. Tourist Information Centres can act as one stop shop for tourists as well as the locals for new announcements and information related to travel and programmes. These tourism information centres must also make sure to make the locals and tourists aware of the sustainable practices so as to not harm the environment. The involvement of the local community will help boost the growth and add an extra touch of hospitality and organic feel to the tourist experience. Local artisans and culture, including live performances by the villagers can help boost the economy of the whole region as well as provide entertainment and souvenirs to the tourists.

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Environmental development - (Nagaraju & Chandrashekara, 2014) explained that the environmental enhancements in the villages like paving the streets, regulating the traffic schemes, proper arrangement of sewage and waste disposal can be accomplished by revenue earned from tourism and political pressure exerted by the tourism organizations. The benefits received will be wide-ranging like pride development of the place, curbing the urban drift of the local populace and supporting new businesses as well as the existing ones. ‘Action Plan’ of the Indian Government As of now the action plan of the Indian government has not been revealed to the public. The government has promised to first disclose it to the village panchayat (Nath, 2020). Also, due to the Corona virus pandemic, any additional information about government’s actions for developing tourism at the site are unavailable. Moreover, the tourism activities were completely ceased since March 2020 in the whole of India because of the lockdown until approximately the end of May 2020. Since June 2020, the unlock phases have started and people have started to travel again. Heritage Conservation It is very vital for the local community to sustain itself for generations to come with the understanding of the value of the archaeological and cultural heritage they are a part of. There has to be a sense of responsibility and belongingness instilled in them as the tourism cannot stand on its own without the involvement of the locals as well as the tourists. The younger age bands of Rakhigarhi are more aware of the excavations and the latest findings of the ancient history than the older generation. Many of them, especially the children, have collected some bits and pieces from the land and kept in their homes. Some of them have even displayed it in their homes for others to see. Small mobile museums can house such relics and this proposal is being recommended by the specialists. They also advise on transforming the village into a heritage destination wherein the ancient history contemporary life can blend together effortlessly (Anima, 2019). For this purpose, the proposed Rakhigarhi museum must play a noteworthy role in local heritage preservation. Recommendations and Suggestions: Immediate Stoppage of the Ill Practices It has been repeatedly seen and reported that the villagers of Rakhigarhi, in particular the children of the village, have been picking up the precious artefacts amounting to thousands of years of historical glory, selling them as trinkets to the foreigners and whosoever comes by to visit the sites for just few hundreds. This a quick buck making practice quite common in the village. Some of the artefacts have even found place in the local bazaars of Rakhigarhi. Deplorable to say the least seeing the heritage and history being

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trickled away rampantly and sabotaged for money. The government and ASI must step in with strict implementation of rules and regulations to stop this ill practice with immediate effect. Conclusion and Future Research It is evident that rural tourism has gained momentum in the past decade or so, and that has in turn, provided economic benefits to the host community alleviating poverty to some degree. This form of tourism has carved a niche market for itself and needs special curation to work effortlessly and efficiently, benefitting the host community to its full potential. It also makes sure there is less to no tendency of migrating to the urban areas in search of better livelihood. The village of Rakhigarhi, in particular, has the opportunity of having tourists swarming its areas with the kind of valuable heritage its living on. The government’s place of making it one of the most iconic tourist sites will bring in a lot of revenue for the villagers. For that purpose, the triangular rural tourism development model will be beneficial to further their interests and inculcate strong relationship and interdependency of the three corners of the model, namely, local government, local/host community and the associations/industries. There has to be sustainable, long-term planning, scrutiny of the opportunities and regular inspection and monitoring of the plans. This will also have international significance for the local artisans and their products as they will find a new market outside of India. There will be a strict stoppage at damaging the architectural mounds, which will help in carrying out more efficient study of the excavations with less to no interference caused by the local community. With the establishment of good infrastructure and roads, the village of Rakhigarhi will get well connected to the major cities of north India. It is a win-win situation for the all the stakeholders involved in building Rakhigarhi as the next upcoming tourist destination with a background of archaeology heading its rise and success. The present study paves the way for further research on residents’ attitude towards tourism development in Rakhigarhi. Understating opinion of the local people will help planners and decision-makers in rural tourism development planning process in Rakhigarhi. Limitations: There were limitations in the study in terms of finding information and data about the tourism development and government initiatives in Rakhigarhi.

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