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192.168.0.1\Add Volgu\Rabota\ GFYT3~4\ LPTG9~I\ E3YO3~N\ Y311J~8\4151DK~U Ò МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫЕ ОТНОШЕНИЯ www.volsu.ru DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2016.1.10 UDC 327+339; 985; 571.56+4/9“199+200” Accepted: 27.11.2015 LBC 66.4+65.5; 211; 2Рос.Яку+4/9 YAKUTIA AND INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC COOPERATION ON ARCTIC STUDIES. THE END OF 20TH – BEGINNING OF 21ST CENTURY Aleksandr Albertovich Suleymanov Candidate of Sciences (History), Researcher, Department of Arctic Research, Institute for Humanities Research and Indigenous Studies of the North, Siberian Branch of RAS [email protected] Petrovskogo St., 1, 677027 Yakutsk, Russian Federation Abstract. The article deals with the issues of participation of Yakutia in the international scientific cooperation in the Arctic during the last decade of the 20th and the first years of the 21st century. The author describes the history of realization of the international initiatives for studying social and cultural transformations and challenges of life of Arctic Indigenous Peoples, studying natural phenomena and processes, as well as environmental protection in the Yakutia’s Arctic and their main results on the basis of a set of archival documents, English- and French- language materials. The author called the most important factors that determine the extent of joint research of Russian scientists and their foreign colleagues, identified the key participants (scientists from Great Britain, Germany, Canada, Russia, Finland, France and Japan), forms (collection of field data, its processing and laboratory analysis; provision of academic institutions of Yakutia, their research base, provision of special equipment for foreign partners; coordination of research and the exchange of the data obtained; organization of conferences and workshops; organization of protected areas; publication of research results), and mechanisms (organization of special structures to intensify and coordinate research; association of research through a unified methodology; elaboration of international programs and projects, taking into account the potential of the involved parties – financing, tools and staff) of international scientific cooperation development. Key words: Arctic, Yakutia, international cooperation, research, scientific projects, expeditions. УДК 327+339; 985; 571.56+4/9“199+200” Дата поступления статьи: 27.11.2015 ББК 66.4+65.5; 211; 2Рос.Яку+4/9 ЯКУТИЯ И МЕЖДУНАРОДНОЕ СОТРУДНИЧЕСТВО ПО НАУЧНОМУ ИЗУЧЕНИЮ АРКТИКИ. КОНЕЦ XX – НАЧАЛО XXI ВЕКА Александр Альбертович Сулейманов Кандидат исторических наук, научный сотрудник сектора арктических исследований, , 2016 , Институт гуманитарных исследований и проблем малочисленных народов Севера, Сибирское отделение РАН [email protected] ул. Петровского, 1, 677027 г. Якутск, Российская Федерация Сулейманов А.А. Сулейманов Аннотация. В статье рассматриваются вопросы, связанные с участием Якутии в международных про- ã ã цессах научной кооперации в Арктике в последнее десятилетие ХХ в. и первые годы нынешнего столетия. ISSN 1998-9938. Вестн. Волгогр. гос. ун-та. Сер. 4, Ист. 2016. № 1 (37) 8 5 МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫЕ ОТНОШЕНИЯ В связи с этим названы важнейшие факторы, которые определяли масштабы совместных изысканий россий- ских ученых и их зарубежных коллег, показаны основные реализованные инициативы, выявлены их главные результаты. Кроме того, автором определены ключевые участники, формы и механизмы развития междуна- родного научного сотрудничества. Ключевые слова: Арктика, Якутия, международное сотрудничество, исследования, научные проекты, экспедиции. Несмотря на происходящее на наших ничества в регионе приняли участие около глазах резкое обострение противоречий в 500 ученых из 15 стран мира (303 исследова- международных отношениях и усиление кон- теля представляли Советский Союз, осталь- фронтационных тенденций, очевидно, что ные – Великобританию, ГДР, Данию, Ислан- именно активное развитие международного дию, Канаду, Нидерланды, Норвегию, Польшу, сотрудничества является одним из наибо- США, Финляндию, Францию, ФРГ, Швецию и лее действенных инструментов позитивно- Японию). Важнейшими результатами работы го развития современной цивилизации. Для конференции стали решения о расширении со- арктического региона такое сотрудничество трудничества в рамках уже действующих вообще выступает необходимым условием международных проектов за счет участия в эффективного решения стоящих перед ним них советских ученых, а также разработке и проблем, включая определение границ кон- реализации новых инициатив [38]. тинентального шельфа – вопрос, о который Кроме того, в ходе форума была одоб- в последнее время сломано столько копий. рена идея создания международного комите- В этой связи представляется целесообраз- та по арктическим исследованиям, который ным обобщить накопленный в Республике должен был координировать программы по Саха (Якутия) – одном из самых активных естественным и общественным наукам, фун- участников интеграционных процессов в ар- даментальные и прикладные исследования в ктическом регионе среди субъектов Рос- различных областях сотрудничества ученых. сии – опыт по формированию международ- Планы по организации подобной структуры ных связей в таком его сегменте, как науч- существовали еще в 1950-е годы. Тогда они ная деятельность. предполагали создание комитета, действовав- Следует отметить, что до начала рас- шего на обоих полюсах Земли. Однако если сматриваемого периода взаимодействие уче- южный полюс ведущие державы мира согла- ных из разных стран мира в Арктике было край- сились объявить демилитаризованной зоной, не затруднено условиями холодной войны и про- использовать его исключительно в мирных це- тивостоянием Советского Союза и Соединен- лях, и в 1958 г. был учрежден Научный коми- ных Штатов. Именно на рубеже 80–90-х гг. тет по исследованию Антарктики, то в Арк- XX в. в сфере международного сотрудниче- тике, ввиду ее важнейшего геополитического ства в регионе, а вместе с ней в области науч- положения и противостояния двух военных ной кооперации произошли кардинальные изме- блоков, такой орган смог появиться лишь по нения. Толчком к этим переменам в значитель- завершению холодной войны. ной мере послужили «мурманские инициативы» Документ об образовании Международ- М.С. Горбачева – озвученные в октябре 1987 г. ного арктического научного комитета в столице советского Заполярья предложения (МАНК) 28 августа 1990 г. в канадском по- по демилитаризации Арктики, совместному селке Резольют-Бей подписали представите- освоению ее ресурсов, а также активизации ли научных организаций 8 приарктических го- международных научных связей. сударств (Дания, Исландия, Канада, Норве- В соответствии с последним пунктом в гия, Россия, США, Финляндия и Швеция). декабре 1988 г. в Ленинграде была организо- В учредительном акте было определено, что вана конференция приарктических государств МАНК создан «для поощрения и облегчения по координации научных исследований в Арк- международных консультаций и сотрудниче- тике. В работе самого масштабного на тот ства в области научных исследований Аркти- момент форума в истории научного сотруд- ки» по всему спектру научных дисциплин: гу- 8 6 А.А. Сулейманов. Якутия и международное сотрудничество по научному изучению Арктики МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫЕ ОТНОШЕНИЯ манитарным, социальным, естественным и Благоприятная среда техническим [42, р. 4]. Создание МАНК явилось наиболее яр- Следует выделить несколько факторов, ким и очевидным проявлением принципиально способствовавших интеграции Якутии в цир- новой среды для развития международного на- кумполярные процессы научной кооперации. учного сотрудничества в Арктике. В целом же Это, прежде всего, демократические преобра- в рассматриваемый период число организаций, зования в нашей стране, кардинальное измене- призванных координировать различные направ- ние международной ситуации и обусловленное ления научных исследований в регионе, по об- ими падение железного занавеса, что позволи- разному выражению А.Н. Шишигиной, росло ло регионам России напрямую включиться в «как грибы после дождя» [36, с. 176]. Столь происходившие в мире интеграционные процес- же радикально, по сравнению с периодом хо- сы. При этом, безусловно, уже изначально су- лодной войны, выросло и количество разнооб- ществовал значительный интерес зарубежных разных международных научных инициатив. специалистов к изучению проблем коренных Их основными направлениями являлись: ис- народов, природных процессов, флоры и фауны следование различных проблем жизнедеятель- и осуществлению природоохранных меропри- ности коренных народов; экологические изыс- ятий на территории Якутии. Ведь в ее аркти- кания, а также изучение протекающих в арк- ческих районах проживают представители тических районах природных явлений и процес- шести коренных народов Арктики – долган, сов. При этом первое из названных направле- чукчей, эвенков, эвенов, юкагиров и якутов, а ний именно в рассматриваемый период полу- также самобытное русское старожильческое чило значительный импульс. Два других же, с население [5]. Здесь расположены равнинные одной стороны, являлись классическими для тундры с огромным числом озер, дельты боль- истории научного изучения региона, с другой – ших рек, обширные плоскогорья и горные сис- имели ряд ключевых особенностей. Так, 90-е гг. темы, арктические пустыни и острова Север- ХХ в. характеризовались принятием комплек- ного Ледовитого океана. Такое богатство лан- са важнейших решений, предусматривавших дшафтов, естественно, определяет многогран- совместную деятельность по предотвращению ность и уникальность видового состава флоры экологических угроз. Именно экология явилась и фауны. Именно арктические районы Якутии своеобразной стартовой
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