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Universidade Federal De Santa Catarina Centro De Comunicação E Expressão Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Estudos Da Tradução UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE SANTA CATARINA CENTRO DE COMUNICAÇÃO E EXPRESSÃO PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ESTUDOS DA TRADUÇÃO Giordana Antônia Sfredo GÊNERO, SUBVERSÃO E HISTÓRIA EM GIOCONDA BELLI: UMA CRÍTICA FEMINISTA A PARTIR DE LA MUJER HABITADA E DE SUA TRADUÇÃO AO PORTUGUÊS BRASILEIRO Florianópolis 2020 Giordana Antônia Sfredo GÊNERO, SUBVERSÃO E HISTÓRIA EM GIOCONDA BELLI: UMA CRÍTICA FEMINISTA A PARTIR DE LA MUJER HABITADA E DE SUA TRADUÇÃO AO PORTUGUÊS BRASILEIRO Dissertação submetida ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Estudos da Tradução da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina para a obtenção do título de mestre em Estudos da Tradução. Orientadora: Prof.a Rosario Lázaro Igoa, Dr.a. Florianópolis 2020 Giordana Antônia Sfredo Gênero, subversão e história em Gioconda Belli: Uma crítica feminista a partir de La mujer habitada e de sua tradução ao português brasileiro O presente trabalho em nível de mestrado foi avaliado e aprovado por banca examinadora composta pelos seguintes membros: Prof.(a) Meritxell Hernando Marsal, Dr.(a) Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina Prof.(a) Marlova Gonsales Aseff, Dr.(a) Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina Prof.(a) Luz Adriana Sánchez Segura, Dr.(a) Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana (Colômbia) Certificamos que esta é a versão original e final do trabalho de conclusão que foi julgado adequado para obtenção do título de mestre em Estudos da Tradução. ____________________________ Prof.(a) Andréia Guerini, Dr.(a) Coordenação do Programa de Pós-Graduação ____________________________ Prof.(a) Rosario Lázaro Igoa, Dr.(a) Orientadora Florianópolis, 2020. Às mulheres revolucionárias. AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço à minha mãe, ao meu pai e à minha irmã, Josete, João e Giuliana, por estarem ao meu lado em todos os momentos, por me ensinarem a sonhar e a nunca desistir dos meus objetivos, por todo o suporte para a conclusão de mais esta etapa acadêmica, por acreditarem em mim mais do que eu mesma. Vocês traduzem o significado de amor! Eu amo vocês! À Myriam, por me apresentar a obra de Gioconda Belli, pelas excelentes discussões sobre La mujer habitada, por todo o incentivo para que eu cursasse o mestrado, por sempre ter confiado no meu potencial. ¡Muchas gracias! À minha orientadora, professora Rosario Lázaro Igoa, por ter aceitado me orientar, pela leitura incansável desta dissertação, pelos excelentes aportes bibliográficos e por todas as sugestões, as quais contribuíram muito para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa, pelo carinho e dedicação de sempre. Sem você, a conclusão desta dissertação não seria possível. Muito obrigada por tudo! Às professoras Meritxell Hernando Marsal e Bethania Guerra de Lemos, por terem composto a banca de qualificação desta dissertação, pelas ótimas sugestões, por toda a bibliografia recomendada, enfim, por todo o auxílio para o enriquecimento deste trabalho. Às professoras Marlova Gonsales Aseff, Luz Adriana Sánchez Segura e, mais uma vez, Meritxell Hernando Marsal, por aceitarem integrar a banca de defesa desta dissertação e por dedicarem o seu tempo para a análise da presente pesquisa. Agradeço a todas! Aos professores e às professoras do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Estudos da Tradução (PGET) com quem tive contato durante os últimos dois anos, por tudo o que me ensinaram sobre tradução. Aos colegas da PGET, por compartilharem momentos comigo durante a minha vivência na ilha e por tornarem o dia a dia do mestrado mais leve. Às amigas e aos amigos que estiveram presentes ao longo de toda a minha formação acadêmica me incentivando e me ouvindo. Às minhas amigas da vida toda. Ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Estudos da Tradução (PGET), à Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC) e à Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) pela possibilidade de realizar esta pesquisa e pelo financiamento. A todas as universidades públicas, gratuitas e de qualidade, que resistem. À Gioconda Belli, pela obra literária subversiva e por usar a sua voz em prol de uma sociedade mais justa. Muito obrigada a todas e a todos! “meu recado às mulheres contem suas histórias descubram o poder de milhões de vozes que foram caladas por séculos.” Ryane Leão (2017) RESUMO A presente investigação tem por objetivo efetuar uma crítica da tradução ao português brasileiro (2000) do primeiro romance de Gioconda Belli, La mujer habitada (1988; 1998), e trazer à luz a participação feminina na sociedade e na literatura nicaraguenses, tendo em vista que o papel da mulher vem sendo sistematicamente ignorado pela historiografia oficial. Com tal perspectiva, pretende-se analisar se a tradução atenua o protagonismo das mulheres no romance e se transfere esse papel de destaque para os homens, como também se ocorrem mudanças de ordem ideológica no texto traduzido. Assim, a crítica considera os Estudos Feministas da Tradução (EFT), com o propósito de identificar se as divergências percebidas na tradução do romance ocorrem puramente por dificuldades linguísticas ou se provêm de um processo cultural de invisibilização da figura da mulher. A pesquisa, nesse sentido, parte da análise e da discussão do macro, isto é, da literatura escrita por mulheres na América Central até chegar ao micro, à obra de Gioconda Belli e ao romance La mujer habitada. Desse modo, versa sobre crítica da literatura de mulheres centro-americanas no século XX (García Irles, 2001; Zamora, 1991; Vargas Vargas, 2013), crítica de romances históricos (Mata, 1995), mais especificamente, crítica de romances históricos escritos por mulheres na América Central (Hélédut, 2018; Inés Antón, 2017), história e literatura nicaraguenses (Ribeiro, 1992; Gontijo, 2019; Belli, 2010) e protagonismo social feminino na Nicarágua (Randall, 1989). A pesquisa reflete, ainda, sobre a recepção e a crítica literária da obra de Gioconda Belli no Brasil e sobre o mercado internacional e nacional de traduções (Casanova 2002a, 2002b; Inés Antón, 2017; Karam, 2016). Por último, analisa-se a tradução de La mujer habitada, através de uma perspectiva feminista (Castro Vázquez, 2009a, 2009b) e considera-se se há mudanças no potencial ideológico da tradução (Garrido Vilariño, 2005). Palavras-chave: Crítica Feminista de Tradução. Recepção da Literatura Centro-americana. Literatura de Mulheres. Literatura Nicaraguense. Gioconda Belli. ABSTRACT This master's research aims to carry out a criticism of the translation of Gioconda Belli's first novel, La mujer habitada (1988; 1998) into Brazilian Portuguese (2000), and to recover female participation in Nicaraguan society and literature, considering that the role of women has been systematically ignored by official historiography. Thereby, we intend to analyze whether the translation attenuates the role of women in the novel and if it transfers this prominent role to men, as well as we seek to find out if ideological changes occur in the translated text. Therefore, our critic considers the Feminist Translation Studies (FTS), with the purpose of identifying if the changes detected in the translation of the novel occur purely due to linguistic difficulties or if they come from a cultural process of woman figure's invisibilization. The research, thus, starts from the analysis and discussion of the literature written by women in Central America until reaching at the work of Gioconda Belli and the novel La mujer habitada. In this way, the dissertation deals with criticism of Central American women literature in the 20th century (García Irles, 2001; Zamora, 1991; Vargas Vargas, 2013), criticism of historical novels (Mata, 1995) and more specifically criticism of historical novels written by Central American women (Hélédut, 2018; Inés Antón, 2017), Nicaraguan history and literature (Ribeiro, 1992; Gontijo, 2019; Belli, 2010) and female social roles in Nicaragua (Randall, 1989). It also reflects about the reception and literary criticism of Gioconda Belli's work in Brazil, as well as on the international and national translation market (Casanova 2002a, 2002b; Inés Antón, 2017; Karam, 2016). Finally, the translation of La mujer habitada is analyzed through a feminist perspective (Castro Vázquez, 2009a, 2009b) and it is considered whether there are changes in the ideological potential of the translation (Garrido Vilariño, 2005). Keywords: Feminist Translation Criticism. Reception of Central American Literature. Women's Literature. Nicaraguan Literature. Gioconda Belli. RESUMEN El objetivo de esta investigación de maestría es hacer una crítica de la traducción al portugués brasileño (2000) de la primera novela de Gioconda Belli, La mujer habitada (1988; 1998) y sacar a la luz la participación femenina en la sociedad y en la literatura nicaragüenses, considerando que el rol de la mujer ha sido y sigue siendo sistemáticamente ignorado por la historiografía oficial. Así, esta tesis busca analizar si la traducción atenúa el protagonismo de las mujeres en la novela y si transfiere ese rol prominente hacia los hombres, como también analizar si hay cambios en la ideología del texto traducido. De ese modo, nuestra crítica se basa en los Estudios Feministas de la Traducción (EFT) con el propósito de identificar si los cambios detectados en la traducción de la novela ocurren puramente por dificultades lingüísticas o si provienen de un proceso cultural de invisibilización de la figura de la mujer. La investigación, en suma, parte del análisis y de la discusión de la literatura escrita por mujeres en América Central para llegar a la obra literaria de Gioconda Belli y a la novela La mujer habitada. Así, la tesis está enfocada en la crítica
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