Activity Report 2020
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European Parliament 2019-2024
European Parliament 2019-2024 Committee on Industry, Research and Energy ITRE_PV(2019)0925_1 MINUTES Meeting of 25 September 2019, 9.00-12.30 and 14.30-18.30 BRUSSELS 25 September 2019, 9.00 – 10.00 In camera 1. Coordinators’ meeting The Coordinators’ meeting was held from 9.00 to 10.00 in camera with Adina-Ioana Vălean (Chair) in the chair. (See Annex I) * * * The meeting opened at 10.04 on Wednesday, 25 September 2019, with Adina-Ioana Vălean (Chair) presiding. 2. Adoption of agenda The agenda was adopted. PV\1189744EN.docx PE641.355 EN United in diversityEN 3. Chair’s announcements Chair’s announcements concerning coordinators’ decisions of 3 September 2019. Chair has informed the Committee members that the Committee meeting of 7-8 October has been cancelled due to the Commissioner hearing. The next ITRE Committee meeting will take place on the 17 October 2019. 4. Approval of minutes of meetings 2-3 September 2019 PV – PE641.070v01-00 The minutes were approved. *** Electronic vote *** 5. Establishing the European Cybersecurity Industrial, Technology and Research Competence Centre and the Network of National Coordination Centres ITRE/9/01206 ***I 2018/0328(COD) COM(2018)0630 – C8-0404/2018 Rapporteur: Rasmus Andresen (Verts/ALE) Responsible: ITRE Vote on the decision to enter into interinstitutional negotiations The decision to enter into interinstitutional negotiations was adopted: for: 49; against: 12; abstention: 2. (Due to technical issues, roll-call page is not available) 6. Labelling of tyres with respect to fuel efficiency and other essential parameters ITRE/9/01207 ***I 2018/0148(COD) COM(2018)0296 – C8-0190/2018 Rapporteur: Michał Boni Responsible: ITRE Vote on the decision to enter into interinstitutional negotiations The decision to enter into interinstitutional negotiations was adopted: for: 56; against: 3; abstention: 4. -
European Parliament Elections 2019 - Forecast
Briefing May 2019 European Parliament Elections 2019 - Forecast Austria – 18 MEPs Staff lead: Nick Dornheim PARTIES (EP group) Freedom Party of Austria The Greens – The Green Austrian People’s Party (ÖVP) (EPP) Social Democratic Party of Austria NEOS – The New (FPÖ) (Salvini’s Alliance) – Alternative (Greens/EFA) – 6 seats (SPÖ) (S&D) - 5 seats Austria (ALDE) 1 seat 5 seats 1 seat 1. Othmar Karas* Andreas Schieder Harald Vilimsky* Werner Kogler Claudia Gamon 2. Karoline Edtstadler Evelyn Regner* Georg Mayer* Sarah Wiener Karin Feldinger 3. Angelika Winzig Günther Sidl Petra Steger Monika Vana* Stefan Windberger 4. Simone Schmiedtbauer Bettina Vollath Roman Haider Thomas Waitz* Stefan Zotti 5. Lukas Mandl* Hannes Heide Vesna Schuster Olga Voglauer Nini Tsiklauri 6. Wolfram Pirchner Julia Elisabeth Herr Elisabeth Dieringer-Granza Thomas Schobesberger Johannes Margreiter 7. Christian Sagartz Christian Alexander Dax Josef Graf Teresa Reiter 8. Barbara Thaler Stefanie Mösl Maximilian Kurz Isak Schneider 9. Christian Zoll Luca Peter Marco Kaiser Andrea Kerbleder Peter Berry 10. Claudia Wolf-Schöffmann Theresa Muigg Karin Berger Julia Reichenhauser NB 1: Only the parties reaching the 4% electoral threshold are mentioned in the table. Likely to be elected Unlikely to be elected or *: Incumbent Member of the NB 2: 18 seats are allocated to Austria, same as in the previous election. and/or take seat to take seat, if elected European Parliament ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• www.eurocommerce.eu Belgium – 21 MEPs Staff lead: Stefania Moise PARTIES (EP group) DUTCH SPEAKING CONSITUENCY FRENCH SPEAKING CONSITUENCY GERMAN SPEAKING CONSTITUENCY 1. Geert Bourgeois 1. Paul Magnette 1. Pascal Arimont* 2. Assita Kanko 2. Maria Arena* 2. -
WQ3 Mass Arrests of LGBTI Activists in Poland .Pdf
Question for written answer E-004735/2020 to the Commission Rule 138 Pierre Karleskind (Renew), Sophia in 't Veld (Renew), Fredrick Federley (Renew), Karen Melchior (Renew), Nicolae Ştefănuță (Renew), Moritz Körner (Renew), Maite Pagazaurtundúa (Renew), Samira Rafaela (Renew), Radka Maxová (Renew), Liesje Schreinemacher (Renew), Abir Al-Sahlani (Renew), Anna Júlia Donáth (Renew), Irène Tolleret (Renew), Sylwia Spurek (Verts/ALE), Tanja Fajon (S&D), Anne-Sophie Pelletier (GUE/NGL), Isabel Carvalhais (S&D), Monika Vana (Verts/ALE), Cornelia Ernst (GUE/NGL), Olivier Chastel (Renew), Gabriele Bischoff (S&D), Delara Burkhardt (S&D), Miapetra Kumpula-Natri (S&D), Chrysoula Zacharopoulou (Renew), Grace O'Sullivan (Verts/ALE), Gwendoline Delbos-Corfield (Verts/ALE), Eleonora Evi (NI), Dimitrios Papadimoulis (GUE/NGL), Hilde Vautmans (Renew), Maria Arena (S&D), Francisco Guerreiro (Verts/ALE), Arba Kokalari (PPE), Pascal Durand (Renew), Nathalie Loiseau (Renew), Catherine Chabaud (Renew), Ilana Cicurel (Renew), Evelyne Gebhardt (S&D), Laurence Farreng (Renew), Mauri Pekkarinen (Renew), Billy Kelleher (Renew), Andrus Ansip (Renew), Irena Joveva (Renew), Sandro Gozi (Renew), Asger Christensen (Renew), Martin Hojsík (Renew), María Soraya Rodríguez Ramos (Renew), Klemen Grošelj (Renew), Stéphane Bijoux (Renew), José Ramón Bauzá Díaz (Renew), Stéphane Séjourné (Renew), Svenja Hahn (Renew), Marianne Vind (S&D), Katalin Cseh (Renew), Stéphanie Yon-Courtin (Renew), Magdalena Adamowicz (PPE), Marie-Pierre Vedrenne (Renew), Henna Virkkunen (PPE), Jan- Christoph Oetjen (Renew), Claudia Gamon (Renew), Aurore Lalucq (S&D), Birgit Sippel (S&D), Ramona Strugariu (Renew), Isabel Santos (S&D), Valérie Hayer (Renew), Marisa Matias (GUE/NGL), Maria Walsh (PPE), Kathleen Van Brempt (S&D), Linea Søgaard-Lidell (Renew), Mario Furore (NI), Clara Aguilera (S&D), Alice Kuhnke (Verts/ALE), Pär Holmgren (Verts/ALE), Jakop G. -
A Look at the New European Parliament Page 1 INTERNATIONAL TRADE COMMITTEE (INTA)
THE NEW EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT KEY COMMITTEE COMPOSITION 31 JULY 2019 INTRODUCTION After several marathon sessions, the European Council agreed on the line-up for the EU “top jobs” on 2 July 2019. The deal, which notably saw German Defence Minister Ursula von der Leyen (CDU, EPP) surprisingly designated as the next European Commission (EC) President, meant that the European Parliament (EP) could proceed with the election of its own leadership on 3 July. The EPP and Renew Europe (formerly ALDE) groups, in line with the agreement, did not present candidates for the EP President. As such, the vote pitted the S&D’s David-Maria Sassoli (IT) against two former Spitzenkandidaten – Ska Keller (DE) of the Greens and Jan Zahradil (CZ) of the ACRE/ECR, alongside placeholder candidate Sira Rego (ES) of GUE. Sassoli was elected President for the first half of the 2019 – 2024 mandate, while the EPP (presumably EPP Spitzenkandidat Manfred Weber) would take the reins from January 2022. The vote was largely seen as a formality and a demonstration of the three largest Groups’ capacity to govern. However, Zahradil received almost 100 votes (more than the total votes of the ECR group), and Keller received almost twice as many votes as there are Greens/EFA MEPs. This forced a second round in which Sassoli was narrowly elected with just 11 more than the necessary simple majority. Close to 12% of MEPs did not cast a ballot. MEPs also elected 14 Vice-Presidents (VPs): Mairead McGuinness (EPP, IE), Pedro Silva Pereira (S&D, PT), Rainer Wieland (EPP, DE), Katarina Barley (S&D, DE), Othmar Karas (EPP, AT), Ewa Kopacz (EPP, PL), Klara Dobrev (S&D, HU), Dita Charanzová (RE, CZ), Nicola Beer (RE, DE), Lívia Járóka (EPP, HU) and Heidi Hautala (Greens/EFA, FI) were elected in the first ballot, while Marcel Kolaja (Greens/EFA, CZ), Dimitrios Papadimoulis (GUE/NGL, EL) and Fabio Massimo Castaldo (NI, IT) needed the second round. -
Gesamtdokument Final
EU-25/27 Watch No. 4 ISSN 1610-6458 Issued in January 2007 Edited by the Institut für Europäische Politik, Berlin in collaboration with the Austrian Institute of International Affairs, Vienna Groupe d’Etudes Politiques Européennes, Brussels Bulgarian European Community Studies Institute for International Relations, Zagreb Association, Sofia Institute for World Economics of the Hungarian Center for European Studies / Middle East Technical Academy of Sciences, Budapest University, Ankara Institute for Strategic and International Studies, Centre européen de Sciences Po, Paris Lisbon Centre d’Etudes et de Recherches Européennes Institute of European Affairs, Dublin Robert Schuman, Luxembourg Institute of International Relations, Prague Centre of International Relations, Ljubljana Institute of International Relations and Political Cyprus Institute for Mediterranean, European and Science, Vilnius University International Studies, Nicosia Istituto Affari Internazionali, Rome Danish Institute for International Studies, Latvian Institute of International Affairs, Copenhagen Riga Elcano Royal Institute and UNED University, Madrid Mediterranean Academy of Diplomatic Studies, University of Tartu University of Malta European Institute of Romania, Bucharest Netherlands Institute of International Relations Federal Trust for Education and Research, London ‘Clingendael’, The Hague Finnish Institute of International Affairs, Helsinki Slovak Foreign Policy Association, Bratislava Foundation for European Studies, European Institute, Swedish Institute of -
Ohjelma 27.–28.8
Ohjelma 27.–28.8. TORSTAI Hotel Radisson Blu Marina Palace Kaupunginteatterin lämpiö 10.00–10.45 09.00–09.45 Pellolta pöytään osana Green Dealia Eurooppa-foorumin avaus Järjestäjät: MTK, Europe Direct Varsinais-Suomi Moderaattori: Toimittaja Jouni Kemppainen, Maaseudun 10.00–11.00 tulevaisuus Turun terveysklusteri eurooppalaisen Puhujat: Puheenjohtaja Juha Marttila, MTK, MEP Elsi tutkimuksen veturina, lääkekehityksessä ja Katainen, viljelijä Tero Sarkala, kansanedustaja Ritva “Kike” kuvantamisessa – Vahvuusalueet ja merkitys Elomaa, hallituksen puheenjohtaja ja perustajaosakas Erkki akuuttien terveysongelmien ratkaisemisessa Mikola, Suomisen Maito Oy Järjestäjät: Turun yliopisto & Åbo Akademi 11.00–13.00 Moderaattori: Tutkimuspäällikkö Pasi Kankaanpää, TY & ÅA Green Deal -paneeli Puhujat: Johtaja John Eriksson, Euro-Bioimaging, toimitusjohtaja Lasse Leino, Delsitech Oy, professori Järjestäjä: Turku Science Park Oy Jukka Westermarck, Turun Biotiedekeskus • 11.00 Tervetuliaissanat 11.15–12.00 Toimitusjohtaja Niko Kyynäräinen, Turku Science Park Oy Kaupunginjohtaja Minna Arve, Turun Kaupunki Itämeri ja EU:n ilmastopolitiikka • 11.05 Keynote-puheenvuoro: Järjestäjät: Baltic Area Legal Studies BALEX ja Korona-taantuma, elvytys ja EU:n kehitys Centrum Balticum -säätiö Moderaattori: Ympäristöneuvos ja työelämäprofessori Maria VTT Vesa Vihriälä, Helsinki Graduate School of Economics Laamanen, Åbo Akademi • 12.00 Suuri paneelikeskustelu: Puhujat: MEP Ville Niinistö, apulais professori Anna Törnroos-Re- Suomi ja Euroopan unioni: kestävää mes, Åbo Akademi, johtava hallintoviranhaltija Ismo Ulvila, kasvua, Investointeja ja kilpailukykyä Euroopan komission ilmasto-pääosasto Toimitusjohtaja Jaakko Hirvola, Teknologiateollisuus 12.15–13.00 Toimitusjohtaja Piia-Noora Kauppi, Finanssiala MEP Miapetra Kumpula-Natri S & D, puheenjohtaja Juha Itämeri yritysten muuttuvana Marttila, MTK, MEP Henna Virkkunen, Kok / EPP toimintaympäristönä Järjestäjät: Turun yliopisto & Åbo Akademi 13.30–14.30 Moderaattori: Toni Ahlqvist Green Deal -talouskeskustelu Puhujat: Ph.D. -
Baltic Rim Economies – a List of Writers
Baltic Rim Economies – a list of writers The following expert articles have been published in the previous reviews: Review Author(s) Position Title of article 1/2021 Krista Mikkonen Minister of the Environment and Climate State of the Baltic Sea is a Change, priority to the Finnish Ministry of the Environment, government Finland 1/2021 Minna Arve Mayor, Sustainability as the policy City of Turku, framework Finland 1/2021 Brita Bohman Senior Lecturer in Environmental Law, Updating the Baltic Sea Action Department of Law, Stockholm University, Plan Sweden 1/2021 Anna Törnroos Assistant Professor (tenure track), The Decade for oceans and Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo humanity Akademi University, Finland 1/2021 Mati Kahru Ph.D., Researcher, The changing Baltic Sea Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, USA 1/2021 Karoliina A. Koho Dr., Project Officer, Towards a “green” future of the BONUS Secretariat (EEIG), Baltic Sea Helsinki, Finland 1/2021 Maciej Zalewski European Regional Centre For Ecohydrology Green Deal – Ecohydrological PAS, nature-based solutions for UNESCO Chair on Ecohydrology and improvement of Baltic ecological Applied Ecology, status Łódź, Poland 1/2021 Aija Caune Chairperson, Hope, stability and protection Coalition Clean Baltic Mikhail Durkin Executive Secretary, Coalition Clean Baltic Nils Höglund Fisheries Policy Officer, Coalition Clean Baltic 1 1/2021 Hannu Klemola Areal Manager, Vulnerable sea needs voluntary Finnish Association for Nature Conservation work to support common -
En En Minutes
European Parliament 2019-2024 Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety ENVI_PV(2020)0928_1 MINUTES Meeting of 28 September 2020, 13.45-15.45 BRUSSELS The meeting opened at 13.55 on Monday, 28 September 2020, with Pascal Canfin (Chair) presiding. 1. Adoption of agenda ENVI_OJ(2020)0928_1 The agenda was adopted in the form shown in these minutes. 2. Chair's announcements The Chair made the following announcements: Interpretation status: due to scarcity of resources and technical restrictions in the meeting room and based on the linguistic profile of ENVI Members, interpretation was available in 6 languages: French, German, Italian, English, Spanish and Polish. Electronic meeting file/Webstreaming: The Chair announced that as usual, the meeting file was available electronically via the e-meeting application and that the meeting would be web streamed. Remote participation of ENVI Members: The Chair announced that the meeting would be held in a remote participation format. At 15.45, the remote voting session opened. Members taking part in the vote had received a ballot paper- voting list that needed to be signed and sent back with the voting indications PV\1217944EN.docx PE660.271v01-00 EN United in diversityEN before 17.45. The results of the votes on the amendments would be announced in writing. Information on the outcome on the budget amendments : The Chair informed that during the voting session on 21 September 2020, ENVI had voted on the amendments to the "General budget of the European Union for the financial year 2021 - all sections". The list of the adopted amendments could be found on the website. -
Rapporteur: Jens Geier (S&D) - Adoption of Draft Report 3 3
Committee on Industry, Research and Energy Results of roll-call votes of 18 March 2021 Table of Contents 1. A European Strategy for Energy System Integration - Rapporteur: Christophe Grudler (Renew) - Adoption of draft report ................................................................................................................... 2 2. A European Strategy for Hydrogen - Rapporteur: Jens Geier (S&D) - Adoption of draft report 3 3. Amending Decision 2008/376/EC on the adoption of the Research Programme of the Research Fund for Coal and Steel and on the multiannual technical guidelines for this programme - Rapporteur: Cristian-Silviu Buşoi (PPE) - Adoption of draft report ..................................................... 4 4. Shaping the digital future of Europe: removing barriers to the functioning of the digital single market and improving the use of AI for European consumers - Rapporteur: Nicola Beer (Renew) - Adoption of draft opinion ................................................................................................................... 5 Key to symbols: + (in favour), - (against), 0 (abstention). 1 1. A European Strategy for Energy System Integration - Rapporteur: Christophe Grudler (Renew) - Adoption of draft report 60 + PPE François-Xavier Bellamy, Hildegard Bentele, Tom Berendsen, Vasile Blaga, Cristian- Silviu Buşoi, Jerzy Buzek, Maria da Graça Carvalho, Pilar del Castillo Vera, Christian Ehler, Seán Kelly, Andrius Kubilius, Marian-Jean Marinescu, Eva Maydell, Angelika Niebler, Aldo Patriciello, Sven Schulze, -
European Parliament Elections 2019 - Results
Briefing June 2019 European Parliament Elections 2019 - Results Austria – 18 MEPs Staff lead: Nick Dornheim PARTIES (EP group) Freedom Party of Austria The Greens – The Green Austrian People’s Party (ÖVP) (EPP) Social Democratic Party of Austria NEOS – The New (FPÖ) (Salvini’s Alliance) – Alternative (Greens/EFA) – 7 seats (SPÖ) (S&D) - 5 seats Austria (ALDE) 1 seat 3 seats 2 seat 1. Othmar Karas* Andreas Schieder Harald Vilimsky* Werner Kogler Claudia Gamon 2. Karoline Edtstadler Evelyn Regner* Georg Mayer* Sarah Wiener 3. Angelika Winzig Günther Sidl Heinz Christian Strache 4. Simone Schmiedtbauer Bettina Vollath 5. Lukas Mandl* Hannes Heide 6. Alexander Bernhuber 7. Barbara Thaler NB 1: Only the parties reaching the 4% electoral threshold are mentioned in the table. *: Incumbent Member of the NB 2: 18 seats are allocated to Austria, same as in the previous election. European Parliament ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• www.eurocommerce.eu Belgium – 21 MEPs Staff lead: Stefania Moise PARTIES (EP group) DUTCH SPEAKING CONSITUENCY FRENCH SPEAKING CONSITUENCY GERMAN SPEAKING CONSTITUENCY 1. Geert Bourgeois 1. Pascal Arimont* 2. Assita Kanko 1. Maria Arena* Socialist Party (PS) Christian Social Party 3. Johan Van Overtveldt 2. Marc Tarabella* (S&D) 2 seats (CSP) (EPP) 1 seat New Flemish Alliance (N-VA) 1. Olivier Chastel (Greens/EFA) Reformist 2. Frédérique Ries* 4 seats Movement (MR) (ALDE) 2 seats 1. Philippe Lamberts* 2. Saskia Bricmont 1. Guy Verhofstadt* Ecolo (Greens/EFA) 2. Hilde Vautmans* 2 seats Open Flemish Liberals and Democrats (Open 1. Benoît Lutgen Humanist VLD) (ALDE) 2 seats democratic centre (cdH) (EPP) 1 seat 1. Kris Peeters Workers’ Party of 1. -
Political Will to Advance Biogas for Mobility a Round Table Discussion
Political will to advance biogas for mobility A round table discussion with MEP Heidi Hautala Webinar on 12.11 at 08:30-10:00 on GoToWebinar Organisers: • MEP Heidi Hautala • EBA • Nordic biogas associations: Suomen Biokierto ja Biokaasu ry, Energigas Sverige, Biogas Danmark, Energigass Norge Introduction Despite all current efforts from the EU, transport is the only sector which is not decarbonizing and even shows an increase in GHG emissions on a yearly basis since 2014. The need for further actions to reduce emissions in the transport sector must be addressed without delay. Increasing the use of biogas as a transport fuel is one of the quickest and most cost-effective ways of reducing greenhouse gas emissions from transport. However, the current EU regulations are not technology-neutral and hamper the development of renewable alternative fuels. This webinar will discuss the options how European legislation could better support the uptake of biomethane as a transport fuel. The study ‘Crediting System for Renewable Fuels in EU Emissions Standards for Road Transport’ produced by Frontier Economics for the German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy will be also presented. Join the debate! Agenda Moderator: Susanna Pflüger, Secretary General of EBA • Introduction and setting the scene by Susanna Pflüger, EBA • Welcome words by MEP Hautala • Interventions from MEPs o Asger Christensen (DK/Renew) o Jakob Dalunde (SE/Greens) o Nicolás González Casares (ES/S&D) o Mauri Pekkarinen (FI/Renew) o Morten Helveg Petersen (DK/Renew) o Nils Torvalds (FI/Renew) o Henna Virkkunen (FI/EPP) • Panel discussion ▪ Panelists: • Edoardo Turano, DG CLIMA, European Commission • Michael Zähringer, Frontier Economics • Harmen Dekker, EBA Director • Maria Malmkvist, CEO of Energigas Sverige (representing the coalition of the Nordic Biogas Associations) • Andrea Gerini, Secretary General of NGVA Europe • Concluding words by MEP Hautala . -
En En Amendments 1
European Parliament 2019-2024 Committee on Industry, Research and Energy 2020/2241(INI) 11.12.2020 AMENDMENTS 1 - 325 Draft report Christophe Grudler (PE658.868v01-00) A European Strategy for Energy System Integration (2020/2241(INI)) AM\1220002EN.docx PE661.966v01-00 EN United in diversityEN AM_Com_NonLegReport PE661.966v01-00 2/159 AM\1220002EN.docx EN Amendment 1 Jakop G. Dalunde on behalf of the Verts/ALE Group Motion for a resolution Citation 1 Motion for a resolution Amendment — having regard to the Treaty on the — having regard to the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, and in Functioning of the European Union, and in particular Article 194 thereof, particular Articles 91, 172 and 194 thereof, Or. en Amendment 2 Jakop G. Dalunde on behalf of the Verts/ALE Group Motion for a resolution Citation 3 a (new) Motion for a resolution Amendment - having regard to the Commission communication of 16 February 2016 entitled ‘An EU Strategy on Heating and Cooling’ COM(2016) 51, Or. en Amendment 3 Nicolás González Casares, Alicia Homs Ginel, Carlos Zorrinho, Maria-Manuel Leitão- Marques, Jens Geier, Robert Hajšel, Csaba Molnár, Adriana Maldonado López, Lina Gálvez Muñoz, Josianne Cutajar, Niels Fuglsang Motion for a resolution Citation 9 a (new) Motion for a resolution Amendment - having regard to the Commission communication of 8 July 2020 entitled ‘A hydrogen strategy for a climate-neutral Europe’(COM(2020)0301), AM\1220002EN.docx 3/159 PE661.966v01-00 EN Or. en Amendment 4 Nicolás González Casares, Alicia Homs Ginel, Carlos Zorrinho, Maria-Manuel Leitão- Marques, Jens Geier, Robert Hajšel, Csaba Molnár, Adriana Maldonado López, Lina Gálvez Muñoz, Josianne Cutajar, Niels Fuglsang Motion for a resolution Citation 15 a (new) Motion for a resolution Amendment - having regard to the Commission communication of 19 November 2020 entitled “An EU Strategy to harness the potential of offshore renewable energy for a climate neutral future” (COM(2020)741 final), Or.