Onko Sukupuolella Väliä Euroopan Parlamentissa?

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Onko Sukupuolella Väliä Euroopan Parlamentissa? ONKO SUKUPUOLELLA VÄLIÄ EUROOPAN PARLAMENTISSA? Suomalaisten europarlamentaarikoiden kokemuksia Euroopan parlamentin poliittisesta toimintakulttuurista, sukupuolten tasa-arvosta ja eurooppalaisella areenalla vaikuttamisesta. Emilia Peikola Maisterintutkielma Politiikan tutkimus Yhteiskuntatieteiden ja filosofian laitos Jyväskylän yliopisto Kevät 2021 JYVÄSKYLÄN YLIOPISTO Tiedekunta Laitos Yhteiskuntatieteiden ja filosofian laitos Humanistis-yhteiskuntatieteellinen Tekijä Emilia Eeva-Stiina Peikola Työn nimi Onko sukupuolella väliä Euroopan parlamentissa? Suomalaisten europarlamentaarikoiden kokemuksia Euroopan parlamentin poliittisesta toimintakulttuurista, sukupuolten tasa-arvosta ja eurooppalaisella areenalla vaikuttamisesta. Oppiaine Työn tyyppi Politiikan tutkimus Maisterintutkielma Aika Sivumäärä Kevät 2021 55 + 1 liite Ohjaaja Kia Lindroos Tiivistelmä Tämän tutkielman tarkoituksena on selvittää, mitä suomalaiset europarlamentaarikot ajattelevat Euroopan parlamentin poliittisesta toimintakulttuurista, vaikuttamisen keinoista, sukupuolten tasa- arvon tilanteesta sekä sukupuolen merkityksestä europarlamentaarikon työssä. Tutkimuksen aineisto koostuu suomalaisille europarlamentaarikoille syksyllä 2020 ja keväällä 2021 Zoomin välityksellä tehdyistä haastatteluista. Haastatteluihin osallistuivat europarlamentaarikot Henna Virkkunen, Sirpa Pietikäinen, Miapetra Kumpula-Natri, Nils Torvalds, Elsi Katainen, Mauri Pekkarinen, Alviina Alametsä, Heidi Hautala ja Silvia Modig. Tutkimus on toteutettu puolistrukturoidun teemahaastattelun avulla ja aineiston analyysissä on käytetty päämetodina sisällönanalyysia sekä tukena narratiivista tulkintaa. Suomalaisten europarlamentaarikoiden kokemus vaikutusmahdollisuuksista Euroopan parlamentissa on myönteinen. Mepit kokevat pääsääntöisesti voineensa vaikuttaa tärkeinä pitämiinsä asioihin. Vaikuttaminen jakaantuu Euroopan parlamentissa monelle eri tasolle ja haastatteluissa europarlamentaarikot korostivatkin, että vaikuttamisen keinoja on Euroopan parlamentissa lähes yhtä monta kuin on vaikuttajiakin. Europarlamentaarikoiden erilaiset kulttuuriset taustat ja laaja puoluepoliittinen kirjo vaikuttavat merkittävästi työhön Euroopan parlamentissa. Tutkielman tulokset osoittavat, että sukupuolella on vielä 2020-luvulla merkitystä Euroopan parlamentissa, vaikka suomalaiset mepit eivät pääsääntöisesti koekaan sukupuolen vaikuttavan mepin työhön sen suuremmin. Suomalaisten europarlamentaarikoiden kokemukset vähättelystä, syrjinnästä ja seksuaalisesta häirinnästä viestivät kuitenkin siitä, että sukupuolten tasa-arvon saavuttamiseksi on vielä paljon tehtävää Euroopan parlamentissa. Poliittisten ryhmien välillä on myös valtavasti eroja ja niissä suhtaudutaan esimerkiksi sukupuolten tasa-arvoon liittyviin asioihin hyvin eri tavalla. Vasemmistoryhmät suhtautuvat perinteisen jaottelun mukaan myös Euroopan parlamentissa oikeistoryhmiä myönteisemmin sukupuolten tasa-arvoon. Asiasanat Euroopan parlamentti, sukupuolten tasa-arvo, europarlamentaarikko, poliittinen toimintakulttuuri, sukupuoli, valta Säilytyspaikka Jyväskylän yliopisto Muita tietoja KUVIOT KUVIO 1 Koodien avulla muodostetut teemat………………………………………8 TAULUKOT TAULUKKO 1 Suomalaiset mepit Euroopan parlamentin puoluekartalla……………..35 SISÄLLYS 1 JOHDANTO ....................................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 TUTKIMUKSEN TAUSTA .......................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 TUTKIMUSONGELMA ............................................................................................................................................. 2 1.3 TUTKIMUSMENETELMÄ .......................................................................................................................................... 3 1.3.1 Teemahaastattelut ..................................................................................................................................... 4 1.3.2 Analyysin metodina aineistolähtöinen sisällönanalyysi .............................................................................. 5 1.3.3 Sisällönanalyysin tukena narratiivinen tulkinta .......................................................................................... 5 1.3.4 Aineiston analyysi ....................................................................................................................................... 6 1.3.5 Narratiivinen tulkinta sisällönanalyysin tukena .......................................................................................... 8 1.4 AIKAISEMMAT TUTKIMUKSET ................................................................................................................................ 10 2 TOIMIKENTTÄNÄ EUROOPAN UNIONI ............................................................................................................ 11 2.1 EUROOPAN PARLAMENTTI .................................................................................................................................... 11 3 YHDEKSÄN ERILAISTA TARINAA ...................................................................................................................... 12 3.1 HAASTATELTAVIEN TAUSTAT ................................................................................................................................. 12 3.2 KOULUTUS JA KIELITAITO ...................................................................................................................................... 17 4 EUROOPAN PARLAMENTTI POLIITTISENA INSTITUUTIONA SEKÄ TYÖPAIKKANA ............................................. 20 4.1 JULKISUUDESSA KESKITYTÄÄN ITSE ASIAAN ELI POLITIIKKAAN ........................................................................................ 21 5 VAIKUTTAMINEN JA VALTA EUROOPAN PARLAMENTISSA .............................................................................. 23 5.1 LOBBAAMINEN JA VERKOSTOITUMINEN TÄRKEÄSSÄ OSASSA MEPIN TYÖTÄ ...................................................................... 27 5.2 VALIOKUNNAT JA SUKUPUOLTEN TASA-ARVO ............................................................................................................ 29 6 EUROOPAN PARLAMENTIN POLIITTINEN TOIMINTAKULTTUURI VERRATTUNA SUOMEN EDUSKUNNAN POLIITTISEEN TOIMINTAKULTTUURIIN ..................................................................................................................... 31 6.1 POLIITTISET RYHMÄT ........................................................................................................................................... 34 7 SUKUPUOLI JA EUROOPAN PARLAMENTTI ...................................................................................................... 38 7.1 SEKSUAALINEN HÄIRINTÄ JA VÄHÄTTELY .................................................................................................................. 39 8 JOHTOPÄÄTÖKSET .......................................................................................................................................... 45 LÄHTEET ....................................................................................................................................................................... 50 HAASTATTELUT ................................................................................................................................................................. 50 KIRJALLISUUS ................................................................................................................................................................... 50 VERKKOLÄHTEET ............................................................................................................................................................... 53 LIITTEET ........................................................................................................................................................................ 56 1 JOHDANTO 1.1 Tutkimuksen tausta Suomen taival Euroopan unionissa alkoi vuonna 1995, kun se liittyi unionin jäseneksi yhdessä Itävallan ja Ruotsin kanssa. Vuonna 2020 Suomi siis juhli EU- jäsenyyden 25- vuotispäivää. Monille suomalaisille Suomen EU-jäsenyys on tänä päivänä lähes itsestäänselvyys, sillä useat meistä ovat tottuneet elämään osana eurooppalaista yhteisöä. 25 vuotta sitten tilanne oli kuitenkin toinen, kun edessä oli hyppy tuntemattomaan. Euroopan unionin eri toimielimissä työskentelee reilu tuhat suomalaista (Valtioneuvoston kanslia, 2021), joista näkyvimmin esillä ovat komissaarin lisäksi mepit (Member of the European Parliament). Vuonna 2019 pidetyissä europarlamenttivaaleissa Suomelle valittiin 13 edustajaa. Europarlamentaarikoiden ryhmä koostui vaalien jälkeen seitsemästä naisesta ja kuudesta miehestä. Suomalaisten europarlamentaarikkojen tiimi täydentyi vielä yhdellä naispuolisella edustajalla Iso-Britannian eron vahvistuttua vuoden 2020 alussa. Suomi ja Ruotsi ovat tällä hetkellä ainoat maat, joiden edustuksessa Euroopan parlamentissa on enemmän naismeppejä kuin miesmeppejä. Euroopan parlamentin 27 jäsenmaasta viidellä (Liettua, Bulgaria, Slovakia, Romania ja Kypros) on vähemmän kuin yksi kolmasosa naisia europarlamentaarikoiden joukossa. Kypros on ainoa maa, jonka europarlamenttiryhmässä ei ole ollenkaan naisia. Euroopan parlamentissa naisten osuus on tällä hetkellä 41 prosenttia. (EIGE, 2019, 8.) Vuoden 2019 lopulla Euroopan komission johtoon nousi nainen ensimmäistä kertaa koko
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