Two Subspecies of Warbling Vireo Differ in Th!:.!R Rfponses to Cowbird Egc

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Two Subspecies of Warbling Vireo Differ in Th!:.!R Rfponses to Cowbird Egc TWO SUBSPECIES OF WARBLING VIREO DIFFER IN TH!:.!R RFPONSES TO COWBIRD EGC SPENCER G. SEALY, Departmentof Zoology,University of Manitoba,Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada ALISON J. BANKS, Montana CooperativeWildlife Research Unit, Universityof Montana, Missoula,Montana 59812 JAMESON F. CHACE, Departmentof Environmental,Population, and Organismic Biology,University of Colorado,Boulder, Colorado 80309-0334 ABSTRACT: Using real cowbirdeggs, we experimentallyparasitized 41 nestsof the WarblingVireo (Vireo gilvus), three each in BritishColumbia and Colorado, five in Montana, and 30 in Manitoba, and recordedwhether the cowbirdeggs were acceptedor rejected.Cowbird eggs were acceptedat all neststested in British Columbia and Colorado, but both acceptanceand rejectionwere recordedin Montana.In Manitoba,all cowbirdeggs were rejected(29 by puncture-ejection,one bydesertion). The resultssuggest acceptance by a westernsubspecies of the Warbling Vireo, V. g. swainsonii,and rejectionby the easternsubspecies, V. g. gilvus. The geographicvariability in acceptance/rejectionagrees with suggestedtaxonomic differencesfor the WarblingVireo, i.e., that there are two speciesand that neither appearsto vary in responseto the presenceof cowbirdeggs in its nests. Speciesof birdsthat sufferreduced reproductive success when parasitized by Brown-headedCowbirds (J•olothrus ater) shouldevolve strategies that reduceor eliminatethe costsof parasitism,especially because cowbird eggs are distinguishablefrom the eggsof most host species.Adaptations for rejectionof parasiticeggs from nests have evolved in somespecies, but most speciesaccept cowbirdeggs (Rothstein1975, 1990). Why only a few speciesreject cowbird eggs has been attributed to the durationof exposure to the selectivepressure of cowbirdparasitism (Rothstein 1975) or con- straintson the abilityof smallhosts to eject cowbirdeggs from the nest (Rohwerand Spaw 1988). Amongthe ejecterspecies, the largerones grasp and remove cowbirdeggs with their bills, whereasthe smallerspecies puncture-ejectthem (Rohwerand Spaw 1988). Recently,Sealy (1996) determinedexperimentally that the Warbling Vireo (Vireo gilvus)removes cowbird eggs from its nests.At 15 g, it is the smallestspecies in North America known to do so (Sealy 1996). This species'responses to cowbirdeggs also appear to varyacross its geographic range.A literaturesurvey of the frequencyof parasitismin variouspopula- tionsof WarblingVireos (table 2 of Sealy1996) revealedthat 0 to 11% of WarblingVireo nestswere parasitized in populationswithin and eastof the Central Great Plains, whereas 50 to 70% of nests were parasitizedin populationswest of the GreatPlains. Where experimental data are lacking, Friedmannet al. (1977) assumedthat a speciesaccepts cowbird eggs (i.e., is an accepter)if 20% or more of its nestsare recordedparasitized. Under thisdefinition, western populations of the WarblingVireo would be classified as accepters,whereas central and easternpopulations reject parasitism. Sealy's(1996) experimentson WarblingVireos in Manitobasupport the assessmentof birdsthere as rejecters. 190 WesternBirds 31:190-194, 2000 DIFFERING RESPONSES OF WARBLING VIREO TO COWBIRD EGGS Fromthose data, Sealy (1996) concludedthat the apparentgeographic variationin responseto parasitismby WarblingVireos generally fits with data regardingthe durationof sympatrywith cowbirdsby easternversus westernpopulations (Mayfield 1965, Rothstein1994, but see Ward and Smith1998). Experimentson populationsacross the breedingrange of the WarblingVireo are requiredto confirmthe extentof responsesto cowbird eggs.Here we presentthe resultsof testson nestsof the WarblingVireo in BritishColumbia, Colorado, Montana, and Monitoba. METHODS We experimentallyparasitized Warbling Vireo nestsat four localities, describedby Wardand Smith (2000), Marviland Cruz (1989), MacKenzieet al. (1982), and Tewksburyet al. (1998). BritishColumbia: In 1994, David Ward parasitizedone nestabout 7 km WNW of Oliver (49ø 10' N, 119 ø 13' W) andtwo nests7 km E of OkanaganFalls (49 ø 21'N, 119ø 33' W), in the southernOkanagan Valley. Montana: Banks tested five nests in 1996, two alongthe BitterrootRiver (45 ø 56' N, 114 ø 08'W and46 ø 07' N, 114ø 10' W), threealong Rock and Lickcreeks (45 ø 09' N, 114ø 13' W) and McCoy Creek(45 ø 59' N, 114 ø 12' W). One of thesenests was naturally parasitized, receivingone cowbirdegg. Colorado:In 1994, Chacetested two nestsand recordedthe responseto a naturallylaid cowbirdegg in anothernest, all in BoulderCounty. One nestwas near Ward on the SawtoothSprings Ranch (40ø 07' N, 105ø 28' W), the otherswere on FlagstaffMountain (40 ø 00' N, 105ø 18' W). Manitoba:Sealy (1996) parasitized16 nestsand recorded the responseto naturalparasitism at one nestin 1992 and 1993 at Delta Marsh (50 ø 11'N, 98 ø 19'W). He tested13 additionalnests in 1996 and 1997, for a total of 30 nests at this site. We introducedone real cowbird egg into each nest during the layingstage or incubationstage. In all but one nest, cowbirdeggs were addedbefore 12:00 (respectivestandard times). A hostegg was not removedfrom nests becauseegg removal by cowbirdsis variable(Sealy 1992). Mostnests were inspectedthe day after parasitismand everyday afterthat untilthe cowbird eggdisappeared or hadremained in the nestfor at least5 days,when it was assumedto be accepted(Rothstein 1975, Sealy1996). We watchedall nests tested in Colorado and Montana and 17 nests in Manitoba for 30 to 60 min immediatelyfollowing parasitism to recordreactions of adultsto the parasit- ized clutches(see Sealy 1996 for descriptionsof behavioralresponses to experimentalparasitism in Manitoba). RESULTS Cowbirdeggs were accepted at all neststested in BritishColumbia (n = 3, D. Ward, pers. comm.) and in Colorado(n = 3). One of these nestswas naturallyparasitized, receiving one cowbirdegg. In Montana,cowbird eggs were acceptedat threenests (one experimentally parasitized during laying; two duringincubation, one clutchalready parasitized) and ejectedfrom two incubated clutches. 191 DIFFERING RESPONSES OF WARBLING VIREO TO COWBIRD EGGS Reactionsof femalesupon their return to the parasitizednests differed. In Manitoba, at 16 nestswhere an adult returnedto the nest duringthe observation,the vireopunctured or brokethe cowbirdegg and ejectedit, generallywithin secondsof its returnto the nest(description of behaviorin Sealy 1996). At the three Coloradonests, vireos returned unagitated and settledon theireggs without probing or peckingthe cowbirdegg or behaving in anyother way that suggestedrecognition of the foreignegg. Vireos also resumedincubation at the fiveMontana nests with no signsof recognitionof the cowbirdeggs, although the cowbirdeggs were laterejected at two nests. DISCUSSION WarblingVireos' responsesat experimentallyparasitized nests varied. Cowbirdeggs were acceptedat all neststested in BritishColumbia and Coloradobut were rejectedfrom all neststested in Manitoba.In Montana, cowbirdeggs were acceptedat three and ejectedfrom two nests.Collec- tively, these resultsare subjectto two interpretations.The first is that acceptanceand rejectionbehavior in the WarblingVireo is variableand that thereforethis species joins a smallgroup of speciesin whichacceptance or rejectionis not near 100%, suchas the Yellow-breastedChat (Icteria virens, Burhansand Freeman 1997), Yellow-headedBlackbird (Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus,Dufty 1994), andCommon Grackle (Quiscalus quiscula, Peer and Bollinger 1997). The other interpretationis that despite the variableresponses to parasitism,Warbling Vireos do not conflictwith the generalizationof low variationin responsesbecause the WarblingVireo as traditionallyconstituted is actuallytwo siblingspecies (Johnson et al. 1988, Sibleyand Monroe 1990, Murrayet al. 1994). Sibleyand Monroe (1990) recognizedtwo speciesof WarblingVireo, Vireogilvus (Eastern Warbling-Vireo) and V. swainsonii(Western Warbling- Vireo). The speciesdiffer in morphologyand vocalizations(J. C. Barlowin Sibleyand Monroe 1990) and by about 3% sequencedivergence in their mitochondrialDNA (Murrayet al. 1994). At one point where their ranges meet,in north-centralAlberta, males singing the gilvussong-type and males singingthe swainsoniisong-type have been foundon adjacentterritories, butinterbreeding between the two hasnot beenrecorded (W. B. McGillivray and J. C. Barlowpers. comm.).Although the limitsof the rangesof the easternand westernsubspecies of the WarblingVireo are known only roughly(e.g. Sibley 1940, Worthen 1969, Browning1974, Voelkerand Rohwer 1998), we suspectthe two subspecies,or species,meet also in western Montana (seemaps in Voelker and Rohwer 1998) becauseboth acceptanceand rejectionof cowbirdeggs were recordedthere. Confirma- tion of the trendtoward acceptance of cowbirdeggs in a westernsubspecies and rejectionby the easternone, suggestedby our limiteddata, requires more testingof nestsacross the entire range of the WarblingVireo, especiallyof birdsfarther east and preferablywith the attendantspecies or subspeciesverified at each nest. The variable responseto parasitismsupports the contentionof two speciesof Warbling Vireo, with swainsonii occurringfrom the Rocky Mountainsto the PacificOcean and gilvus from the Rockiesto northeastern 192 DIFFERING RESPONSES OF WARBLING VIREO TO COWBIRD EGGS North America.As cowbirdswere foundhistorically from the Rockiesto the easternslopes of the SierraNevada and CascadeRange (Rothstein 1994), swainsonii islikely to haveexperienced some parasitism before the cowbird's rangeextensions since 1900. Butthe criticalthing in
Recommended publications
  • Wildlife of the North Hills: Birds, Animals, Butterflies
    Wildlife of the North Hills: Birds, Animals, Butterflies Oakland, California 2005 About this Booklet The idea for this booklet grew out of a suggestion from Anne Seasons, President of the North Hills Phoenix Association, that I compile pictures of local birds in a form that could be made available to residents of the north hills. I expanded on that idea to include other local wildlife. For purposes of this booklet, the “North Hills” is defined as that area on the Berkeley/Oakland border bounded by Claremont Avenue on the north, Tunnel Road on the south, Grizzly Peak Blvd. on the east, and Domingo Avenue on the west. The species shown here are observed, heard or tracked with some regularity in this area. The lists are not a complete record of species found: more than 50 additional bird species have been observed here, smaller rodents were included without visual verification, and the compiler lacks the training to identify reptiles, bats or additional butterflies. We would like to include additional species: advice from local experts is welcome and will speed the process. A few of the species listed fall into the category of pests; but most - whether resident or visitor - are desirable additions to the neighborhood. We hope you will enjoy using this booklet to identify the wildlife you see around you. Kay Loughman November 2005 2 Contents Birds Turkey Vulture Bewick’s Wren Red-tailed Hawk Wrentit American Kestrel Ruby-crowned Kinglet California Quail American Robin Mourning Dove Hermit thrush Rock Pigeon Northern Mockingbird Band-tailed
    [Show full text]
  • PHVI-2020-10-Byrne Copy
    PHVI-2020-10 (Philadelphia Vireo) 1st round voting – December 6, 2020 Accepted: 8 Not Accepted: 1 black lores, yellow throat and undertail coverts rule out Warbling Vireo Although the photos submitted by Diane to the committee are decent and definitely adequate, Steve Kornfeld’s photos on eBird leave absolutely no doubt as to the ID (https://ebird.org/checklist/S74131980). The dark lores and yellowish ventrum, especially on the throat and upper breast, are conclusive, and eliminate any similar vireo species, especially a Warbling Vireo. Warbling vireo is eliminated based on dark lores and more yellow on undersides, Red-eyed vireo is eliminated based on smaller bill and lack of upper dark line to eyebrow. No comments There are better photos on eBird, too. The dark lores, compact shape, dark cap, and yellow upper breast all look good for Philly. Can't believe this was a first for the Oregon coast! I think I’m satisfied that the photos confirm this to be a Phillie Vireo. In an ideal world it would be nice to see the bird at additional angles, but from what we can see of the face in the two shots, particularly the dark line through the lore and eye, it appears to be wholly consistent with Phillie Vireo and not a good match for Warbling (or Red-eyed). Tennessee Warbler is, of course, the other species to be careful of, but the bird in Diana’s photos shows yellow undertail coverts as well as a yellow wash across the breast, whereas Tennessee should have whiter undertail coverts.
    [Show full text]
  • Warbling Vireo Vireo Gilvus the Warbling Vireo Is a Common Migrant Through San Diego County but Rare As a Breeding Bird and Very Rare As a Winter Visitor
    374 Vireos — Family Vireonidae Warbling Vireo Vireo gilvus The Warbling Vireo is a common migrant through San Diego County but rare as a breeding bird and very rare as a winter visitor. Migrants stop in any tree, but breeding birds seek mature riparian and oak woodland. Of any California bird, the Warbling Vireo is perhaps the most susceptible to cowbird parasitism. Cowbird trapping intended to ben- efit Bell’s Vireo is likely responsible for bringing the Warbling Vireo back—just barely—from the brink of extirpation as a breeding species in San Diego County. Atlas participants observed only two Warbling Vireo nests, but female cowbirds were Photo by Anthony Mercieca scrutinizing or entering both of them while the vir- eos were building them and birders were watching them. (P23) 3 June 1999 (E. C. Hall, J. O. Zimmer). There is one summer record of the Warbling Vireo from riparian Breeding distribution: In San Diego County the breed- woodland at the desert’s edge: two, including a singing ing population of Warbling Vireos is now concentrated male, along San Felipe Creek 1.2 miles west northwest of in the riparian woodlands in the county’s northwest, Scissors Crossing (J22) 13 July 2001 (P. Unitt et al.). The especially in the area of De Luz and Fallbrook. The larg- species’ use of this site is evidently irregular; thorough est number of breeding birds found, nine singing males surveys of the Scissors Crossing area in 2002 did not 20 June 2000, was along De Luz and Cottonwood creeks reveal any summering Warbling Vireos.
    [Show full text]
  • S Sapsucker, Cordilleran Flycatcher, and Other Long-Distance Vagrants At
    x, illi mson'sS ,psucker, Cordiller n FI ctch r, and other Ion distanc ß aor nts at a Lon Island, N w Yor sto ov r site P.A. Buckley ABSTRACT onceeasy vehicular access was attainedin Six taxa new to--variously--NewYork, the 1964(Buckley 1974). Fast Coast, and easternNorth America are Fire Island is a narrow, 53-kin barrier USGS-PatuxentWildlife Research Center describedand illustrated from Fire Island, islandseparating Great South Bay and the Long Island,New York. WilliamsongSap- mainlandof LongIsland from the Atlantic Box8 @Graduate School ofOceanography sucker, Cordilleran Flycatcher, Cassin's Vireo, Ocean(Figure 1). At theextreme west end o[ Western Warbling-Vireo, Sonora Yel- Fire Island National Seashore(8 krn east o[ UniversityofRhode island lowthroat,and Pink-sidedJunco were cap- Fire Island Inlet and 90 km east-northeast of tured and documentedduring a 1995-2001 New York City), is the areaknown as the mist-nettingstudy examining the ecological LighthouseTract, a 65-hasection of natural Narragansett,Rhode Island 02882 relationshipsamong migratory birds, Deer vegetationwhere the 175-year-oldFire Island Ticks,and Lyme Disease. Two earlier Cassin's Lighthousestands. There, Fire Island nar- (email:[email protected] and Vireo specimensoverlooked by nearly all rowsto 300 m frombay to ocean,with low authors--thefirst for NewJersey and New dune vegetationoceanward, and scattered [email protected])York,respectively--are also illustrated, as is nativePitch Pine (Pinus rigida) groves alter- an earlierWestern Warbling-Vireo from Fire natingwith mixednative deciduous shrub- Island. Identification criteria are discussed at thicketsbayward. Major plant species in the lengthfor all taxa,and the currentstatus of deciduousthickets include Bayberry (Myrica all six as vagrantswithin North Americais pensylvanica),Low Beach Plum (Prunus S.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Update on the Birds of Isla Guadalupe, Baja California
    UPDATE ON THE BIRDS OF ISLA GUADALUPE, BAJA CALIFORNIA LORENZO QUINTANA-BARRIOS and GORGONIO RUIZ-CAMPOS, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Apartado Postal 1653, Ense- nada, Baja California, 22800, México (U. S. mailing address: PMB 064, P. O. Box 189003, Coronado, California 92178-9003; [email protected] PHILIP UNITT, San Diego Natural History Museum, P. O. Box 121390, San Diego, California 92112-1390; [email protected] RICHARD A. ERICKSON, LSA Associates, 20 Executive Park, Suite 200, Irvine, California 92614; [email protected] ABSTRACT: We report 56 bird specimens of 31 species taken on Isla Guadalupe, Baja California, between 1986 and 2004 and housed at the Colección Ornitológica del Laboratorio de Vertebrados de la Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Ensenada, along with other sight and specimen records. The speci- mens include the first published Guadalupe records for 10 species: the Ring-necked Duck (Aythya collaris), Long-billed Curlew (Numenius americanus), Bonaparte’s Gull (Larus philadelphia), Ash-throated Flycatcher (Myiarchus cinerascens), Warbling Vireo (Vireo gilvus), Tree Swallow (Tachycineta bicolor), Yellow Warbler (Dendroica petechia), Magnolia Warbler (Dendroica magnolia), Yellow-headed Blackbird (Xan- thocephalus xanthocephalus), and Orchard Oriole (Icterus spurius). A specimen of the eastern subspecies of Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater ater) and a sight record of the Gray-cheeked Thrush (Catharus minimus) are the first reported from the Baja California Peninsula (and islands). A photographed Franklin’s Gull (Larus pipixcan) is also an island first. Currently 136 native species and three species intro- duced in North America have been recorded from the island and nearby waters.
    [Show full text]
  • Bird Checklist
    Gray-cheeked Thrush Catharus minimus Blackburnian Warbler Dendroica fusca Field Sparrow Spizella pusilla Swainson’s Thrush Catharus ustulatus American Redstart Setophaga ruticilla Swamp Sparrow Melospiza georgiana National Park Service Hermit Thrush Catharus guttatus Pine Warbler Dendroica pinus American Tree Sparrow Spizella arborea U.S. Department of the Interior Veery Catharus fuscescens Prairie Warbler Dendroica discolor Grasshopper Ammodramus savannarum Wood Thrush Hylocichla mustelina Palm Warbler Dendroica palmarum Sparrow New River Gorge National River Blue-winged Warbler Vermivora pinus Fox Sparrow Passeralla iliaca Mockingbird and Thrasher Family Yellow Warbler Dendroica petechia Song Sparrow Melospiza melodia (Mimidae) Swainson’s Warbler Limnothlypis swainsonii Vesper Sparrow Pooecetes gramineus Brown Thrasher Toxostoma rufum Worm-eating Helmitheros vermivorus Savannah Sparrow Passerculus sandwichensis Bird Checklist Gray Catbird Dumetella carolinensis Warbler Dark-eyed (“Slate-colored”) Junco hyemalis Northern Mockingbird Mimus polyglottos Tennessee Warbler Vermivora peregrina Junco Wilson’s Warbler Wilsonia pusilla Crow and Jay Family (Corvidae) Hooded Warbler Wilsonia citrina Blackbird and Oriole Family (Icteridae) Blue Jay Cyanocitta cristata Golden-winged Vermivora chrysoptera Rusty Blackbird Euphagus carolinus American Crow Corvus brachyrhynchos Warbler Common Grackle Quiscalus quiscula Common Raven Corvus corax Nashville Warbler Vermivora ruficapilla Red-winged Blackbird Agelaius phoeniceus Kentucky Warbler Oporornis
    [Show full text]
  • Buckingham Trails Preserve Wildlife Species List
    Wildlife Species List for Buckingham Trails Preserve Designated Status Scientific Name Common Name FWC FWS FNAI MAMMALS Family: Dasypodidae (armadillos) Dasypus novemcinctus nine-banded armadillo * Family: Leporidae (rabbits and hares) Sylvilagus floridanus eastern cottontail Family: Felidae (cats) Felis silvestris domestic cat * Family: Procyonidae (raccoons) Procyon lotor raccoon Family: Suidae (old world swine) Sus scrofa feral hog * Family: Mephitidae (skunks) Spilogale putorius eastern spotted skunk BIRDS Family: Anatidae (swans, geese and ducks) Subfamily: Anatinae Aix sponsa wood duck Anas fulvigula mottled duck Family: Odontophoridae (new world quails) Colinus virginianus northern bobwhite Family: Ciconiidae (storks) Mycteria americana wood stork E E G4/S2 Family: Anhingidae (anhingas) Anhinga anhinga anhinga Family: Ardeidae (herons, egrets, bitterns) Ardea herodius great blue heron Ardea alba great egret G5/S4 Egretta thula snowy egret SSC G5/S3 Egretta caerulea little blue heron SSC G5/S4 Egretta tricolor tricolored heron Bubulcus ibis cattle egret Butorides virescens green heron Family: Threskiornithidae (ibises and spoonbills) Subfamily: Threshiornithinae Eudocimus albus white ibis Family: Cathartidae (new world vultures) Coragyps atratus black vulture Cathartes aura turkey vulture Family: Accipitridae (hawks, kites, accipiters, harriers, eagles) Elanoides forficatus swallow-tailed kite G5/S2 Rostrhamus sociabilis plumbeus Everglades snail kite E E G4G5T3Q/S2 Accipiter cooperii Cooper's hawk G5/S3 Hailaeetus leucocephalus
    [Show full text]
  • Warbling Vireo (Vireo Gilvus)
    Warbling Vireo (Vireo gilvus) NMPIF level: Species Conservation Concern, Level 2 (SC2) NMPIF assessment score: 14 NM stewardship responsibility: Low National PIF status: No special status New Mexico BCRs: 16, 34, 35 Primary breeding habitat(s): Mixed Conifer Forest, Montane Riparian Other habitats used: Spruce-Fir Forest, Ponderosa Pine Forest, Middle Elevation Riparian Summary of Concern Warbling Vireo is a generally stable and widespread species, but local population trends are uncertain. In New Mexico, it is associated with highland riparian and aspen communities which may be sensitive to disturbance or changes in forest structure. It may also be sensitive to nest parasitism by cowbirds and loss of winter habitat. Associated Species Dusky Grouse (BC2), Northern Goshawk (BC2), Red-naped Sapsucker (SC2), Purple Martin, Violet-green Swallow (SC2), American Robin, Orange-crowned Warbler, Black-headed Grosbeak Distribution Warbling Vireo is very broadly distributed across almost the entire United States and western Canada, excluding the southeast and Gulf Coast regions. Breeding populations also extend south in the Sierra Madre Occidental to central Mexico. The species winters along the Pacific slope of Mexico (Gardali and Ballard 2000). In New Mexico, Warbling Vireos breed in upper elevation forests and woodlands statewide, and also occur in lowland riparian areas. Ecology and Habitat Requirements Across its large range, this species occupies many different woodland and forest vegetation types. It is generally associated with riparian areas and mature, mixed deciduous woodlands. In many locations, it is strongly associated with cottonwood-dominated riparian forests, which provide favored habitat structure of large trees with a semi-open canopy. In New Mexico, it also shows a preference for aspen and spruce-aspen communities.
    [Show full text]
  • Red-Eyed Vireo Vireo Olivaceus
    Red-eyed Vireo Vireo olivaceus Folk Name: Preacher, Hanger, Red-eyed Swinging Bird Status: Breeder Abundance: Common to Very Common Habitat: Hardwood forests and mixed pine hardwood forests The Red-eyed Vireo is our most common and best known member of the vireo family. It is also the largest of our vireos, averaging 6 inches in length. Adults have a blue-gray head with a distinctive bright red eye and a white eyebrow outlined in black. Its body is olive green above and white below and it has no wing bars. Like our other vireos, this bird is more often heard than seen. It repeats its song over and over all day long, often while perched high up in a tree. This is why many local folk have called it “Preacher” or the “Preacher Bird.” One early interpretation of this bird’s call was: “You see it, you know it, do you hear me? Do you believe it?” last bird leaving during fall migration on 18 September of In June 1919, Charlotte businessman and birder C. M. that year. McIlwaine had two arrive in Charlotte on April Carson published this poem with a different interpretation 14, 1930, and his last was seen on 24 September. Charlie of the song of the Red-eyed Vireo: Sellers reported a departure date of 13 October in 1939 and an early return date of 11 April in 1941. What little bird is it that’s up so soon, from early Grace Anderson of Statesville published this morn to sleepy moon? He is calling his dearie all anthropomorphic but eloquent account of the nesting day long, as he hops from limb with his pretty song.
    [Show full text]
  • Stephens Forest
    Field Checklist for Stephens Forest ___Warbling Vireo* ___Kentucky Warbler* * = confirmed or likely area breeder ___Red-eyed Vireo* ___Common Yellowthroat* Iowa Wildlife Action Plan Migratory Species of Greatest ___Hooded Warbler* Stephens Forest Conservation Need ___Blue Jay* ___American Redstart* Iowa Wildlife Action Plan Nesting Species of Greatest ___American Crow* ___Cerulean Warbler* Conservation Need ___Northern Parula* ___Horned Lark* ___Magnolia Warbler ___Greater White-fronted Goose ___Ring-billed Gull ___Bay-breasted Warbler Bird Conservation ___Snow Goose ___Purple Martin* ___Blackburnian Warbler ___Cackling Goose ___Rock Pigeon* ___Tree Swallow* ___Yellow Warbler* ___Canada Goose* ___Eurasian Collared-Dove* ___N. Rough-winged Swallow* ___Chestnut-sided Warbler* Area ___Wood Duck* ___Mourning Dove* ___Bank Swallow* ___Blackpoll Warbler ___Gadwall ___Cliff Swallow* ___Yellow-rumped Warbler ___American Wigeon ___Yellow-billed Cuckoo* ___Barn Swallow* ___Yellow-throated Warbler ___Mallard ___Black-billed Cuckoo* ___Black-throated Green Warbler ___Blue-winged Teal ___Black-capped Chickadee* ___Canada Warbler ___Northern Shoveler ___Barn Owl ___Tufted Titmouse* ___Wilson’s Warbler ___Hooded Merganser ___Yellow-breasted Chat* Belted Kingfisher ___Common Merganser ___Eastern Screech-Owl* ___Red-breasted Nuthatch USFWS ___Great Horned Owl* ___White-breasted Nuthatch* ___Eastern Towhee* ___Northern Bobwhite* ___Barred Owl* ___American Tree Sparrow ___Ring-necked Pheasant* ___Long-eared Owl ___Brown Creeper ___Chipping Sparrow* ___Ruffed
    [Show full text]
  • Field Checklist of the Birds of Baja California, Mexico
    Field Checklist of the Field Checklist of Birds of Baja California, The Birds Mexico of Baja California, Mexico Edited by Kurt A. Radamaker Updated November 22 2018 Checklist available at http://mexicobirding.com Updated November 22 2018 Field Checklist of The Birds of Baja California, Mexico Locality __________________________________ Observer(s) _______________________________ This checklist contains 538 species of birds that have been recorded 1 Date __________Time ______ Total Species ____ in Baja California, Mexico. Weather __________________________________ Remarks __________________________________ The species list conforms to the American Ornithologists’ Society (AOS), checklist order and nomenclature as of the 59th supplement published June 27, 2018. Locality __________________________________ Observer(s) _______________________________ Statuses are general and cover the entire penninsula, a species un- 2 Date __________Time ______ Total Species ____ expected in southern Baja may ocur with regularity in northern Baja Weather __________________________________ or vice versa. For example, Tricolored Blackbird is regular in Baja Remarks __________________________________ California, but unrecorded in Baja California Sur, therefore Tricol- ored Blackbird is not considered rare for the penninsula. * = Accidental, not to be expected, very few records. Locality __________________________________ # = Very rare, generally less than annual, not unexpected Observer(s) _______________________________ (int) = Introduced 3 Date __________Time
    [Show full text]
  • Birds of Tahquamenon Falls State Park
    Birds of Tahquamenon Falls State Park LOONS SANDPIPERS SWALLOWS SPARROWS ___Red-throated Loon ___Greater Yellowlegs ___Tree Swallow ___Rufous-sided Towhee ___Common Loon ___Lesser Yellowlegs ___N. Rough-winged Swallow ___American Tree Sparrow GREBES ___Solitary Sandpiper ___Bank Swallow ___Chipping Sparrow ___Pied-billed Grebe ___Spotted Sandpiper ___Cliff Swallow ___Clay-colored Sparrow ___Horned Grebe ___Whimbrel ___Barn Swallow ___Vesper Sparrow ___Red-necked Grebe ___Ruddy Turnstone CHICKADEES ___Savannah Sparrow ___Eared Grebe ___Sanderling ___Black-capped Chickadee ___Le Conte's Sparrow PELICANS ___Dunlin ___Boreal Chickadee ___Fox Sparrow ___American White Pelican ___Semipalmated Sandpiper NUTHATCHES ___Song Sparrow CORMORANTS ___Least Sandpiper ___Red-breasted Nuthatch ___Lincoln's Sparrow ___Double-crested Cormorant ___Common Snipe ___White-breasted Nuthatch ___Swamp Sparrow BITTERNS AND HERONS ___American Woodcock CREEPER ___White-throated Sparrow ___American Bittern GULLS AND TERNS ___Brown Creeper ___White-crowned Sparrow ___Great Blue Heron ___Bonaparte's Gull WRENS ___Dark-eyed Junco VULTURES ___Ring-billed Gull ___Winter Wren ___Snow Bunting ___Turkey Vulture ___Herring Gull ___Sedge Wren CARDINAL, GROSBEAK GEESE AND DUCKS ___Caspian Tern KINGLETS ___Northern Cardinal ___Canada Goose DOVES ___Golden-crowned Kinglet ___Rose-breasted Grosbeak ___Mute Swan ___Rock Dove ___Ruby-crowned Kinglet ___Indigo Bunting ___Trumpeter Swan ___Mourning Dove GNATCATCHER BLACKBIRDS ___Tundra Swan CUCKOOS ___Blue-gray Gnatcatcher ___Bobolink
    [Show full text]