AN ANALYSIS OF MORAL VALUES IN NOVEL —OLIVER TWIST“ BY CHARLES DICKENS

Rafy Fitriani*), Rivi Antoni1), Pipit Rahayu2)

1&2) English Study Program, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, University of Pasir Pengaraian

ABSTRAK

Penelitian ini membahas tentang nilai moral yang ditemukan di dalam novel Oliver Twist. Nilai moral ditemukan dengan menggunakan teori sociological. Peneliti menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif di dalam penelitian ini . Instrumen penelitian ini adalah novel Oliver Twist . Peneliti juga mencari informasi lain yang terkait dengan masalah penelitian. Peneliti menggunakan pendekatan sosiologis untuk mengetahui nilai-nilai moral dalam novel " Oliver Twist " berdasarkan perspektif sebagai berikut : perspektif fungsionalis , perspektif simbol , dan perspektif konflik. Setelah menganalisis novel Oliver Twist, peneliti menemukan bebeapa nilai-nilai moral adalah ketabahan , bersimpati kepada orang lain , pemberani, jujur, kegotong-royongan , syukur , dan baik hati.

Kata kunci: Nilai moral, Teori Sosiologis, Novel Oliver Twist

ABSTRACT

This research discussed about the moral values as found on —Oliver Twist“ novel. The moral values were found out by using sociological theory. This research is descriptive qualitative. The instrument used was the novel of Oliver Twist. The researcher also used other informations which related to the research problems. The researcher use sociological approach to find out the moral values in novel —Oliver Twist“ based on the perspective : functionalist perspective, symbol perspective, and the conflict perspective. After analyzing the novel Oliver Twist, the researcher found some moral values such as steadfastness, sympathetic to others, bravery, honesty, cooperativeness, thankfulness, and kind-hearted.

Key words: Moral Values, sociological theory, Oliver Twist novel

INTRODUCTION personalities. It is compose of many different Literature is a medium through which a phenomenons and intricate relationships person can convey his or her ideas or protest surround by a few people in the novel (Stanton, against different norms of society. Those works 1965: 44). that deal with a normal issue are particularly purpose in mind. An author can communicate Oliver Twist is a story about a life of with the readers of a literary work if they can an orphan who live in Victorian Era, where the understand what the author wants to send. The child labor was existed. At this time, the growth author expresses his or her feeling, thought, of cities and the development of machinery ideas, or arguments about the social issues by became one of a kind of work that available to writing those issues in a form of literary work. those people who need to earn some money to live in because they are very poor and A novel is one of genres of literary unemployed. This story is made in order to work which presents in detail the enlargement complain about how poor the Poor Law of character, or complicate social Amendment Act, or known as the New Poor circumstances, or a relation between many Law in 1834 went on. In theory, these laws

*Hp: 082283690165 email: [email protected] should work for all people in all society class (1997:386), moral come from the Latin word and persuade people out from poverty. But the mores that mean manner, customs, and result was very low from the expectation. folkways. It means that morality is attempt to Based on Poor Law Report, the laws guide the action of person with sense. encouraged the poor people to rely on charity Value is what makes something desirable or rather than exercising themselves in work or undesirable" (Shockley-Zalabak 1999, p. 425). the search of employment. With his innocence, According to Wibawa (2013:173) Oliver went through his life journey, from moral values can be used as a reference norm worked as a criminal, until he reunited with his for a person or a group of people to determine grandfather, Mr. Brownlow. In this story, whether the attitudes and action are good or Oliver proved that even though he lived in a not. Hartmann (2009 : 23) states that there is chaotic world, there were still good things little prospect of our attaining any authoritative happened around him. He had made people insight into moral values, as much, from the who were bad, turned aside to be good. neigh bouring fields or from a general theory. It Although this story was taken from the means that as a value system that sets criteria or Victorian Era, Charles Dickens made it simple principles underlying the assessment of to understand for all readers from then until response or action. now. William James Earle states that in Based on the researcher‘s experience contemporary English, the words moral and when analyze the implied meaning or moral ethical derive from the Greek ethos meaning values of the novel, the researcher to find of the usage, character, personal disposition or problem moral values a novel from the reader. tendency. Morality and moral derive from the The reader difficult to find strategy or the Latin mores, meaning customs, manner, and theory to find the moral values of the novel. character (Earle, 1992: 178). As stated by this is what makes the researcher interested to Oxford Advances Learner‘s Dictionary, moral analyze. Because of the reason, the researcher relates to the standard or principles of good analyze the moral values by using sociological behavior (Hornby, 2010: 959). theory. There are kinds of moral values. It includes the universal concepts such as bravery, In this research, the researcher analyses humbleness, honesty, justice, steadfastness, the Oliver Twist novel which is written by respectability, responsibility, sympathy, Charles Dickens. It is one of his great works cooperativeness, thankfulness, trustworthiness, which involves the poor child who has to work sincerity, and others (hornby, 2010). hard because of poverty. It tells about the struggle to find his true place in the world. This 2. Theories in Analyzing the moral story is relevant with our life especially, in our values life society. Besides, the researcher wants to 1. The Definition of Sociological Theory know the moral values this novel and its Theories in sociology provide us with implication on education. Therefore, the different perspectives with which to view our researcher is interested in conducting a research social world. A perspective is simply a way of entitled —An Analysis of Moral Values in looking at the world. A theory is a set of Novel —Oliver Twist“ By Charles Dickens. interrelated propositions or principles designed to answer a question or explain a particular A. Purpose of the research phenomenon; it provides us with a perspective. The purposes of the research uses to Sociological theories help us to explain and find out the moral values in novel —Oliver predict the social world in which we Twist“ by Charles Dickens based on using live.(Mooney, Knox, and Schacht: 2007). sociological theory Sociology includes three major theoretical perspectives: the functionalist perspective, the conflict perspective, and the REVIEW OF THE RELATED symbolic interactionist perspective (sometimes LITERATURE called the integrationistperspective, or simply 1. The Nature of Moral Values the micro view). Each perspective offers a Moral is a word which has relation variety of explanations about the social world with behavior. According to Hurlock

and human behavior.(Mooney, Knox, and systematically, by organizing the data into Schacht:2007). categories, describing the data into unit, arranging the data into pattern, and making RESEARCH METHODOLOGY conclusion. A. RESIGN DESAIN After collecting the data, the researcher This research used a descriptive qualitative started analyzed the moral values in novel research. It was a research design part of —Oliver Twist“ by a sociological theory . qualitative method that allows the researcher to The steps of data analysis of novel : describe a phenomenon by presenting the facts a. Collecting relevant references to the analysis in rich detail without attempting to interpret of the novel. them. Moloeng (2007:6) says: Qualitative research is research that aims to understand the b. Describing synopsis of the novel and phenomenon of what is experienced by the biography of the author. subject of the study such behavior, perception, motivation, action, and so on, in a holistic d. Extracting the moral values which implied in manner and by way of description in the form the novel by relating with the theory of of words and language, in a specific context moral values. that is natural and with utilizing a variety of natural method. It means that the qualitative research focused on the understanding in the e. Concluding the data analysis in order to concept of the research and human experience. answer the statement of the problem. The research was held on December 2015. The researcher has conducted the RESEARCH FINDING AND DISCUSSION research by analyzing the moral values of the The research was descriptive novel —Oliver Twist“. The researcher then qualitative which analyzed about the moral described about the moral values of the novel values in the novel —Oliver twist. In this —Oliver Twist“. chapter, the researcher would like to presented the analyzed of the moral values in novel B. Technique of Collecting the Data —Oliver Twist“ by Charles Dickens. The researcher would like to explained the entire The sourced of the data refer to the moral values that found from in novel —Oliver subject form which the data was obtain Twist“ by using sociological criticism theory. (Arikunto, 1998: 114). Because of this the research was literary study, they were consided Oliver Twist was one of Charles as the materials of the research. In collecting Dickens” most well-known novels. It is the first the data, the researcher took two types of English novel that used a child as the data,they were main data and supporting data protagonist main character. Novel was published in 2000 by Wordsworth Classic. It is In this research, the researcher used utilized to contribute some social critics in the technique of data collection like steps to collect Victorian period. His formal education is data that were: careless. However, he was keen on reading. 1. Selecting the novel repetitively and carefully. Then he works as a parliamentary reporter. 2. Reading and learning all sentences from the novel text. According to Baguswaluyo (2007: 28) , 3. Identifying to find the data related to the moral values are standards or principles in study. judging conducts or behavior. Bagus, by 4. Classifying the data. borrowing Stanton‘s opinion, says that moral 5. Selecting the relevant data values are the same in every society, since the 6. Reporting selected data. moral values are influenced by the culture of group or society. Moral value, in this case, C. Technique of Analyzing the Data. actually appears by the long process through the emergence of any society in running social The technique of Analyzing the Data activity. In the society, the people interact to was the process to found and arrange the data one another. That creates norm and value of the

society; then from the norm and value, the This explanation above, the researcher moral value based on their agreement will concluded that there are functional perspective seems by itself. values in —Oliver Twist“ novel. This show there are social values in the text, She is a girl who A. Sociological Theory works for Fagin”s gang. She is only a woman in Sociology includes three major the group who has a respect and sympathy to theoretical perspectives: the functionalist Oliver. She feels happier that Oliver is not perspective, the conflict perspective, and the among the criminal after comprehending that symbolic interactionist perspective (sometimes he is left by Bill Sikes on the ditch. However, called the integrationist perspective, or simply she thinks that it is better to Oliver lies dead in the micro view). Each perspective offers a the ditch than lives with them who are very variety of explanations about the social world dangerous for him. and human behavior.(Mooney, Knox, and Schacht:2007). 2. The Symbolic Interactionistperspective 1. The analysis of moral values in —Oliver Twist“ novel based on using Symbolic interactionists such as G.H. sociological theory Mead (1863-1931) and C.H. Cooley (1846- After analysis —Oliver Twist“ novel , the 1929) concentrate upon the interaction between researcher found types of sociological individuals and groups. They note that people perspective in —Oliver Twist“ novel. There interact mainly through symbols, which include were several sociological perspective moral signs, gestures, and most importantly, through values that could found from the novel , they written and spoken words. are : From the novel, the researcher found the symbolic interactionist perspective in novel 1. The perspective of functionalist —Oliver Twist“. This value was found in the According to Robert King Merton novel : (1910œ2003), the functionalist perspective is It”s all over, Mrs. Thingummy!” said society is a functioning unit, with each part the surgeon at last. Ah, poor dear, so it related to the whole. Whenever we examine a is!” said the nurse, picking up the cork smaller part, we need to look for it functions of the green bottle, which had fallen and functions to see how it is related to the out on the pillow, as she stooped to larger unit. This basic approach can be applied take up the child. Poor dear!” (P. 4) to any social group, whether an entire society, a From the explanation above, the college, or even a group as small as a family. researcher found the symbolic perspective in From the novel, the researcher found moral values was she is an old woman who acts the functionalist perspective moral value in as a nurse during Oliver”s birth. She steals a novel —Oliver Twist“. This social value found locket from Oliver”s dead mother that holds the in the novel was: key to his identification. And the boy, too,” said the Jew, straining his eyes to catch a glimpse of 3. The conflict Perspective her face. Poor leetle child! Left in a According to Karl Max , the conflict ditch, Nance; only think!”. The child,” perspective is The dominance of men over said the girl, suddenly looking up, is women was once considered natural and right. better where he is, than among us; and As women gained education and earnings, if no harm comes to Bill from it, I hope however, they first questioned and then rejected he lies dead in the ditch and that his this assumption. As wives strove for more young bones may rot there.” What!” power and grew less inclined to put up with cried the Jew, in amazement. Ay, I do,” relationships that they defined as unfair, the returned the girl, meeting his gaze. I divorce rate increased. From the conflict shall be glad to have him away from perspective, then, our high divorce rate does my eyes, and to know that the worst is not mean that marriage has weakened, over. I can”t bear to have him about but,rather, that women are making headway in me. The sight of him turns me against their historical struggle with men. myself, and all of you.” (P. 165) From the novel, the researcher found of the conflict perspective in moral value in novel

—Oliver Twist“. This value was found in the and has been so cruel!” Is it possible,” novel : cried Rose, that for such a man as this, Stuff and nonsense!” said Mr. Fang: you can resign every future hope, and don”t try to make a fool of me.” I think the certainty of immediate rescue? It is he really is ill, your worship,” madness.” (P.472). remonstrated the officer. I know better,” said Mr. Fang. Take care of b. Sympathetic to others him, officer,” said the old gentleman, Sympathetic is the feeling of being raising his hands instinctively; he”ll sorry for somebody. It shows that we fall down.” Stand away, officer,” cried understand and care about the problems of the Fang; let him, if he likes.”( P.118) other people. (Hornby, 2010: 1514). It is an This condition above there were extension of empathic concern, or the sociological approach conflict perspectiveIn the perception, understanding, and reaction to the Oliver Twist novel, Mr. Brownlow points out need of another human being. It is the act of his sympathetic to Oliver who looks ill. He is entering into or sharing the feelings or interests an old gentleman who is the victim of burglary. of another. He thinks that Oliver is the pickpocket who Stuff and nonsense!” said Mr. Fang: steals his handkerchief and wallet but he is still don”t try to make a fool of me.” I think uncertain about it. He has a pity to Oliver when he really is ill, your worship,” he is brought to the magistrate in the remonstrated the officer. I know courthouse. He asks officer to take after Oliver better,” said Mr. Fang. Take care of because he recognizes that he is sick and so him, officer,” said the old gentleman, tired. raising his hands instinctively; he”ll fall down.” Stand away, officer,” cried B. Moral Values Fang; let him, if he likes.”( P.118) After analyses —Oliver Twist“ novel for This condition above there were several times, the found several types of moral sociological approach conflict perspectiveIn the values in —Oliver Twist“ novel based on the Oliver Twist novel, Mr. Brownlow points out sociological theory. There were several moral his sympathetic to Oliver who looks ill. He is values that could see sociological approach in an old gentleman who is the victim of burglary. perspective from the novel, they are: He thinks that Oliver is the pickpocket who a. Steadfastness steals his handkerchief and wallet but he is still uncertain about it. He has a pity to Oliver when Steadfastness means that our attitudes he is brought to the magistrate in the and aims are not changed (Hornby, 2010: 1460. courthouse. He asks officer to take after Oliver From the novel, the researcher found because he recognizes that he is sick and so out there were symbol perspective in the tired. steadfastness in the novel For example, when Miss. Rose Maylie meets Nancy in the London c. Bravery Bridge, she offers Nancy to leave her Bravery is willing to things which are underworld and live with her for a better life. difficult (Hornby, 2010: 169). It is the ability to He believes that it is never too late to change stand up for what is right in difficult situations. our bad attitude become good personality. The bravery to take the decision is very useful Although Nancy refuses her offering because to face the problems (Siagian, 2003: 112). It is she cannot betray Fagin and Sikes but Rose still not doubtful in facing the danger because gives tries to invite her for future hopes. the strength to do the action which is It is never too late,” said Rose, for considered right in front of the strong opponent penitence and atonement.” It is,” cried (Neuschel, 2008: 82). the girl, writhing in agony of her mind; From the novel, the researcher found I can not leave him now! I could not be the bravery moral value. The researcher found his death.” Why should you be?” asked the value from the bravery of the main Rose. Nothing could save him,” cried character in conflict perspective in sociological the girl. If I told others what I have told approach —Oliver Twist“ novel. This value you, and led to their being taken, he found in the novel was : would be sure to die. He is the boldest,

Please, sir, I want some more.” What!” Fagin”s communities who has attention to the said the master at length, in a faint Oliver”s suffering tells the truth about the voice. Please, sir,” replied Oliver, I wicked plan of the Jew and his friends to take want some more.” There was a general out him from Mrs. Maylie. She is honest to start. Horror was depicted on every Rose that there is a man named Monks who is countenance. For MORE!” said Mr. actually Oliver”s half brother who wants all of Limbkins. Compose yourself, Bumble, the inheritance from his father. They have same and answer me distinctly. Do I father but their mothers are different. He is only understand that he asked for more, the man who knows and has proofs about after he had eaten the supper allotted Oliver”s history. In doing her honesty, Nancy is by the dietary?” He did, sir,” replied in the danger. Because of if her friends in the Bumble. That boy will be hung,” said underworld realize her action, they maybe will the gentleman in the white waistcoat. I murder her or do brutal thing to her. However, know that boy will be hung.” (P. 20-21) she is not afraid to face the possible consequences which will occur. This condition showed that the bravery e. Cooperativeness of Oliver .In this novel has sociological Cooperativeness involves the fact of approach using conflict theory perspective that doing something together or working together could found was Oliver Twist braves to ask toward a shared aim (Hornby, 2010: 323). more gruel to the master because he and the The other proved of the cooperativeness moral children of work Although at first he is so value in novel —Oliver Twist“ also could found frightened but he struggles to do that action. in the novel was: The boards of the workhouse are so furious to Has anything happened?” asked Oliver. him. However, one of him wants Oliver to be Can I help you? I will if I can. I will, hung. In this difficult situation, Oliver Twist indeed.” (P. 332). faces this problem bravely. This situation proved that there were sociological approach in conflict perspective of d. Honesty the cooperativeness values in the novel. the From the novel, the researcher found values could show from the sentence —Can I sociological theory in honesty moral value. The help you? I will if I can. I will, indeed.“ Oliver researcher found the value from the honesty of offers some helps to the person who needs any the main character in —Oliver Twist“ this value help. He asserts that he will do help if he can. It was found in the novel : shows that Oliver has cooperativeness to the What is all this!” said Rose. The truth, other people. lady, though it comes from my lips,” f. Thankfulness replied the girl. Then, he said, with Thankfulness is word or action that oaths common enough in my ears, but shows that we are grateful to somebody for strange to yours, that if he could gratify something (Hornby: 2010: 1545). his hatred by taking the boy”s life The researcher found perspective in without bringing his own neck in sociological approach of thankfulness value. danger, he would; but, as he couldn”t, This value showed in the novel was: he”d be upon the watch to meet him at You ARE a great deal better, are you every turn in life; and if he took not, my dear?” said the gentleman. Yes, advantage of his birth and history, he thank you, sir,” replied Oliver (P.125). might harm him yet. In short, Fagin,” From the explanation above, the he says, Jew as you are, you never laid researcher found there were symbol perspective such snares as I”ll contrive for my in thankfulness value . this value showed was young brother, Oliver. His brother!” Oliver wants to show his thankfulness by exclaimed Rose. Those were his working to the dear lady who saves him from words,” said Nancy, glancing uneasily the danger by watering the flowers, watching round, as she had scarcely ceased to the birds. He wants that the lady fells happy. do, since she began to speak (P.472). He will be pleasure to do those works. From the explanation above, the g. Kind-hearted researcher found sociological approach in The kind-hearted is the quality of being symbol perspective was Nancy is one of kind (Hornby, 2010: 822). It is the act or the

state of being marked by good and charitable really the same, regardless of the social behavior, pleasant character, and concern for class into which they‘re born. others. This value was showed in the novel : 3. The moral values which are discovered in Meanwhile, Oliver gradually throve the Charles Dickens” Oliver Twist the and prospered under the united care of novel have implications in the education. Mrs. Maylie, Rose, and the kind- The students can learn and practice those hearted Mr. Losberne. If fervent moral values in their daily life. Therefore, prayers, gushing from hearts over- by reading the novel they not only get the charged with gratitude, be heard in entertainment but also moral messages heaven and if they be not, what prayers which are implied in the novel. Moreover, are! the blessings which the orphan novel can be used as a media in education. child called down upon them, sunk into their souls, diffusing peace and B. Suggestion happiness (P.359). To close this research, the researcher would The researcher determined the moral like to give some suggestion as follow: values from the novel based on sociological 1. The novel Oliver Twist was intersting a theory. According to sociological theory there novel. The researcher invited other was structure functionalism perspective.This researcher to analyze the moral values of novel points out that Rose, MrsMaylie, and Mr. this novel by using other theories. Losberne have kind hearted to Oliver. They 2. Novel can be used as a media in education. save him from the difficult situation which is Reading literature is very beneficial for us faced by him. Therefore the orphan Oliver because we can learn some messages which Twist gets peace and happiness. are conveyed by the author. It assists us in From the explanation above, the comprehending the human values, interests, researcher concluded that there were values in feeling, and problems. —Oliver Twist“ novel. the researcher determine 3. Moral values is important to human life. the value based on sociological theory. In the Therefore, it should be introduced to the novel Oliver has steadfastness, sympathy to children early in order to comprehend the other, bravery, honesty, thankfulness, good and wrong behaviour. The role of cooperativeness, and kind-heart of moral family is significant to the children because values. the environment of the family is the first place for them to grow up. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

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