World Regional Geography Book Series

Home , Anton Melik, Geography of Slovenia, Milko Kos

Series Editor E. F. J. De Mulder DANS, NARCIS, Utrecht, The Netherlands What does Finland mean to a Finn, Sichuan to a Sichuanian, and California to a Californian? How are physical and human geographical factors reflected in their present-day inhabitants? And how are these factors interrelated? How does history, culture, socio-economy, language and demography impact and characterize and identify an average person in such regions today? How does that determine her or his well-being, behaviour, ambitions and perspectives for the future? These are the type of questions that are central to The World Regional Geography Book Series, where physically and socially coherent regions are being characterized by their roots and future perspectives described through a wide variety of scientific disciplines. The Book Series presents a dynamic overall and in-depth picture of specific regions and their people. In times of globalization renewed interest emerges for the region as an entity, its people, its landscapes and their roots. Books in this Series will also provide insight in how people from different regions in the world will anticipate on and adapt to global challenges as climate change and to supra-regional mitigation measures. This, in turn, will contribute to the ambitions of the International Year of Global Understanding to link the local with the global, to be proclaimed by the United Nations as a UN-Year for 2016, as initiated by the International Geographical Union. Submissions to the Book Series are also invited on the theme ‘The Geography of…’, with a relevant subtitle of the authors/editors choice. Proposals for the series will be considered by the Series Editor and International Editorial Board. This book series is published in cooperation with the International Geographical Union (IGU). The IGU is an international, non-governmental, professional organization devoted to the development of the discipline of Geography. The purposes of the IGU are primarily to promote Geography through initiating and coordinating geographical research and teaching in all countries of the world.

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/13179 Drago Perko • Rok Ciglič • Matija Zorn Editors

The Geography of Slovenia Small But Diverse Editors Drago Perko Rok Ciglič Anton Melik Geographical Institute Anton Melik Geographical Institute Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts of Sciences and Arts Ljubljana, Slovenia Ljubljana, Slovenia

Matija Zorn Anton Melik Geographical Institute Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts Ljubljana, Slovenia

ISSN 2363-9083 ISSN 2363-9091 (electronic) World Regional Geography Book Series ISBN 978-3-030-14065-6 ISBN 978-3-030-14066-3 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-14066-3

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Picture Credit: Anton Balazh – Fotolia.com

This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG. The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Preface

Slovenia is barely visible as a dot on the globe, and it is among the youngest independent countries in the world, and so at the global level, the average person has never heard of it or knows very little about the country. The editors of the volume The Geography of Slovenia hope that this volume will contribute at least a little to raising Slovenia’s profile. With the subtitle Small but Diverse, we wish to emphasize that, despite its small size, Slovenia is above average in its geographical richness. The subject matter of this book is divided into 23 chapters. The introductory chapter presents Slovenia as a European landscape hotspot. The other 22 chapters are grouped into 5 parts according to content. The first part is devoted to physical geography. It consists of six chapters dealing with rocks, landforms, water, climate, soil, and flora and fauna. The second part is dedicated to human (cultural) geography. It also consists of six chapters, dealing with archaeology, history, people, settlements, the economy, and culture. The third part of the book has three chapters and is more regionally oriented. It describes the regions, landscapes, and maps of Slovenia. The fourth part of the book, consisting of five chapters, presents the human impact on the environment and vice versa. It mostly deals with natural hazards, land use, regional development, human-induced degradation, and protected areas. The first two parts are more analytical, and the third and fourth parts are more synthetic. The last part has two chapters. It places Slovenia in the world and in Europe in a comparative manner. All the chapter authors are employed at the Research Center of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts (ZRC SAZU). ZRC SAZU consists of 18 research institutes throughout the country and has more than 300 employees, roughly 250 of whom are researchers. Most of the chapters were written by members of the Anton Melik Geographical Institute and one chapter each by members of the Jovan Hadži Institute of Biology, the Institute of Archaeology, and the Milko Kos Historical Institute. The Geographical Institute was founded in 1946 by the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts. In 1976, it was named after Slovenia’s greatest geographer, academy member Anton Melik (1890–1966). Since 1981, the institute has been one of the members of ZRC SAZU. Since the very beginning, the institute’s main task has been to conduct basic and applied geographical research on Slovenia and its landscapes and to prepare basic geographical texts on Slovenia as a country and as part of the world. The institute has nine organizational units: the Geographical Museum, the Geographical Library, the Department of Physical Geography, the Department of Human Geography, the Department of Regional Geography, the Department of Natural Hazards, the Department of Environmental Protection, the Department of Geographic Information Systems, and the Department of Thematic Cartography, which produced all the maps for this volume. These maps and the many figures will help readers understand the contents of all chapters of the book The Geography of Slovenia.

Ljubljana, Slovenia Drago Perko Rok Ciglič Matija Zorn

v Acknowledgments

The material in this book is partly based on the results of research programs and projects co- funded by the Slovenian Research Agency. The authors of the chapters acknowledge financial support from the Slovenian Research Agency: program no. P6-0101 (Geography of Slovenia) for Chaps. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22 and 23, program no. P1-0236 (Biodiversity: Patterns, Processes, Predictions, and Conservation) for Chap. 7, program no. P6-0064 (Archaeological Research) for Chap. 8, and program no. P6-0052 (Basic Research of Slovene Cultural Past) for Chap. 9. In addition, the authors of Chaps. 14 and 15 acknowledge financial support from the Slovenian Research Agency and the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, project no. L6-6852 (Landscape Diversity and Hotspots of Slovenia) and project no. L6-3643 (Determining the Natural Landscape Types of Slovenia Using a Geographic Information System), and the authors of Chap. 19 acknowledge financial support from the Slovenian Research Agency, the Ministry of the Environment and Spatial Planning, and the Ministry of Economic Development and Technology, project no. V6-1652 (Model of Joined Physical and Development Planning at the Regional Level). The editors of this book would like to thank all the reviewers for their time and effort and for their insightful comments on the chapters, which improved the manuscripts, and of course all the authors that participated in this book despite being very busy with their own research projects. The editors would also like to thank the Department of Thematic Cartography of the ZRC SAZU Anton Melik Geographical Institute for the thematic maps in all the chapters, created by Manca Volk Bahun. In addition, we acknowledge cartographic contributions by Jerneja Fridl (ZRC SAZU Anton Melik Geographical Institute) in Chap. 1 (Fig. 1.3) and Chap. 9 (Figs. 9.2. and 9.5), Rok Ciglič (ZRC SAZU Anton Melik Geographical Institute) in Chap. 1 (Figs. 1.10 and 1.11), Mateja Rihtaršič in Chap. 9 (Fig. 9.3), Daniela Ribeiro (ZRC SAZU Anton Melik Geographical Institute) in Chap. 18 (Fig. 18.7), and Mateja Breg Valjavec (ZRC SAZU Anton Melik Geographical Institute) in Chap. 20 (Fig. 20.4). Thanks to Erik Logar (ZRC SAZU Anton Melik Geographical Institute) for drawing the charts. The editors appreciate the many photographers whose work has not only made this book much colorful and appealing to readers but has also make the text more accessible. Thanks to Simona Lapanja, Donald Reindl, and Jean McCollister for translation and copyediting. Special thanks also go to the Statistical Office and various ministries of the Republic of Slovenia and to the bodies within them, which contributed extensive statistical and other data, greatly enriching this volume.

Drago Perko Rok Ciglič Matija Zorn

vii Contents

1 Slovenia: A European Landscape Hotspot �� 1 Drago Perko, Rok Ciglič, and Matija Zorn

Part I Physical Geography 2 Rocks and Tectonic Structure of Slovenia �� 23 Mauro Hrvatin, Jure Tičar, and Matija Zorn 3 Landforms of Slovenia �� 35 Matija Zorn, Mateja Ferk, Matej Lipar, Blaž Komac, Jure Tičar, and Mauro Hrvatin 4 Waters of Slovenia �� 59 Mauro Hrvatin, Miha Pavšek, and Maja Topole 5 Climate and Weather of Slovenia �� 71 Blaž Komac, Miha Pavšek, and Maja Topole 6 Soils of Slovenia �� 91 Matija Zorn, Mateja Breg Valjavec, Blaž Komac, Manca Volk Bahun, and Mauro Hrvatin 7 Biodiversity of Slovenia �� 109 Urban Šilc, Branko Vreš, Tatjana Čelik, and Matjaž Gregorič

Part II Human Geography 8 The History of Slovenia: Archaeological Evidence from Prehistory to the Slavs �� 127 Matija Turk, Anton Velušček, Primož Pavlin, Sneža Tecco Hvala, Lucija Grahek, Jana Horvat, Marjeta Šašel Kos, Zvezdana Modrijan, and Andrej Pleterski 9 The History of Slovenia: The Middle Ages to the Present �� 143 Miha Kosi, Miha Preinfalk, and Petra Svoljšak 10 Slovenia’s Population �� 157 Drago Kladnik, Jani Kozina, and Peter Repolusk 11 The Settlement System in Slovenia �� 171 David Bole, Maruša Goluža, Jernej Tiran, Peter Kumer, Maja Topole, and Janez Nared 12 Slovenian Economy �� 181 Janez Nared, David Bole, Nika Razpotnik Visković, and Jernej Tiran

ix x Contents

13 Culture in Slovenia �� 193 Mimi Urbanc, Mateja Šmid Hribar, and Peter Kumer

Part III Regional Geography 14 Slovenia’s Landscapes �� 211 Drago Perko and Rok Ciglič 15 Slovenia’s Regions �� 227 Drago Perko and Rok Ciglič 16 Slovenia on Maps �� 245 Primož Gašperič, Jerneja Fridl, and Manca Volk Bahun

Part IV Human Impact on Environment 17 Natural Hazards in Slovenia �� 259 Blaž Komac, Mateja Ferk, Primož Pipan, Jure Tičar, and Matija Zorn 18 Land Use in Slovenia �� 279 Matej Gabrovec, Peter Kumer, Daniela Ribeiro, and Mateja Šmid Hribar 19 Regional Development in Slovenia �� 291 Janez Nared 20 Human-Induced Degradation in Slovenia �� 303 Aleš Smrekar, Mateja Breg Valjavec, and Katarina Polajnar Horvat 21 Slovenia’s Protected Areas �� 313 Aleš Smrekar, Katarina Polajnar Horvat, and Daniela Ribeiro

Part V Slovenia and the World 22 Slovenia: Comparisons �� 323 Drago Kladnik and Matjaž Geršič 23 Slovenia’s Records and Outstanding Features �� 337 Drago Perko and Matjaž Geršič

Index �� 351 About the Editors

Drago Perko was born in 1961 in Kranj, Slovenia. In 1985, he received his bachelor’s degree in geography and sociology at the University of Ljubljana’s Faculty of Arts. He received his master’s degree (1989) and doctorate (1993) in geography from the same institution. Since 1986, he has worked at the ZRC SAZU Anton Melik Geographical Institute. He served as the institute’s director from 1993 to 2018, and since 1994, he has headed the institute’s Department of Regional Geography. His research interests focus on regional geography, geographical typification and regionalization, landscape ecology, geographic information systems, digital thematic cartography, and geographical names. He heads projects, advises junior researchers, serves as the executive editor of the journal Acta Geographica Slovenica, and is a member of the editorial boards of the journals Acta Geobalcanica, National Geographic Slovenija, and Geografski vestnik (Geographical Bulletin) and the coeditor of several book series. Since 1995, he has been a member of the Slovenian Government Committee for the Standardization of Geographical Names. From 2006 to 2015, he was the national coordinator for geography at the Slovenian Research Agency. He has received several awards, including the ZRC SAZU Gold Medal in 1999, which is the highest recog- nition in the humanities in Slovenia.

Rok Ciglič was born in 1983 in Ljubljana, Slovenia. In 2008, he received a bachelor’s degree in geography at the University of Ljubljana’s Faculty of Arts, and he received his doctorate in geography from the same institution in 2013. In 2008, he started working for the ZRC SAZU Anton Melik Geographical Institute, and since 2014, he has headed the institute’s Department of Geographic Information Systems. His research interests focus on geographic information systems, landscape classification, and natural disasters. He is a member of the editorial boards of the journals Acta Geographica Slovenica, Acta Geobalcanica, and Geografski vestnik (Geographical Bulletin). He is also the coeditor of the book series Naravne nesreče (Natural Disasters) and Geografski informacijski sistemi v Sloveniji (Geographic Information Systems in Slovenia). From 2008 to 2015, he was a member of the executive committee of the Ljubljana Geographical Society, where he was in charge of cartography and publishing. In 2010, he was awarded a grant from the international Society for Conservation GIS. In 2015, he received the Melik Award for Best Young Researcher from the Association of Slovenian Geographers. xi xii About the Editors

Matija Zorn was born in 1975 in Kranj, Slovenia. In 2001, he received a bachelor’s degree in geography and history at the University of Ljubljana’s Faculty of Arts, and he received his doctorate in geography from the same institution in 2007. In 2001, he was employed by the ZRC SAZU Anton Melik Geographical Institute. He served as the institute’s assistant director from 2007 to 2018, and since 2018, he has been its director. Since 2008, he has headed the institute’s Department of Physical Geography. His research interests focus on physical geography, especially geomorphology and the geography of natural disasters, and he also works on land degradation, environmental history, and geographic information systems. Since 2011, he has been a lecturer at the Faculty of Humanities and the Faculty of Management at the University of Primorska in Koper, Slovenia. Since 2012, he has held the position of visiting lecturer at the University of Novi Sad in Serbia. He heads projects, advises junior researchers, and is the coeditor of several book series. Since 2011, he has been the editor- in-chief of the journal Geografski vestnik (Geographical Bulletin) and chief editor for physical geography for the journal Acta Geographica Slovenica. He has received several awards, including the ZRC SAZU Silver Medal in 2009.