Bibliography

Ashworth, G.J., ‘Tourism and the Heritage of Atrocity: Managing the Heritage of South African for Entertainment’, in T.V. Singh (ed.), New Horizons in Tourism: Strange Experiences and Stranger Practices (Basingstoke: CABI, 2004). Bremner, L., Johannesburg: One City Colliding Worlds (Johannesburg: Sue Publishers, 2004). Bremner, L., ‘Memory, Nation-Building and the Post-Apartheid City: The Apartheid Museum in Johannesburg’, in L. Bremner (ed.), Writing the City into Being: Essays on Johannesburg (Johannesburg: Fourthwall Books, 2010). Bremner, L., ‘Reframing Township Space: The Kliptown Project’, Public Culture, 16, 3 (2004). Brundage, W.F. (ed.), ‘No Deed but Memory’, in Where Memories Grow: History, Memory, and Southern Identity (Chapel Hill and London: The University of North Carolina Press, 2000). Callinicos, L., A World That Made Mandela: A Heritage Trail (Johannesburg: STE Publishers, 2000). Callinicos, L., Gold and Workers 1886–1924 (Johannesburg: Ravan Press, 1981). Carrier, P., Holocaust Monuments and National Memory Cultures in France and Germany Since 1989: The Origins and Political Function of vel’d’itu’ in Paris and the Holocaust Monument in Berlin (New York: Berghahn Books, 2005). Chaskalson, M., ‘The Road to Sharpeville’, in S. Clingman (ed.), Regions and Repertoires: Topics in South African Politics and Culture (Johannesburg: Ravan Press, 1991).

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2019 271 A. K. Hlongwane and S. M. Ndlovu, Public History and Culture in , African Histories and Modernities, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-14749-5 272 Bibliography

Cillié, P.M., Report of the Commission of Inquiry into the Riots at and Elsewhere from 16th of June 1976 to the 28th of February 1977 (Pretoria: Government Printer, 1980). City of Johannesburg, Corridors of Freedom: Re-stitching Our City to Create a New Future (City of Johannesburg. Group Communication and Tourism Department, n.d.). Coombes, A.E., Visual Culture and Public Memory in a Democratic South Africa-History After Apartheid (Johannesburg: Wits University Press, 2003). Davies, R., ‘Mining Capital, the State and Unskilled White Workers in South Africa, 1901–1913’, Journal of Southern African Studies, 3 (1976). Diseko, N., ‘The Origins and Development of the South African Students’ Movement (SASM), 1968–1976’, Journal of Southern African Studies, 18, 1 (1991). Dondolo, L.M., ‘Intangible Heritage: A Study of Memory and Heritage Sites in Two Cape Town Townships’, Unpublished paper. Dube, P., Contemporary English Performance Poetry in Canada and South Africa: A Comparative Study of the Main Motifs and Poetic Techniques (Heidelberg: Universitatsverlag C. Winter, 1997). Field, S., ‘Memory, the TRC and the Signifcance of Oral History in Post- Apartheid South Africa’, Paper presented at the Wits History Workshop, 11–14 June 1999. Field, S., ‘Turning Up the Volume: Dialogues About Memory Create Oral Histories’, South African Historical Journal, 60, 2 (June 2008). Finnegan, W., Dateline Soweto: Travels with Black South African Reporters (New York: Harper & Row, 1988). Frankel, P., An Ordinary Atrocity: Sharpeville and Its Massacre (Johannesburg: Wits University Press, 2010). Goldblatt, D., On the Mines (Cape Town: Struik, 1973). Grele, R.J., Envelopes of Sound: The Art of Oral History (New York: Greenwood Publishing, 1991). Harding, F., ‘Performing (in) Everyday Life’, Journal of African Cultural Studies, 19, 1 (2007). Hayden, D., The Power of Place: Urban Landscapes as Public History (Cambridge: The MIT Press, 1997). Herwitz, D., ‘Monument, Ruin and Redress in South African Heritage’, Paper presented at Politics of Heritage Conference held at Museum Africa, Johannesburg, July 2011. Hlongwane, A.K., ‘“Bricks-and-Mortar Testimonies”: The Interactive and Dialogical Features of the Memorials and Monuments of the June 16, 1976 Soweto Uprisings’, in SADET, The Road to Democracy in South Africa, Volume 7, Soweto Uprisings: New Perspectives, Commemorations and Memorialisation (Pretoria: Unisa Press, 2017). Bibliography 273

Hlongwane, A.K. (ed.), Footprints of the ‘Class of 76’: Commemoration, Memory, Mapping and Heritage (Soweto: HPMM, 2008). Hlongwane, A.K., ‘History, Memory, Tourism and Curatorial Mediations: The Hector Pieterson Museum and the Representation of the Story of the June 16, 1976 Uprisings’, in South African Democracy Education Trust (SADET), The Road to Democracy in South Africa, Volume 7, Soweto Uprisings: New Perspectives, Commemorations and Memorialisation (Pretoria: Unisa Press, 2017). Hlongwane, A.K., ‘June 16, 1976 Soweto Uprisings: A Journey into the Contested World of Commemoration’, in South African Democratic Education Trust (hereafter SADET), The Road to Democracy in South Africa, Volume 7, Soweto Uprisings: New Perspectives, Commemorations and Memorialisation (Pretoria: Unisa Press, 2017). Hlongwane, A.K., ‘The Historical Development of the Commemoration of the June 16, 1976, Soweto Students Uprisings: A Study of Re-representation, Commemoration and Collective memory’, PhD thesis, University of the Witwatersrand, 2015. Hlongwane, A.K., Ndlovu, S.M., and Mutloatse, M., Soweto ’76: Refections on the Liberation Struggles. Commemorating the 30th Anniversary of June 16, 1976 (Johannesburg: Mutloatse Arts Heritage Trust, 2006). Karp, I., Kratz, C.A., Szwaja, L., and Ybarra-Frausto, T., with G. Buntinx, G., Kirshenblatt-Gimblett, B. , and C. Rassool, Museum Frictions: Public Cultures, Global Transformations (Durham: Duke University Press, 2006). Kerkham Simbao, K., ‘The Thirtieth Anniversary of the Soweto Uprisings: Reading the Shadow in Sam Nzima’s Iconic Photograph of Hector Pieterson’, African Arts, 40, 2 (2007). Le Roux, H., ‘Encounters with Architecture’, Art South Africa, 4, 2 (2005). Liddington, J., and Smith, G., ‘Crossing Cultures: Oral History and Public History’, Oral History, 33, 1 (2005). Lodge, T., Sharpeville: An Apartheid Massacre and Its Consequences (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011). Louw, I., ‘Liliesleaf Legacy Project, Rivonia, Johannesburg’, Digest of South African Architecture: A Review of Work Completed, 9, (2008). Madikizela-Mandela, W., 491 Days: Prisoner Number 1323/69 (Johannesburg: Picador Africa, 2013). Magubane, B., The Political Economy of Race and Class in South Africa (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1979). ‘Mandela House, Orlando West, Soweto’, Digest of South African Architecture: A Review of Work Completed, 2008/09. Marschall, S., Landscape of Memory: Commemorative Monuments, Memorials and Public Statuary in Post-Apartheid South Africa (Leiden: Brill, 2010). Marschall, S., ‘Visualizing Memories: The Hector Pieterson Memorial in Soweto’, Visual Anthropology, 19 (2006). 274 Bibliography

Matsipa, M., ‘Urban Mythologies’, in O. Barstow and B. Law-Viljoen (eds.), Fire Walker: William Kentridge, Gerhard Marx (Johannesburg: Fourthwall Books, 2011). McGregor J., and Schumaker, L., ‘Heritage in Southern Africa: Imagining and Marketing Public Culture and History’, Journal of Southern African Studies, 32, 4 (2006). Minkley, G., ‘“A Fragile Inheritor”: The Post-Apartheid Memorial Complex, A.C. Jordan and the Re-imagination of Cultural Heritage in the ’, Kronos: Southern African Histories, 34 (2008). Minkley, G., and Rassool, C., ‘Orality, Memory and Social History in South Africa’, in S. Nuttall and C. Coetzee (eds.), Negotiating the Past: The Making of Memory in South Africa (Cape Town: Oxford University Press, 1988). Mji, S., ‘We Fight White Domination’, Sechaba, 11, Second Quarter, 1977. Mkhabela, S., Remembering 16 June 1976: Open Earth and Black Roses (Johannesburg: Skotaville Press, 2001). Mokoena, M., Triumphant Casualties: A Battlefeld Diary of the ‘Class of 1976’ (Maseru: Mohuli, 2012). Murray, N., and Witz, L., Hostels Homes Museums: Memorialising Migrant Labour Pasts in Lwandle, South Africa (Claremont: UCT Press, 2014). Ndlovu, S.M., ‘Cultural Imperialism, Language and Ideological Struggle Inside the Soweto Classrooms’, in SADET, The Road to Democracy, Volume 7 (Pretoria: Unisa Press, 2017). Ndlovu, S.M., The Soweto Uprisings: Counter-Memories of June 1976 (Johannesburg: Ravan Press, 1998). Ndlovu, S.M., and Hlongwane, A.K., ‘The Centrality of Public and Oral History in Mapping the Routes’, in SADET, The Road to Democracy, Volume 7, Soweto Uprisings: New Perspectives, Commemorations and Memorialisation (Pretoria: Unisa Press, 2017). Newbury, D., Defant Images: Photography and Apartheid South Africa (Pretoria: Unisa Press, 2009). Newbury, D., ‘“Lest We Forget”: Photography and the Presentation of History at the Apartheid Museum, Gold Reef City, and the Hector Pieterson Memorial and Museum, Soweto’, Visual Communication, 4, 3 (2005). Nieves, A., ‘Mapping Geographies of Resistance Along the 16 June 1976 Heritage Trail’, in A.K. Hlongwane (ed.), Footprints of the ‘Class of 76’: Commemoration, Memory, Mapping and Heritage (Soweto: HPMM, 2008). Nkosi, M., Mining Deep: The Origins of the Labour Structure in South Africa (Cape Town: David Philip, 2011). Patterson, M., ‘Memory Across Generations: The Future of “Never Again”’, Journal of the International Institute, 10, 2 (2003). Perks, R., and Thomson, A., The Oral History Reader (London and New York: Routledge, 2006). Bibliography 275

Peterson, B., ‘“The Ties That Bind”: Weaving Continental and International Cultural Fraternities’, in South African Democracy Education Trust, The Road to Democracy in South Africa, Volume 5, African Solidarity, Part 2 (Pretoria: Unisa Press, 2014), chapter 19. Pheko, M., The True History of Sharpeville Must Be Told (Johannesburg: Tokoloho Development, 2001). Pohlandt-McCormick, H., ‘I Saw a Nightmare … Doing Violence to Memory: The Soweto Uprisings, June 16, 1976’, PhD thesis, University of Minnesota, 1999. Rakhale-Molefe, E., June 1976 Commemorative Dialogue (Johannesburg: CEM Publishers, 2012). Rassool, C., ‘National Heritage and the Biographic Order in South Africa’, Paper presented at the Heritage Matters! Conference, Accra, Ghana, 15–17 December 2009. Reeves, A., Shooting at Sharpeville: The Agony of South Africa (London: V. Gollancz: 1960). Roux, N., ‘Speaking of Freedom? Heritage, Memory and Public Remembering in Kliptown’, MA dissertation, Heritage Studies, Faculty of Humanities, University of the Witwatersrand, 2009. Seekings, J., ‘Whose Voices? Politics and Methodology in the Study of Political Organisation and Protest in the Final Phase of the “Struggle” in South Africa’, South African Historical Journal, 62, 1 (2010). South African Democracy Education Trust, The Road to Democracy in South Africa, Volume 1, 1960–1970 (Cape Town: Zebra Press, 2004). South African Democracy Education Trust, The Road to Democracy in South Africa, Volume 7, Soweto Uprisings: New Perspectives, Commemorations and Memorialisation (Pretoria: Unisa Press, 2017). Suttner, R., ANC Underground in South Africa: A Social and Historical Study (Johannesburg: Jacana Media, 2008). Thelen, D., ‘The Postmodern Challenge of Introducing Past to Present: Teaching About Past and Monuments’, Perspectives in Education, 14, 2 (1993). Tosh, J., The Pursuit of History (Harlow: Pearson Education, 2006). Webb, D.A., ‘Winds of Change’, Museums Journal (April 1994). Webster, E., (ed.), Essays in Southern African Labour History (Johannesburg: Ravan Press, 1978). Zondi, S., ‘The World Peace Council and the ANC’s International Relations: Decolonising the World Through the Paradigm of Peace’, in SADET, The Road to Democracy in South Africa, International Solidarity, Volume 3, Part 3 (Austin: Pan-African University Press, 2018). Index

A Apartheid Museum, 10, 11, 13, 14, African mineworkers, 49, 50 21–23, 27, 37, 43, 47, 122, 218, African mineworkers’ strike, 48, 49, 219, 222–224, 226–230, 233, 51–53, 74, 209, 215 234, 240–243, 246–248 African National Congress (ANC), 1, Artefacts, 10, 71, 139, 219, 225, 227, 35, 77, 116, 154, 195, 238, 249 228, 231, 233, 235, 239, 267 African nationalism, 3, 87 Azanian Peoples’ Organisation African workers/Labourers, 44, (AZAPO), 14, 15, 35, 36 46–49, 51–54, 62, 63, 65, 72, 82, 209 , 3 B Ancestors, 172, 239, 240, 261 Black Consciousness Movement Apartheid, 2–6, 8–10, 12–15, 17, (BCM), 92, 163, 199, 209, 229 20, 21, 28, 31, 35–37, 65, 70, Boipatong Community Centre, 259, 77, 78, 80, 82, 85–91, 93, 261 95, 113–116, 119, 121, 123, Bonner, Philip, 23, 49, 74, 115, 223, 126–129, 131, 135, 136, 144, 224, 234, 268 146, 147, 149, 151, 156, 162, Burial sites/graves, 3, 102, 103 167, 169–171, 181, 192, 194, 195, 199, 205, 206, 208, 212, 217, 220–227, 229, 237–239, C 242, 243, 245–248, 251–254, Campbell, Malcolm, 105–108, 118 256, 258, 262, 265 Chamber of Miners, 46, 48–50, 56, 71 Chandra, Romesh, 149, 154

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2019 277 A. K. Hlongwane and S. M. Ndlovu, Public History and Culture in South Africa, African Histories and Modernities, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-14749-5 278 Index

Chaskalson, Matthew, 81, 114 G Commemoration, 4, 6–8, 13, 18, 28, Gold miners, 10, 46, 47, 50, 52, 73 36, 39, 41, 79, 92, 95–99, 101, 104, 105, 108–113, 115, 116, 118, 119, 122, 127, 146, 150, H 159, 161, 191–194, 196, 210, Haines, Sarah, 23, 25, 40, 230, 231, 211, 215, 245, 251 235, 248, 249 Conservation/preservation, 18, 26, Haley Sharpe Southern Africa, 230, 63, 102, 138, 150, 153, 218, 231 231, 243, 244, 249 Hector Pieterson Memorial and Convention for a Democratic South Museum (HPMM), 9–11, 13, 20, Africa (CODESA), 259–261 26, 27, 32, 33, 43, 92, 97, 101, Counter-commemoration, 4, 13, 18, 106, 121, 122, 134, 138, 139, 78, 79, 93, 95, 98, 110 146, 150, 152, 153, 155, 174, Cultural signifcance, 99, 124, 125, 175, 190, 192, 194, 224, 230, 150 245 Culture, 2, 4, 5, 9, 31, 32, 36, 37, 42, Heritage, 3–12, 14, 17–20, 22, 23, 73, 74, 81, 98, 113, 114, 118, 25–28, 33–35, 37, 40, 42–44, 47, 123, 124, 126, 129, 132, 133, 48, 55, 56, 62–67, 72, 74, 75, 150, 151, 186, 194, 202, 215, 79, 93, 99, 100, 102–104, 107, 218, 221, 223, 224, 243, 246, 111, 112, 114, 117–119, 121, 248, 257, 266 123–127, 133, 138, 145, 150– Curatorial Intervention, 234, 244 152, 155, 157–161, 165–167, Curators, 72, 107, 121, 159, 164, 169, 173, 175, 176, 183, 184, 173, 223, 228, 235, 242, 266 190, 191, 193, 194, 196–198, 217–224, 227, 229, 231, 232, 239, 242–246, 248, 249, 251, D 259, 262, 265–267 Detention, 9, 113, 146, 241, 254 Heritagisation, 18, 20, 27 Documentary photographs, 71, 175, Hlongwane, Khangela Ali, 27, 30, 38, 191, 194 40–42, 55, 57, 59, 61, 74, 102– 104, 116–119, 122, 123, 126, 139, 141, 150–154, 159, 160, E 164, 174, 175, 177, 191–196, Ethnicity, 113, 202 209, 223, 224, 234, 245–248 Hostels, 107, 255, 257, 258, 263 Human Rights Day, 7, 79, 96–98, F 104, 110–113, 117, 119 Films, 133, 156, 227 Human Rights Precinct, 107, 118 Firewalker, 59 Freedom Day Workers’, 7 Index 279

I Liberation heritage sites, 99, 190 International solidarity, 18, 116, 126, Liberation struggle, 4, 5, 8, 16, 18, 146, 147, 149–151, 154 26–28, 34, 72, 89, 93, 97, 108, 111–113, 115, 116, 119, 129, 131, 147, 151, 156, 160, 162, J 195, 196, 198, 217, 218, 229, Jo’burg Development Agency (JDA), 234 62, 63, 65, 66 Liliesleaf Farm Museum, 13, 21, 26, Johannesburg, 4, 8, 11, 13, 14, 21, 223 25–27, 31, 35–40, 44, 47–49, Lodge, Tom, 82, 85, 114, 115, 177, 51, 52, 54–56, 59–62, 64–66, 195, 252, 268 68, 71, 73–75, 80, 81, 83, 84, Low intensity warfare, 259 114–117, 119, 122, 124, 139, 150–152, 159, 160, 166, 169, 175, 191, 193–196, 208, 212, M 215, 216, 218, 220–226, 232, Magubane, Ben, 16 240, 245–249, 251, 259, 266 Mahlangu, Solomon, 43, 100, 128, June 16 Detachment, 127 159, 232, 264, 265 June 16, 1976 Interpretation Centre, Makgoba, Stanley, 96 Central Western Jabavu (CWJ), Malema, Julius, 14, 97, 98, 117 155, 163, 168, 172–175, Mamelodi Massacre, 93, 100, 106, 185–187, 189 253, 262–265, 269 June 16, 1976 Memorial Acre, Central Mandela House Museum, 12, 23, Western Jabavu (CWJ), 20, 149, 26, 139, 160, 217–219, 230, 155, 156, 158–160, 164–167, 233–235, 239, 241, 243, 244 175, 184, 193, 194, 196 Mandela, Makaziwe, 25, 223, 235, 239, 241 Mandela, Nelson, 11, 13, 17, 24–26, K 31, 43, 83, 96, 98, 99, 112, 115, Kgosana, Philip, 83, 84, 106, 115 119, 125, 217, 233, 235, 238, , 62, 63, 66, 213 243, 249, 256 Kliptown Open Air Museum, 123, Mandela, Winnie Madikizela, 24, 43, 175, 266, 267 230–234, 243, 248, 249 Kunene, Mazisi, 113, 239, 240, 249 Mandela, Zenani, 25, 223, 230, 234, 235, 237, 241 Mandela, Zindzi (Zinzi), 25, 223, L 230, 232, 235, 237–239, 241 Langa, 77–80, 84, 93, 105–111, 118, Mashabane Rose Associates, 11, 37, 160 122 Langa Massacre, 98, 107 Mashinini, Tsietsi, 20, 156, 161, 163, Langa Memorial/Monument, 105 164, 167–170, 178, 180–182, Legassick, Martin, 16, 17, 37, 39 184, 186–188, 190, 194, 208 280 Index

Memorial garden, 101, 172 N Memorialisation, 1, 3, 4, 6, 8–10, Naledi High School, 160, 178, 179, 13, 17–21, 28, 79, 108, 112, 186, 188, 198, 202–204, 213, 113, 123, 124, 150, 157, 158, 214 191–194, 215, 219, 220, 245 National Heritage Resources Act of Memorials, 5–8, 13, 18, 20, 33, 34, 1999 (NHRA), 99, 104, 124, 36, 41, 42, 54, 78, 79, 102, 125, 137, 176 106–109, 112, 123, 133, 157, National Party, 1, 3, 7 160, 161, 192, 193, 217, 219, Nation-building, 4, 9, 11, 19, 78, 221, 242, 251, 258, 267 137, 248 Memory, 2, 4–10, 13, 15, 17, 19, 24– Ndlovu, Sifso Mxolisi, 8, 15, 16, 35, 29, 35–37, 39, 41–43, 72, 77–79, 36, 40, 74, 114, 117, 119, 122, 91, 95, 97, 104, 105, 108, 112, 130, 131, 133, 151, 152, 154, 118, 121–123, 134–137, 141, 156, 158, 191–196, 198, 199, 143, 150–152, 156, 157, 160, 210, 215, 229, 234, 249, 268, 167, 177, 188, 190–195, 197, 269 198, 201, 217–219, 221, 223, Newtown Cultural Precinct, 44, 62, 225, 228, 233, 237, 239, 240, 64, 65, 75 243, 245, 247–249, 266 Nieves, Angel, 121, 123, 150, 176, Mickley, Gary, 3, 6, 37, 176, 222 194, 195, 245 Miners’ Monument, 56, 57, 74 Nzima, Sam, 28–34, 41, 42, 129, 152, Mji, Sikose, 148, 149, 154, 156, 169– 192 171, 177, 180–182, 194, 195 Mkhabela, Sibongile, 158, 180, 193, 198, 201–209, 213, 215, 216 O Mokoena, Majakathata, 180, 195, Oral history testimonies, 82, 152, 156, 198, 201, 206–209, 215, 216 177, 183, 198 Montlanthe, Kgalema, 109 Organisation of African Unity (OAU), Monuments, 2, 4, 6, 33, 35, 36, 89, 129, 182 42–44, 54, 72, 79, 108, 112, Orlando High School, 86, 178, 198, 114, 133, 151, 157, 160, 162, 207, 208 188, 192, 193, 243, 267 Orlando West (Phefeni) Junior Monument to the Black (African) Secondary School, 121, 125, 179, mineworkers, 56 183, 198, 199, 207, 211 Morobe, Murphey, 156, 164, 177– 179, 184, 188, 190, 195 Morris Isaacson High School, 155, P 156, 161–164, 167, 169, 170, Pan Africanist Congress (PAC), 77, 178, 180, 183, 188, 189 84, 88, 115, 189, 229 Museum visitors, 134, 136, 227, 228 , 45, 49, 77, 80, 83, 84, 86, 87, 94, 206, 225, 226, 262 Index 281

Pheko, Motsoko, 36, 38, 82, 85, 93, , 10, 21, 28, 40, 41, 43, 99, 115–117, 212, 225, 247 71, 88, 95, 130, 131, 181, 192, Pieterson, Hector, 28, 31–34, 41, 218 100, 114, 121, 125, 126, 141, Roedean School, 139, 140 150, 152, 153, 183, 192 Plaatje, Thami ka, 100, 102, 117 Police raids, 264 S Positive Action Campaign, 77, 85, 87, Sharpeville, 12, 38, 43, 64, 77–81, 84, 88, 94, 105 89, 91–93, 95–102, 104, 105, Prison, 11, 12, 21, 40, 94, 181, 208, 108–113, 115–118, 128, 149, 226, 232, 238, 241 160, 262 Protest, 6, 14, 48, 60, 63, 74, 77, Sharpeville Day, 7, 18, 28, 79, 89, 90, 79, 88–90, 109, 119, 126, 155, 92, 93, 95–98, 112 163, 166, 169, 175, 187, 188, Sharpeville Interpretation and Exhibit 191–193, 208, 210, 211, 220, Centre, 101, 102 252–254 , 5, 79, 85, 89–91, Public art, 54, 72, 158–160, 162, 193 95, 97, 99, 109, 110, 177 Public history, 9, 14, 15, 36, 96, 113, Sharpeville Memorial Precinct, 77, 100 150, 155, 158, 190, 197, 216, Sites of learning, 27, 153 228 Sobukwe, Robert, 13, 77, 79, 83–86, 88, 93–95, 98, 99, 106, 110– 113, 115–117, 146, 154 R Social cohesion, 7, 157, 244 Racism, 135, 147, 149, 224, 225 South Africa Municipal Workers’ /Revolt, 50, 53–55, Union Sculpture (SAMWU), 60 60, 149, 241, 252, 253, 262 South African Broadcasting Rassool, Ciraj, 6, 24, 25, 36–38, 40, Cooperation (SABC), 25, 98, 99, 42, 176, 195, 248 110, 111, 130, 191 Reconciliation, 7, 9–13, 18–20, 36, South African Democracy Education 78, 123, 125, 137, 217, 224, Trust (SADET), 15, 39, 122, 244, 255, 260 150, 214, 215, 245 Reeves, Ambrose, 80, 81, 114 South African Heritage Resources Remembrance, 96, 134, 177, 180, Agency (SAHRA), 64, 65, 75, 242, 251 100, 102–104, 117, 118, 267 Resistance, 1, 4, 8, 10, 28, 32, 33, 35, South African Students Movement 38, 48, 49, 67, 77, 80, 81, 88, (SASM), 178, 180–183, 190, 123, 149, 177, 188, 189, 197, 200, 204, 205, 207–209, 214 198, 200, 203, 204, 206, 211, South African Students organisation 225, 227, 237, 241, 252–254, (SASO), 92, 203, 207, 209, 214 260, 262 Soweto, 4, 5, 8, 10–13, 20, 23, 25– 28, 31, 32, 43, 83, 91, 121–124, 282 Index

126–131, 133, 135, 137, 141, U 142, 144–150, 153–161, 163– (MK), 8, 21–23, 167, 169, 170, 172–175, 177, 127, 129, 170, 232, 254, 265 179–187, 189–191, 194, 198, , 1, 48, 261 200, 202, 208–214, 216, 218, United Nations (UN), 89, 116, 129, 219, 221, 230–236, 238–241, 131, 146, 170, 171, 237, 261 243, 248, 252, 262 Soweto uprisings, 36, 122, 126, 130, 146, 152, 191, 214, 216 V Squatter camps, 43, 255, 257 Vereeniging, 81, 117, 160, 261 storyboards, 160–162, 164, 169, 190 Victoria Falls Power Company (VFP), Storytelling, 5, 23, 217, 218, 227, 51–54, 65 228 Vilakazi Street Precinct, 12, 121, 125, Students march, 32, 160, 166, 186, 126, 160, 164, 179, 183, 184, 214 190, 230, 243 Students route/trail, 126, 142, 158, Violence, 7, 131, 135, 146, 149, 160, 184, 188, 193, 205 173, 194, 237, 241, 251, 252, 255–258, 260, 262 Vuyani Mbaxa memorial, 265, 266 T Television series, 130 Thokoza Memorial, 251, 255, 256, W 258 Wall of Remembrance, 145, 161, 184, Torture, 149, 241 188 Tourism, 9, 20, 21, 24, 32, 65, 79, White mineworkers, 47–52, 55, 56 133, 221, 231, 243–245 Witz, Leslie, 6, 14, 36–38 Townships, 4, 12, 20, 25, 43, 60, 77, Wolpe, Nicolas, 24, 25, 223, 234 79–81, 109, 123, 126, 137, 160, Workers’ Day, 8 181, 251–254, 256, 257, 259, Workers’ Museum, 8, 10, 43, 44, 48, 260, 262, 263 60, 62, 65, 66, 68, 70, 72, 75 Trade Unions, 45, 48, 52, 53, 56, 254 World Peace Council (WPC), 149, Tribute to Fallen Heroes, 161, 163 154