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WHAT'S NEW IN ELECTRONICS COVER STORY SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 2015 CONTENTS 04 Connectors in medical robotics 10 Testing the IoT 16 Big data analytics 21 Designing PCBs — Part 2 26 Charging lithium-ion batteries with The Raspberry Pi Foundation’s 7″ touch-screen display connects to the Raspberry Pi’s DSI solar cells display connector via an adapter board that 31 Black phosphorus-based transistors handles power and signal conversion. Touch-screen drivers with support for 10-fin- 39 Better solid-state batteries ger touch and an on-screen keyboard will be 44 Small electronics companies integrated into the latest Raspbian OS for full functionality without the need for a physical offer semiconductor vendors fast growth keyboard or mouse. It is compatible with all 48 Optical fibre laser for biomedical Raspberry Pi models and a range of educa- applications tional software and programs available on the 50 The Grumpy page Raspberry Pi will be touch-enabled, making learning and programming easier. The Sense HAT, which is also compatible with all Raspberry Pi models, uses orientation, pressure, humidity and temperature sensors to measure whether the Raspberry Pi is accelerat- ing, how hot the environment is, how humid it is and which direction the Raspberry Pi is fac- ing. It connects via 40 GPIO pins and can be used for many different types of experiments, applications and games, including those due to be carried out on the International Space Station by UK ESA astronaut Tim Peake. The LED Matrix displays the data from the various sensors. It can show which way is geomagnetic north by programming a compass using the magnetometer; or simply be used to play games like Tetris, Pong and Snake with the joystick. The joystick can also be used to enable interaction with the programs running on the Sense HAT. Both products are available from au.element14.com, with local stock delivered the next working day. Visit us online to find out more about the newest Raspberry Pi additions. element14 au.element14.com WWW.ELECTRONICSONLINE.NET.AU CONNECTORS IN MEDICAL ROBOTICS Arthur Visser © freshidea/Dollar Photo Club Photo © freshidea/Dollar 4 SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 2015 WWW.ELECTRONICSONLINE.NET.AU Traditionally employed in heavy industrial applications, robots are moving into other industries. In the medical field, they are used for surgery, therapy, diagnostics and much more. obots for specialised medical ap- average unit cost remains the same. It plications such as surgery bring also means a compound average growth together robotics and biology, rate (CAGR) of about 12.4% in units. Rand we’re seeing an increase in The increasing demand in the medical the number of robots specifically designed sector can be explained by the emphasis and developed for this market sector. These in the healthcare market on minimally robots are clearly different from the tradi- invasive surgeries through the use of tional industrial robot, and spin-offs from robots. In addition, surgical robots often research done in this domain may lead to improve the accuracy of surgeries and new consumer medical devices. thus reduce the complication rates. Additionally, cross-fertilisation with other Apart from accuracy, robotic procedures high-tech markets such as space, military also offer significant savings to hospi- and aerospace markets is likely to push the tals and patients in terms of pre- and technological boundaries. Hospitals have post-operative care costs and lengths already employed robots to deliver medica- of stay at hospitals. Other market driv- tions, monitor patient conditions, interact ers include the ageing population, rise with patients and much more. in the incidences of neurological and According to the International Federa- orthopedic disorders, and growth in the tion of Robotics (IFR), 21,000 professional demand for telemedicine. Technological service robots were sold in 2013, a modest advances also help to drive this market growth in units of 4% versus 2012. The as new opportunities open up and new sales value decreased by 1.9% to $3.57 bil- applications are made possible. lion. This means the average unit value for OEMs and equipment makers in the professional service robots was about $170K. medical robot market include, among The IFR stated that sales of medical others: Accuray Inc. (US); Aeon Scientific robots decreased by 2% in 2013 to roughly (Switzerland); Hansen Medical Inc. (US); 1300 units. This represents 6.2% of the Health Robotics S.R.L. (Italy); Intuitive total unit sales of professional service Surgical Inc. (US); Mazor Robotics Ltd. robots. The most important applications (Israel); Stryker Inc. (US) — acquired are robot-assisted surgery and therapy. MAKO Surgical Corp. in 2013; Titan In 2013, more than 1000 of these types of Medical Inc. (Canada). medical robot systems were sold, 2% less With Google signing an agreement for (in units) than in 2012. The sales volume strategic collaboration with Ethicon, a of medical robots, however, increased in division of Johnson & Johnson, to de- 2013 to $1.45 billion. This represents 40.6% velop surgical robots that use artificial of the total sales value of all professional intelligence, it is clear that other market service robots and means an average unit players are jumping on the bandwagon. cost of $1.12 million. Medical robots are clearly the most valu- Types of robots able professional service robots. In 2013, There are many types of medical robots, North America had the largest share of the and the lack of clear (market) definitions global medical robotics market, followed makes it difficult to pinpoint exact vol- by Europe, then Asia. Asia is expected to umes and market values. The following outgrow the other regions, however, as overview provides some guidelines to healthcare spending in the region increases, the various categories of medical robots healthcare markets are reformed and patients we can distinguish: become more aware of the possibilities. The Surgical robots ROW (rest of the world) region will also • Orthopedic surgical robots — such show steady growth over the coming years. as the da Vinci surgical robot, the The IFR expects that in the period from market leader with an installed base 2014 to 2017, about 7130 medical robots of more than 3300 units. will be sold. This would represent a total • Neurological surgical systems — in- market value of almost $8 billion if the cludes the SYMBIS surgical system. WWW.ELECTRONICSONLINE.NET.AU SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 2015 5 CONNECTORS © iStockphoto.com/maxuser CONNECTORS USED IN MEDICAL APPLICATIONS CREATE A UNIQUE COMBINATION OF CHALLENGES FOR CONNECTOR MANUFACTURERS. • Laparoscopic robotic systems — such • IV robots: This automated robotic sys- For medical robots, connector designs as SPRINT (single-port laparoscopy bi- tem is designed for the preparation of must fulfil all these criteria, too. They need manual robot). injectable drugs. to be high-reliability interconnects that can • Steerable robotic catheters — such as • Pharmacy robots: These robot systems withstand harsh conditions (cleaning, sterilis- the Magellan Robotic System. can be used for automatic suspension ing, radiation) and are properly sealed (often Furthermore, robotic systems in orthopedic of medication or even a post-order-type IP68). Other critical performance attributes surgery can be divided in the following service for medication. may include: quick mate/un-mate features, three categories: Other robots often push-pull; corrosion-resistant materials; • Active systems, such as the ROBODOC Examples of other robots not mentioned impact-resistant shells; hybrid variations of (Curexo Technology Corp.) and CASPAR above include those used to assist with signal, power, coaxial and fibre-optic contacts; (computer-assisted surgical planning laboratory analysis, medication testing or colour coding; mechanical keys to ensure and robotics) technologies, can per- cosmetic surgery. proper mating; designs to ensure user safety form individual tasks autonomously, (finger-proof); lightweight, ergonomic; use without control by the surgeon during Connector designs of ‘soak cap’ to protect the interface during the procedure. Connectors used in medical applications cleaning; custom over-moulded assembly; • Semi-active systems are robot/computer- create a unique combination of challenges fabricated from non-magnetic materials in aided surgical actions, but final control for connector manufacturers. Medical equip- MRI equipment; often shielded; can be handled is in the hands of the surgeon. ment often must survive multiple sterilisa- by gloved hands. • Passive systems provide information tions that employ heat, steam or radiation Connector types frequently used in medi- during a surgical procedure; they do not and be fabricated from corrosion-resistant cal robot applications include: plastic circular perform an action and are controlled by materials. Safety for the patient and staff is pin-and-socket connectors; spring-loaded a surgeon. a key consideration, making reliability and Pogo-type contacts; hybrid connectors that Rehabilitation robots ergonomic finger-proof designs essential. integrate power, signal, coax and fibre-optic Rehabilitation robots aid in therapy for pa- Historically, connectors designed for use contacts; micro and nano connectors. tients recovering from injuries and include: in medical equipment applications tended To ensure the best connectors are used • Assistive robots: These robots help to be high-reliability/high-cost interfaces in the medical devices market, connector de- patients,