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Rethinking Genocide: Violence and Victimhood in Eastern Anatolia, 1913-1915
Rethinking Genocide: Violence and Victimhood in Eastern Anatolia, 1913-1915 by Yektan Turkyilmaz Department of Cultural Anthropology Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Orin Starn, Supervisor ___________________________ Baker, Lee ___________________________ Ewing, Katherine P. ___________________________ Horowitz, Donald L. ___________________________ Kurzman, Charles Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Cultural Anthropology in the Graduate School of Duke University 2011 i v ABSTRACT Rethinking Genocide: Violence and Victimhood in Eastern Anatolia, 1913-1915 by Yektan Turkyilmaz Department of Cultural Anthropology Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Orin Starn, Supervisor ___________________________ Baker, Lee ___________________________ Ewing, Katherine P. ___________________________ Horowitz, Donald L. ___________________________ Kurzman, Charles An abstract of a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Cultural Anthropology in the Graduate School of Duke University 2011 Copyright by Yektan Turkyilmaz 2011 Abstract This dissertation examines the conflict in Eastern Anatolia in the early 20th century and the memory politics around it. It shows how discourses of victimhood have been engines of grievance that power the politics of fear, hatred and competing, exclusionary -
HAYK's SPIRIT IS IMMORTAL More Than 4500-Year-Old Roots of The
HAYK’S SPIRIT IS IMMORTAL Danielyan E. L. Doctor of Sciences (History) ETERNAL GLORY AND HONOR TO THE HEROES AND THEIR COMRADES-IN-ARMS WHO SACRIFICED THEIR LIVES FOR THE FREEDOM AND INDEPENDENCE OF THE FATHERLAND More than 4500-year-old roots of the Armenian Army are hallowed by the freedom struggle of the Armenian nation for the defence of the Fatherland against foreign invaders. The Armenian liberation torch sanctified by Hayk Nahapet (Patriarch) passed over from Hayots Dzor1 to Avarayr, Zeytun, Sasun, Sardarapat and has reached Artsakh. The heroes sacrificing their lives for the liberation of the Fatherland are immortalized. Hayk Lake Van 1 Մովսէս Խորենացի, Պատմութիւն Հայոց, Երևան, 1991, էջ 32-37: The year 2008 marked the 4500th anniversary of the victory of the Armenian Patriarch Hayk against Bel at the battle of Hayots Dzor (on the shore of Lake Van). Thе calendar calculation of the date based on the periodicity of “Hayk’s Cycle” of the “Ancient Armenian era” was done by the famous Armenologist Ghevond Alishan (1820-1901) (Ալիշան Ղ., Յուշիկք հայրենեաց Հայոց, հ. Ա, Վենետիկ, 1920, էջ 85). There was no leap-year in the ancient Armenian era, since a year was always considered to consist of 365 days; hence the year and the date were movable. Thus 1460 years, according to the Julian calendar, amount to 1461 years, according to the Armenian Calendar. By such periodicity of the “Cycle of Hayk”, 2492 BC denotes the year of Hayk’s victory. The beginning of the victorious year was Navasard 1 (=August 11). New discoveries connected with the observations of the starry sky (the 6th millennium BC - Zorats kar (Karahunj), the first half of the 3rd millennium BC - Metsamor), archaeological excavations and petroglyphs in the Armenian Highland, bear witness to the deep Haykian roots, and that the glorious victory of Hayk symbolized the beginning of a very important new epoch of the Armenian history. -
Twenty-Seventh Fao Regional Conference for Europe Thirty-Sixth Session of the European Commission on Agriculture
ERC/10/INF/1 February 2010 E TWENTY-SEVENTH FAO REGIONAL CONFERENCE FOR EUROPE THIRTY-SIXTH SESSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION ON AGRICULTURE Yerevan, Armenia, 13 and 14 May 2010 Yerevan, Armenia, 11 and 12 May 2010 INFORMATION NOTE Conference Arrangements 1. The 27th FAO Regional Conference for Europe (ERC) will be held at the Armenia Marriott Hotel in Yerevan, on 13 and 14 May 2010. The opening ceremony will start at 08.30 hours on Thursday 13 May 2010. The Regional Conference will be preceded by the 36th Session of the European Commission on Agriculture (ECA) which will be held on 11 and 12 May 2010 at the same venue. The ECA Session will begin at 14.00 hours on Tuesday 11 May 2010. 2. An Order of the Day will be issued daily with detailed information on Conference business, the schedule and items to be discussed, as well as other information of general interest. 3. FAO will appoint the Conference Secretary who will be assisted by other FAO staff, whose names and functions will be recorded on a list issued on the first day of the Conference. Working Languages 4. For the ECA Session there will be simultaneous interpretation in English, French, Russian and Spanish and for the ERC Session in English, French, German, Russian and Spanish. In addition, for the Opening Session of the ERC on the morning of Thursday 13 May, there will be interpretation in Armenian. The documentation for both sessions will be issued in English, French, Russian and Spanish. Press liaison and information 5. -
Armenian Terrorism: a Reappraisal
Gunter 5/13/09 6:51 PM Page 109 The Journal of Conflict Studies Armenian Terrorism: A Reappraisal by Michael M. Gunter ABSTRACT This article reappraises the strategic impact of Armenian terrorism in the twentieth century. From 1973 to 1985, Armenian terrorists earned a deadly and infamous international reputation by murdering Turkish diplomats or members of their families, along with many other non-involved third parties killed in the crossfire, during 188 terrorist operations worldwide. By the mid-1980s, however, Armenian terrorists had fallen into mindless but deadly internal fighting that resulted in the deaths of several of their leading mem- bers. Yet even with the benefit of 20 years of hindsight, it remains dif- ficult to assess definitively the strategic influence exerted by Armenian terrorism. It was an excellent example of how one person’s terrorist can be viewed by some as another’s freedom fighter. In seek- ing revenge for past perceived wrongs and in pursuit of the goal of an independent state, Armenian terrorism also shared common characteristics with such other ethnic-based terrorist movements as the Irish and Palestinians. Although by practically all conventional standards of measurement its ultimate strategic impact was virtually nil, some might still argue that Armenian terrorism did help preserve the memory of what many call the twentieth-century’s first or forgot- ten genocide. INTRODUCTION Tacitly supported by many Armenians and others throughout the world as legitimate revenge for what most observers viewed as genocide1 in the First World War, Armenian terrorism in the twentieth century was an excellent exam- ple of how one person’s terrorist can be viewed by some as another’s freedom fighter. -
Armenians and the Cleansing of Muslims 1878–1915: Influences from the Balkans
Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs ISSN: 1360-2004 (Print) 1469-9591 (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/cjmm20 Armenians and the Cleansing of Muslims 1878–1915: Influences from the Balkans Brad Dennis To cite this article: Brad Dennis (2019): Armenians and the Cleansing of Muslims 1878–1915: Influences from the Balkans, Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, DOI: 10.1080/13602004.2019.1654186 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/13602004.2019.1654186 Published online: 14 Aug 2019. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 11 View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=cjmm20 Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 2019 https://doi.org/10.1080/13602004.2019.1654186 Armenians and the Cleansing of Muslims 1878–1915: Influences from the Balkans BRAD DENNIS Abstract Armenian liberationists and revolutionaries since the end of the Russo-Ottoman War of 1878 looked to the Balkan model of political autonomy and independence as inspiration for crafting a liberation strategy for the Armenians in Eastern Anato- lia. In spite of the fact that more pragmatic revolutionaries attempted to convince the Armenian community that the Balkan model would not work for the Armenians because of demographic and geopolitical differences, the Armenian struggle for inde- pendence from the Ottoman Empire was waged in a way that was similar to the Balkan model. There is strong reason to believe that if the Armenians had had stron- ger British and Russian backing and constituted a slightly higher percentage of the population in the region of Eastern Anatolia that an independent Armenia would have emerged in Eastern Anatolia and Cilicia much in the same manner that an independent Bulgaria, Serbia, and Montenegro emerged in the Balkans. -
The Foundation of the Armenian
THE FOUNDATION OF THE ARMENIAN REVOLUTIONARY FEDERATION AND ITS ACTIVITIES IN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE IN VIEW OF RUSSIAN ARCHIVAL SOURCES (1890-1915)* (RUS ARŞİV BELGELERİ IŞIĞINDA ERMENİ DEVRİMCİ FEDERASYONUNUN KURULUŞU VE OSMANLI İMPARATORLUĞU’NDAKİ FAALİYETLERİ (1890-1915)) Olga BYKOVA HERGÜL PhD Candidate, Ural State University (Ural Federal University - UrFU) Abstract: Established in 1890, the Armenian Revolutionary Federation (ARF - Dasnaktsutyun) is a prominent Armenian nationalist organization that sought to attain an independent Armenia. Like other Armenian nationalist organizations, the ARF engaged in propaganda and agitation to draw the world’s attention towards the Armenian Question. However, ARF was set apart from other Armenian nationalist organizations by its radical mentality and scale of its aggressive acts. In this context, the organization resorted to actions that can be described as terrorism. When examined, Russian archival documents belonging to the years 1890-1915 demonstrate that ARF was heavily involved in forming armed groups for inciting rebellions in the Ottoman Empire. When the First World War began, the ARF decided to side with the Russian Empire to the detriment of the Ottoman Empire. Eventually, the organization’s activities and the agitation of the Ottoman Armenians came to represent a serious security threat to the Ottoman Empire. This would eventually lead the Ottoman government to take the radical decision to relocate Ottoman Armenians away from sensitive areas to other parts of the Empire. This article demonstrates that, with the help of Russian archival sources, the ARF’s actions had dire consequences for both Ottoman Armenians and Muslims. According to the article, it can be argued that the unbalanced and adventuristic methods of ARF damaged the Armenians more than anyone else did. -
Contesting National Identities in an Ethnically Homogeneous State: the Case of Armenian Democratization
Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Dissertations Graduate College 4-2009 Contesting National Identities in an Ethnically Homogeneous State: The Case of Armenian Democratization Arus Harutyunyan Western Michigan University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/dissertations Part of the Political Science Commons Recommended Citation Harutyunyan, Arus, "Contesting National Identities in an Ethnically Homogeneous State: The Case of Armenian Democratization" (2009). Dissertations. 667. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/dissertations/667 This Dissertation-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CONTESTING NATIONAL IDENTITIES IN AN ETHNICALLY HOMOGENEOUS STATE: THE CASE OF ARMENIAN DEMOCRATIZATION by Arus Harutyunyan A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of The Graduate College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Political Science Advisor: Emily Hauptmann, Ph.D. Western Michigan University Kalamazoo, Michigan April 2009 Copyright by Arus Harutyunyan 2009 UMI Number: 3354070 Copyright 2009 by Harutyunyan, Arus All rights reserved. INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. -
Verdict in the Name of the Republic of Armenia
Case No. EKD 0056/01/12 June 14, 2012 Yerevan, Republic of Armenia VERDICT IN THE NAME OF THE REPUBLIC OF ARMENIA COMMON JURISDICTION COURT OF FIRST INSTANCE IN KENTRON AND NORK‐MARASH ADMINISTRATIVE REGIONS OF YEREVAN Presided by: Judge, G. Poghosyan Assisted by: A. Martirosyan, Zh. Avetisyan Participated by: Prosecutor, A. Amirzadyan Representative of the Victim, A. Sayadyan Accused, A. Camara Counsel, H. Israyelyan Interpreter, A. Kikhamekerdigini An open‐court hearing of the criminal case on charges against: Angela Camara: born on May 27, 1982 in Nzerekore, Guinea; Guinean by nationality; Guinean citizen; according to her declaration, she is married and has poor health; with one dependent person under her care; with secondary education; unemployed; with no prior convictions in the Republic of Armenia; temporarily residing at governmental non‐profit organization “Special Residence” at Moldovakan 29/1, Nor Nork 2, Yerevan, Republic of Armenia; not under detention; charges are pressed, pursuant to Clause 1, Part 2, Article 181, Clauses 1 and 2, Part 2, Article 184, and Part 1, Article 190 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Armenia. Charges were pressed against the accused, Angela Camara, pursuant to Clause 1, Part 2, Article 181, Clauses 1 and 2, Part 2, Article 184, and Part 1, Article 190 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Armenia, for she got acquainted with a person named Rodrigo (still unknown to the investigation) through the website “Hacker’s Lodge” and found out the latter was able to gain illegal access to bank account information of other persons and to possess the balances on these accounts, including the act of transferring these funds to bank accounts of different airline companies for the purpose of purchasing air tickets. -
Report 2013+ Amenaverjin.Indd
ԲՈՎԱՆԴԱԿՈՒԹՅՈՒՆ CONTENT ԲՈՎԱՆԴԱԿՈՒԹՅՈՒՆ CONTENT .......................................................................................................................2 ՀԻՄՆԱԴՐԱՄԻ ՄԱՍԻՆ ABOUT FOUNDATION ...........................................................................15 Հիﬓադրաﬕ կառավարման մարﬕնները Governing Bodies of the Foundation ...............................................................................................................................16 ԾՐԱԳՐԱՅԻՆ ՀԱՇՎԵՏՎՈՒԹՅՈՒՆ ACTIVITY REPORT ..............................................................................19 ԿՐԹՈՒԹՅՈՒՆ ԵՎ ԳԻՏՈՒԹՅՈՒՆ EDUCATION AND SCIENCE ...........................................................................................20 Քննարկվեցին քաղաքացիական հասա րա կության ձևավորման և զարգացման խնդիրները The issues of formation and development of Civil society were discussed ............................................................................ 21 Անցկացվեց «Ուսանողները՝ դպրոցում» ծրագիրը “Students in Schools” .................................................................................................................................................. 21 ՀԵՀ-ը 810 ուսանողի տրամադրեց կրթաթոշակ YFA has provided scholarships to 810 students ...............................................................................................................22 Անցկացվեց «Լավագույն ուսանող» հանրապետական մրցույթը The republican competition named “The best student” was held .......................................................................................22 -
Hostility in the Pre-War and Post-War Discourse of Armenians
MAY-2021 ANALYSIS AZERBAIJANOPHOBIA IN ARMENIA: HOSTILITY IN THE PRE- WAR AND POST-WAR DISCOURSE OF ARMENIANS Contents Introduction.........................................................................................3 Definitions..………………………………………………….......................................6 Teaching theory of “Tseghakronutyun”……...........................................8 Policy of enmity carried out by Armenians……………............................11 Hostility in the discourse of Armenian politicians, public figures and activists………………………………………………………………………………………......22 Hate speech, hostility and dehumanization of Azerbaijanis by Armenians in social media……………………………………. ........................…46 Conclusion………………..........................................................................59 1 Mirza Ibrahimov 8, Baku, AZ1100, Azerbaijan, Phone: (+994 12) 596-82-39, (+994 12) 596-82-41, E-mail: [email protected] INTRODUCTION Still a phenomenon inseparable from any ethnic group, ethnocentrism begets cohesion and implies a certain perception of the existing world through the prism of the group that stands at the “center.” According to recent attempts by psychologists to identify the phenomenon, ethnocentrism has been reconceptualized “as a complex multidimensional construct that consists of intergroup expressions of preference, superiority, purity, and exploitativeness, and intragroup expressions of group cohesion and devotion.” In ancient societies, the formation of the image of the “other” and giving a preference to those who were similar -
Secret Armies and Revolutionary Federations: the Rise and Fall of Armenian Political Violence, 1973-1993 Christopher Gunn
Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2014 Secret Armies and Revolutionary Federations: The Rise and Fall of Armenian Political Violence, 1973-1993 Christopher Gunn Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES SECRET ARMIES AND REVOLUTIONARY FEDERATIONS: THE RISE AND FALL OF ARMENIAN POLITICAL VIOLENCE, 1973-1993 By CHRISTOPHER GUNN A Dissertation submitted to the Department of History in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Degree Awarded: Summer Semester, 2014 Christopher Gunn defended this dissertation on July 8, 2014. The members of the supervisory committee were: Jonathan Grant Professor Directing Dissertation Mark Souva University Representative Michael Creswell Committee Member Will Hanley Committee Member Edward Wynot Committee Member The Graduate School has verified and approved the above-named committee members, and certifies that the dissertation has been approved in accordance with university requirements. ii To Felix and Maxim iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Over the last eight years, I have become indebted to a number of individuals and organizations that helped, assisted, and encouraged me as I pursued my doctorate in history and this research project in particular. Without them, I would never have completed this journey. I owe a special thanks to the late Daniel Walbolt, and his spouse, Sylvia, who have generously supported the Department of History at Florida State University, and who provided the means for my fellowship at the University. I am extremely grateful for the patience and guidance of my advisor, Dr. -
Ras 42 Layout 1
TRANSLATION / ÇEVİRİ To cite this article: Ceyda Acicbe, “The Events In Zangezur From 1918 To 1921 And The Transfer Of Zangezur To Armenia”, Review of Armenian Studies, no. 42 (2020): 151-167. Received: 21.09.2020 Accepted: 23.11.2020 THE EVENTS IN ZANGEZUR FROM 1918 TO 1921 AND THE TRANSFER OF ZANGEZUR TO ARMENIA* (1918-1921 YILLARINDA ZENGEZUR’DA YAŞANAN OLAYLAR VE ZENGEZUR’UN ERMENİSTAN’A VERİLMESİ) Ceyda ACİCBE** Abstract: The Caucasus is a geography that has preserved its strategic importance throughout history. Many states, acting with economic and political interests, have focused on this geography, especially from the 18th century onwards. In the following centuries, due to the region's political struggle, the Caucasus witnessed many structural changes and transformations. Wars and migrations in the 19th and 20th centuries in this geography paved the way for changes in the political, economic, demographic, and social fields. Following the Tsarist Russian rule, the Soviet Union continued the policies of Tsarist Russia towards the South Caucasus. The conditions created by the policies of these great powers had many consequences. One such consequence was that the transfer of Zangezur to Armenia. The activities of radical-nationalist Armenian groups in and around the Zangezur accelerated the transferring of this region to Armenia. This study aims to review the process of the transfer of Zangezur to Armenia in light of the events in and around Zangezur in 1918-1920. Keywords: The South Caucasus, Zangezur, radical-nationalist groups * This is the English translation of an article in Turkish by Ceyda Acicbe that was originally published in the Avrasya Dünyası/Eurasian World journal.