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Human Life in Early Bronze Age I Jericho a Study of the Fragmented Human Skeletal Remains from Tomb A61

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Human Life in Early Bronze Age I Jericho a Study of the Fragmented Human Skeletal Remains from Tomb A61 Human Life in Early Bronze Age I Jericho A Study of the Fragmented Human Skeletal Remains from Tomb A61 Amanda Duell-Ferguson University of Sydney 2017 Abstract This Honours research thesis takes an in-depth look at the human skeletal remains from an Early Bronze Age I Jericho tomb, excavated by Kathleen Kenyon in the 1950’s. Tomb A61 contains highly fragmented and commingled human bones, and has remained unstudied until this year. A sample of the tomb has been analysed in order to study the demographics and health of the occupants. In doing so, it is not only the intention to create a picture of human life in Jericho at this time, but also tie the human skeletal remains back into the archaeology of Jericho, and the Southern Levant. The Southern Levant in the Early Bronze Age I is a region undergoing socio- economic transition. The non-urban Chalcolithic period makes way for the fortified and walled settlements of the Early Bronze Age II. The impact of this transition on the populations of the Early Bronze Age I is so far understood from the archaeology of the architecture and artefacts from settlements and corresponding funerary structures. Yet there is little study of the human remains themselves, and the stories they can tell about the populations of the Early Bronze Age Southern Levant. This lack of study is just a branch of a greater problem, however, which is the little uniformity across the study of human remains on an international level. Issues include varying global approaches to ancient human remains in the 19th and 20th Centuries, as well as the compromised state of fragmented and commingled human remains. This osteoarchaeological study of a tomb from Jericho, which is representative of the Early Bronze Age I Southern Levant, aims to contribute to these discussions and debates, whilst providing further published data for human skeletal remains for future research. Word Count: Approx. 19,750 (Including: in-text references. Not including: Abstract, Contents, List of Figures, List of Tables, Acknowledgements, References or Appendices, nor footnotes, tables or captions) ii Contents Abstract.................................................................................................................................... ii List of Figures ........................................................................................................................ vi List of Tables .......................................................................................................................... vi Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................ x 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................ 1 1.1. Premise ....................................................................................................................... 2 1.2. Objectives................................................................................................................... 3 1.3. Chapter Synopses ..................................................................................................... 4 2. Life and Death in the Early Bronze Age I Southern Levant ................ 6 2.1. Introduction to the Early Bronze Age I Southern Levant ................................... 6 2.1.1. Settlement Patterns ........................................................................................... 7 2.1.2. Subsistence Patterns ......................................................................................... 9 2.1.3. Foreign Relations ............................................................................................ 10 2.1.4. Funerary Practices ........................................................................................... 11 2.2. Early Bronze Age I Jericho .................................................................................... 11 2.2.1. History of Excavations ................................................................................... 11 2.2.2. Life and Death in Early Bronze Age I Jericho ............................................. 12 2.3. Human Life in the Early Bronze Age I Southern Levant ................................. 15 2.3.1. Current Status of Publication ........................................................................ 15 2.3.2. Current Knowledge of Human Life in EB I Southern Levant .................. 19 2.4. Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 20 3. Osteoarchaeology: Its Definition, Development and Debates ........ 22 3.1. The Definition of Osteoarchaeology .................................................................... 22 3.2. The Development of Osteoarchaeology: A Global Narrative .......................... 22 3.2.1. Identity and History ....................................................................................... 24 3.2.2. Colonialism ...................................................................................................... 25 iii 3.2.3. Nationalism and Political Validation ........................................................... 26 3.2.4. Medical Development .................................................................................... 27 3.2.5. Evolutionary Studies ...................................................................................... 28 3.2.6. Repatriation ..................................................................................................... 29 3.2.7. Summary of Global Approaches .................................................................. 30 3.3. Osteoarchaeology in the Southern Levant .......................................................... 30 3.4. Debates in Osteoarchaeology ............................................................................... 31 3.4.1. Key Debate: The Impact of Fragmentation and Commingling ................ 32 4. Methodology for the Osteological Analysis ............................................. 34 4.1. Data Selection .......................................................................................................... 34 4.1.1. Site and Tomb .................................................................................................. 34 4.1.2. Tomb Sample ................................................................................................... 36 4.2. An Osteological Assessment ................................................................................. 36 4.2.1. Cataloguing ...................................................................................................... 36 4.2.2. Minimum Number of Individuals ................................................................ 37 4.2.3. Determination of Sex ...................................................................................... 37 4.2.4. Determination of Age ..................................................................................... 40 4.2.5. Palaeopathology .............................................................................................. 41 4.2.6. Non-metric Variations .................................................................................... 41 4.2.7. Limitations ....................................................................................................... 41 5. Results of the Osteological Analysis ............................................................ 43 5.1. Minimum Number of Individuals ....................................................................... 43 5.2. Determination of Sex ............................................................................................. 43 5.3. Determination of Age ............................................................................................ 45 5.4. Palaeopathology ..................................................................................................... 46 5.5. Non-metric Variations ........................................................................................... 48 5.6. Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 53 6. Discussion: Human Life in Early Bronze Age I Jericho ...................... 54 6.1. The Osteological Paradox ...................................................................................... 54 iv 6.2. Demographic Analysis of Tomb A61 .................................................................. 55 6.3. Population Health and Variability of Tomb A61 ............................................... 58 6.4. Summary ................................................................................................................. 60 7. Further Discussions and Debates ................................................................... 62 7.1. Human life in Early Bronze Age I, compared to Middle Bronze Age, in Jericho .................................................................................................................................. 62 7.2. Settlement Patterns in Jericho During the Early Bronze Age I ........................ 66 7.3. Fragmented and Commingled Human Skeletal Remains in Archaeology ... 68 7.4. Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 74 8. Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 75 8.1. Future Directions
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