The International journal of analytical and experimental modal analysis ISSN NO:0886-9367

The Mapping of Geological Features of Narpala Mandal, District, AP, Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques ˆPradeep Kumar. B1, Raghu Babu. K1*, Krupavathi. C1, Rajasekhar. M1, Siva Kumar Reddy. P1, Ramachandra. M1, Narayana Swamy. B1, Ravi Kumar. P1 1Department of Geology, Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa, , India. *Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract - Good geological maps are essential not only for exploration and exploitation of natural resources but also for a variety of other purposes such as location of dams, tunneling, power plants, alignment of highway lines etc. even in areas where geological mapping has been done in great detail, Remote Sensing (RS) techniques have contributed information to unknown such as identification of new faults and fractures. More or less all-digital, topographic mapping and most mapping projects required the digital maps prepared by using RS and Geographical Information System (GIS) techniques with geospatial database. In this paper we have prepared Geology, Geomorphology, Lineament, Lineament density, Slope and Land Use/Land Cover maps by using RS and GIS techniques. For preparing this maps various LANDSAT data and DEM data have been collected and processed by various techniques adopted and using ERDAS and GIS software’s. Keywords: Geological, Exploration, Topographic, Structural mapping, Land Use/Land Cover.

1. Introduction The most understandable usage of geological map is to indicate the nature of the near – surface bedrock. This is obviously of great importance to civil engineers recommended by the geologist to guide on the excavation of road cuttings or on the siting of bridges, to geographers studying the use of land and to companies exploring minerals. The experienced geologist can, however extract more from the geological map. Geological maps represent the solid geology at the earth’s surface unconcealed by vegetation, soil or buildings, different rock types and formations are illustrated by different colors and symbols. Other structural features like fold, fault, joints and, unconformities are also clearly notified on geological maps. Working with geological maps enhances the ability in re-enforces the relationships, both temporal and spatial between different geological units and structures. Geological mapping approaches have been experiencing unceasing change laterally with technological and scientific advances in other relevant fields. Remote Sensing techniques are now being progressively used to make geological maps obtained the basic geological information on which further clear work is based.

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2. Study area The study area Narpala Mandal of is the southern-most district of the Rayalaseema region of Andhra Pradesh. Anantapur district lies between 13° 40' and 15° 15' Norther latitude and 76° 50' and 78° 30' Eastern longitude. The district has a total geographical area of 19,130 Sq. Km. Figure 1 represents the location map of the study area. The Narpala mandal occupies 268.86 Sq. Km, this mandal is bounded with Peddapappuru in the north, Putluru in the north east, Tadimarri mandal in the south, Bukkarayasamudram in the west and Singanamala in the southwest with the coordinates 14° 43' 14” N, 77° 48' 38” E. Figure 1 showing the location map of the study area.

Figure 1: showing the location map.

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3. Materials and Methodology: Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellite data of Landsat-8 is used. Survey of India (SOI) topo sheets are used. SRTM DEM data have been downloaded freely from USGS earth explorer and used. The following table:1 shows the data used for the study area.

Data used Spatial resolution Date of acquisition Satellite Data Landsat 8 15m 2018-April-27 SRTM DEM 90 m 2000 Ancillary Data SOI maps- 57F/1, 57F/2 1: 50, 000 1962 Collateral Data Soils, Climate, etc.

3.1. Software used ERDAS IMAGINE 2014, Arc GIS 10.4. 3.2. Methodology: The study aims to prepare Structural maps of Narpala mandal. SOI topographic maps with 1:50,000 scale were used and identified the field location and Georeferenced (WGS 1984) by using GIS software and created base map. Required satellite data is freely downloaded from the United States Geological Survey official website. Before the preprocessing of Satellite imagery began, a sweeping field survey was done throughout the study area in and around the Narpala Mandal using GPS (Global Positioning System). Land sat-8 data has been downloaded with the spatial resolution 30 meters. Layer stacking is done by using Erdas Imagine and given natural colour component is 7,6,4. There is an another free and very useful source for this mapping is BHUVAN, by using this maps I have prepared Geological, geomorphological, Lineament and Lineament density and, Land Use Land Cover maps are prepared in the GIS. 4. Results and Discussion 4.1. Geological map The geological formations of the Anantapur district is well marked groups of an older groups of metamorphic rocks belong to the Archean age and younger group of sedimentary rocks belongs to Proterozoic age ( Pradeep Kumar.; et al 2018). Figure 2 represent the geology of the study area. The major rock types present in the study area of Narpala mandal Hornblende-biotite gneiss, Biotite gneiss, Migmatites, Hornblende- gneiss, Grey granite and Pink granites occurring in western part of the Narpala mandal. Quartzite, arkose with conglomerates and Dolomite, chert, mudstone and some basic sills are present in the eastern side of the study are. Dolomitic lime stone and chert. present in this area are overlying the quartzite.

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4.2. Geomorphological map: Geomorphology is the consideration of the origin and nature of the landforms, weathering and erosion are the processes involving in this. The study area of Narpala mandal is having denudational origin in the entire mandal. Denudation is an erosive process that breaking and removing the rocks from the surface. Endogenous and exogenous process are the two main processes involving in denudation. Structural origin is also present in some parts of this mandal. Figure 3 represents the geomorphology of the study area.

Fig 2: showing the Geology of the study area.

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Fig 3: showing the Geomorphology of the study area. 4.3. Lineament map: A lineament is a linear feature and expression of underlying structure like fault, Joints and fractures. The common nature of any two sets of lineaments are in the trend along NE-SW and NW-SE. If any geological structure present in the landscape may be consider as a lineament. These lineaments are very useful in ground water exploration. Delineation of structure is very useful for finding new minerals and their exploration. Fracture zones and igneous intrusions like dykes and many other geomorphic features are named as lineaments (Fig 4). Remote sensing Land sat images can give the detailed clue in finding and mapping of the lineaments. Dolomite resources in the field area can be identified by using this lineament. Following figure represents the lineament mapping of the Narpala mandal.

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Fig 4: showing the Lineament map of the study area.

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4.4. Lineament density map: Remote sensing is widely used for mineral exploration (Abdelhamid and Rabba 1994; abrams, 1984), especially for regional lineaments mapping, detectecting hydro thermal altered rocks associated with ore deposits and providing basic geologic data. Remote sensing images gives sufficient information for lineament mapping. Lineament investigations are very useful in mineral explorations. Many of the igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic activities involving in the process of formation of new mineralization, those are controlled by liniments. In the following remote sensing image (fig 5) clearly reveal that where the lineaments were present and it may give clue for ground water as well as mineral resource investigations in the field area.

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Fig 5: Lineament density map.

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4.4. Slope map: Slope – maps highlight topographic landscapes, subsequent in and around demarcations that may be unheeded with conservative methods of mapping. Slope and DEM plots are particularly beneficial in extents of uneven terrain and sandy areas (Fig 6). slope map of the study extent is extracted from the CARTOSAT DEM image, in ArcGIS environment and classified into ten categories 0-2%, 2-5%, 5-10%, 10-15%, 15-20%, 20-25%, 25- 30%, 30-35%, 35-40%, 40-45%, 45-50% and, >50%.

Fig 6: Slope map.

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4.5. Land Use and Land Cover map: Land use and Land cover change has become essential for environmental monitoring and natural resource management (Pradeep Kumar et al 2018 & 2019, Rajasekhar et al 2019a, b). The use of land is a product of communication between the state of society, the cultural and development background and physical needs. Land use / changeover coverage are very important elements for checking, protecting, planning and evaluating the planet's resources. Ecological and supportable development for the economic improvement of any area will depend on land use / coverage changes. Various human activities and even with the population explosion, the depletion of forests, erosion and the increase in the temperature of the earth's surface are disastrous for the environment (Pradeep Kumar and J.F. Mas). This leads to change in land use / coverage with land supply and demand with various activities. The use of earth cover dynamics is a widespread and important process that is consumed by human activities, which leads to harm the humans (J. R. Jensen.; et al 1996). The identification of land use / cover change can be very important for a healthier understanding of landscape dynamics during a period of time known with sustainable management [Fig 7].

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Fig 7: Land Use/Land Cover map.

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5. Conclusion: This study showed that Remote Sensing and GIS techniques are most efficient tools for Geological and structural mapping. Different processing techniques were adopted to the Landsat image to discriminate and delineate the lithological units and regional lineaments. Moreover, RS has proved a valuable aid in exploring resources like groundwater and other valuable minerals. Lineaments should be interpreted from a variety of remotely sensed data sources, data transformations and detection techniques, because each dataset may provide additional information for lineament interpretation as well as lineament extraction. NE –SW was the direction of lineaments in the present study area. Most of the cases where the two lineaments have to be intersected there is source for mineral resources. Land Use/Land Cover map reveals the features and the area of acquisition. Slope map successfully revealed the altitudes of the study part.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The first author B. Pradeep Kumar, greatly thankful to Department of Science and Technology (DST), Government of India, for financial support through Inspire programme (Sanction order No. DST/INSPIRE Fellowship/2017/IF170114). Also thankful to USGS for remote sensing data utilization, Department of Geology, Yogi Vemana University, for necessary facilities for carrying out my research work.

References:

1) Abdelhamid, G., and Rabba, I., (1994), An investigation of mineralized zones revealed during geological mapping, Jabal Hamra Faddan-Wadi Araba, Jordan, using Landsat TM data, International Journal of Remote Sensing, 15, pp 1495-1506. 2) Aydogan, D. 2011. Extraction of lineaments from gravity anomaly maps using the gradients calculation: Application to Central Anatolia. Earth Planets Space 63, 903–913. 3) J.F. Mas, “Monitoring land-cover changes: a comparison of change detection techniques,” International Journal of Remote Sensing, vol.20, no.1, pp.139-152,1999. 4) J. R. Jensen, Introductory digital image processing; A Remote Sensing Perspective, Prentice Hall, Uppal Saddle river, NJ, USA,1996. 5) Kumar, B. P., Babu, K. R., Rajasekhar, M., & Ramachandra, M. Identification of land degradation hotspots in semiarid region of Anantapur district, Southern India, using geospatial modeling approaches. Modeling Earth Systems and Environment (Springer). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-020-00794-x. 6) Kumar, B. P., Babu, K. R., Ramachandra, M., Krupavathi, C., Swamy, B. N., Sreenivasulu, Y., & Rajasekhar, M. (2020). Data on identification of desertified regions in Anantapur district, Southern India by NDVI approach using remote sensing and GIS. Data in Brief, 105560. 7) Pradeep Kumar. B., Raghu Babu, K., Rajasekhar, M., & Ramachandra, M. (2019). Assessment of Aeolian Desertification Near Vedavathi River Cannel in Central Part of Andhra Pradesh: Remote Sensing Approach. (Remote Sensing of Land).

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8) Pradeep Kumar. B, Raghu Babu. K, Rajasekhar. M, Ramachandra. M and Siva Kumar Reddy. P – Assessment of Land degradation and Desertification due to migration of sand dunes- a case study in Bommanahal Mandal, Anantapur district, Andhra Pradesh, India using Remote Sensing and GIS techniques, Volume.6, No.6, June-2018, E-ISSN-2321-9637 –IJRAT. 9) Pradeep Kumar. B, Raghu Babu. K, Rajasekhar. M, Ramachandra. M. “Assessment of land degradation and desertification due to migration of sand and sand dunes in Beluguppa Mandal of Anantapur district (AP, India), using remote sensing and GIS techniques.” The Journal of Indian Geophysical Union, Volume 23, no 2, pp 173-180. 10) R Rajasekhar, M., Sudarsana Raju, G., Imran Basha, U., Siddi Raju, R., Pradeep Kumar, B., & Ramachandra, M. (2019). Identification of Suitable Sites for Artificial Groundwater Recharge Structures in Semi-arid region of Anantapur District: AHP Approach. 11) Rajasekhar, M., Raju, G. S., Raju, R. S., Ramachandra, M., & Kumar, B. P. (2018). Data on comparative studies of lineaments extraction from ASTER DEM, SRTM, and Cartosat for Jilledubanderu River basin, Anantapur district, AP, India by using remote sensing and GIS. Data in brief, 20, 1676-1682. 12) Rajasekhar, M., Raju, G. S., Sreenivasulu, Y., & Raju, R. S. (2019). Delineation of groundwater potential zones in semi-arid region of Jilledubanderu river basin, Anantapur District, Andhra Pradesh, India using fuzzy logic, AHP and integrated fuzzy- AHP approaches. HydroResearch, 2, 97-108. 13) Raghu Babu.K, Sudharshan Raju. G., Application of Remote Sensing for delineation of Uranium bearing Vempalli dolomites in and around Tummalapalli area, Cuddapah Basin, India, International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences Volume 2, No 3, 2012. 14) Sander, P. 2007. Lineaments in groundwater exploration: a review of application and limitations. Hydrogeology Journal 15, 71–74.

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