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Kirgizistan'da Askar Akayev Döneminin

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Kirgizistan'da Askar Akayev Döneminin T.C İSTANBUL ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ TARİH ANABİLİM DALI TÜRKİYE CUMHURİYETİ TARİHİ BİLİM DALI YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ KIRGIZİSTAN’DA ASKAR AKAYEV DÖNEMİNİN SONA ERMESİ VE SONRASINDA YAŞANAN OLAYLAR (2005-2007) BELGİN DEVELİ ERCAN 2501131167 TEZ DANIŞMANI PROF.DR. HALİL BAL İSTANBUL 2019 ÖZ KIRGIZİSTAN’DA ASKAR AKAYEV DÖNEMİNİN SONA ERMESİ VE SONRASINDA YAŞANAN OLAYLAR (2005-2007) BELGİN DEVELİ ERCAN 24 Mart 2005 olayları, iki yıl önce Ukrayna ve Gürcistan’da gerçekleşen Turuncu ve Gül Devrimlerini takip ederek bir dizi devrimin, eski Sovyetler Birliği’nde uzun süredir devam eden siyasi liderlikleri devirmekte olduğu görüşünün ileri sürülmesine yol açtı. Olay, Lale Devrimi adını aldı ve 24/25 Mart gecesi, halkın güçlendirilmesi değil tam tersine o liderlik boşluğu gecesine eşlik eden yağma eylemleri olarak hatırlanır. Kırgızistan’ın o zamanki cumhurbaşkanı Askar Akayev, kısa sokak gösterilerinden sonra ülkeden kaçtı. Kurmanbek Bakiyev başkanlığındaki muhalefet partisi iktidara geldi. Ayrıca 2005 sonrası siyasi gelişmelerin, devrimin demokratik yapısına inananlara az iyimserlik verdiğinden nüfusun çoğunluğu, 2005 olaylarına olumsuz bakmışlardır. Bakiyev’in devleti kontrol etmesi, yolsuzluk ve siyasi istikrarsızlık ve bir yıldan fazla bir süredir Feliks Kulov’la yaptığı anlaşmasını kurumsallaştırmaması, siyasi huzursuzluğa yol açtı. Mart 2005’te gerçekleşen rejim değişikliği aynı zamanda devlet-suç örgütleri ilişkilerini yeniden belirlediği suç dünyasında da değişikliğe neden oldu. Suç dünyası, Bakiyev’in yönetimi altında daha da merkezileşirken, üst düzey devlet adamlarının suç faaliyetlerinde yer aldığı bildirilmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Lale Devrimi, Askar Akayev, Kurmanbek Bakiyev, Aşiretçilik, Klan Siyaseti. iii ABSTRACT THE END OF ASKAR AKAEV’S REGIME IN KYRGYZSTAN AND INCIDENTS AFTER IT (2005-2007) BELGİN DEVELİ ERCAN 24 March 2005 events succeeded Ukraine’s Orange and Georgia’s Rose Revolutions, suggesting that a cascade of revolutions were sweeping aside the long- standing political leaderships across the former Soviet Union. The event earned the epitet Tulip Revolution and the night of 24/25 March is often remembered less for popular empowerment than for the widespread looting and wanton destruction that accompanied that night of leadership vacuum. The then president of Kyrgyzstan, Askar Akaev, fled the country after brief street demonstrations. Opposition leaders, headed by Kurmanbek Bakiev, came to power. Moreover, much of the population also regards 2005 events negatively since the post-2005 political developments seemed to give little optimism to those who believed in the democratic nature of the ‘revolution’. Bakiev’s control of the state, corruption and political violence, and his failure for over a year to institutionalize the agreement he had made with Felix Kulov, led to renewed political unrest. The change of regime in March 2005 also brought about changes in the criminal world, adjusting state-crime relations. Under Bakiev, the criminal world became more centralized, while more high-ranking officials are reported to be involved in criminal activities. Key words: Tulip Revolution, Askar Akaev, Kurmanbek Bakiev, Tribalism, Clan Politics. iv ÖNSÖZ Orta Asya’nın küçük bir ülkesi olan Kırgızistan, Mart 2005’te cumhurbaşkanı Askar Akayev’in halkın hileli seçimlere karşı protesto gösterisinden sonra ülkeden kaçmasıyla ün kazandı. Nüfusun çoğunluğunu kapsayan yoksulluk ve cumhurbaşkanlığı çevresindeki yolsuzluk, Akayev’e karşı hoşnutsuzluğun artmasına neden oldu. Bu bağlamda medya, Akayev’in ailesi ve onun iş çıkarları hakkında hikâyeler ve söylentiler önemli bir rol oynadı. Olayların vuku bulduğu 2003-2008 yılları arasında Kırgızistan’da Tarih Öğretmenliği alanında lisans eğitimi almaktaydım. Olay gerçekleştiğinde orada ikinci yılımdı. Seçim döneminde diğer şehirlerde protestoların olduğunu duymuştuk. Fakat Bişkek’te hayat, her zamanki gibi devam ediyordu. Darbenin olduğu gün okuldaydık. Hocalarımız, okulu terk etmemiz gerektiğini söylediler. Olaylar öğle saatinde başladı. Alatoo meydanında büyük bir kalabalık vardı. Yabancı basın mensupları da oradaydı. Akşam karanlık olunca yağmalar başladı, yabancılara ait iş yerleri yakılıp yıkıldı. Şehir bir gecede savunmasız hâle geldi. Bu sebeple çok yakınımda cereyan eden bu olayları yüksek lisans tez konusu olarak seçtim. Sunduğum fikirleri, hedeflediğim çalışmaları gerçekleştirmemde ve geliştirmemde desteğini esirgemeyen ve tez çalışmamın düzenlenmesi aşamasında fikir alışverişinde bulunduğum danışman hocam Prof. Dr. Halil Bal’a şükranlarımı sunuyorum. Çalışmalarımda yardımlarını gördüğüm diğer değerli hocalarıma ve kıymetli dostlarıma da gönülden teşekkür ederim. v İÇİNDEKİLER ÖZ ................................................................................................................................ ii ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................... iv ÖNSÖZ ........................................................................................................................ v KISALTMALAR LİSTESİ .................................................................................... viii GİRİŞ .......................................................................................................................... 1 BİRİNCİ BÖLÜM ASKAR AKAYEV'İN İKTİDARA GELİŞİ VE YÖNETİMİ: 1990-2005 YILLARI ARASINDA ÜLKEDEKİ SİYASÎ VE EKONOMİK DURUM 1.1. Askar Akayev’in Yükselişi ................................................................................ 30 1.2. Bağımsızlık Yıllarında Akayev’in Yönetimi ...................................................... 32 1.2.1. Akayev’in Kırgızistan’ın İlk Cumhurbaşkanı Seçilmesi ve Rakiplerine Karşı Mücadeleye Başlaması ........................................................................................... 32 1.2.2. 24 Aralık 1995 Cumhurbaşkanlığı Seçimleri ve Muhalefete Karşı Baskı ... 35 1.2.3. 2000 Yılındaki Parlamento ve Cumhurbaşkanlığı Seçimleri ve Muhalefete Baskının Artması .................................................................................................... 38 1.3. Siyasî Hayatta Aile-Klan Yönetiminin Özelliklerinin Benimsenmesi ............... 47 1.3.1. Akayev’in Ailesinin Sahip Olduğu Mülkler ................................................ 50 1.4. Akayev Döneminde Ekonomik Durgunluk......................................................... 55 1.4.1. Kamu Maliyesi ve Gayri Safi Yurt İçi Hasılanın Büyümesi ........................ 55 1.4.2. Özelleştirme .................................................................................................. 56 1.4.3. Yoksulluk, Eşitsizlik ve İşsizlik ................................................................... 58 İKİNCİ BÖLÜM PARLAMENTO SEÇİMLERİ (2005) VE 24-25 MART OLAYLARI İLE ASKAR AKAYEV DÖNEMİNİN SONA ERMESİ 2.1. Parlamento Seçimleri Eşiğinde İktidar ve Muhalefet ......................................... 60 2.2. Parlamento Seçimleri .......................................................................................... 68 2.2.1. Seçimlerin Birinci Turu ve Yapılan Usulsüzlükler ...................................... 68 2.2.3. İkinci Tur Parlamento Seçimleri ve Usulsüzlüklerin Devam Etmesi ........... 73 vi 2.3. Güneyde Ortaya Çıkan Hoşnutsuzluklar............................................................. 76 2.4. Devrim’in Doruk Noktası: Bişkek’te Hükümet Binalarının Ele Geçirilmesi ..... 80 2.5. İktidarı Ele Geçiren Muhalefetin İlk Eylemleri .................................................. 84 2.6. Konut Yapımı İçin İzinsiz Olarak Araziyi Ele Geçirme Girişimleri .................. 87 2.7. Uluslararası Tepki ve İlk Jeopolitik Sonuçlar ..................................................... 89 2.7.1. Kazakistan’ın Kırgızistan’daki Olaylara Tepkisi ......................................... 89 2.7.2. Özbekistan’ın Lale Devrimi’ne Tepkisi ....................................................... 92 2.7.3. Tacikistan’da “Devrim”lere Karşı Tedbirlerin Alınması ............................. 94 2.7.4. Rusya’nın Devrime Yönelik Tavrı ............................................................... 95 ÜÇÜNCÜ BÖLÜM ASKAR AKAYEV SONRASI KIRGIZİSTAN: SONBAHAR 2005 – İLKBAHAR 2007 3.1. Kurmanbek Bakiyev ve Feliks Kulov Arasındaki İşbirliği ve Çatışma .............. 97 3.2. Bakiyev Hükümetinin Muhalefete Karşı Uyguladığı Baskı ............................. 102 3.2.1. Aralık 2006 Hükümet Krizi ve Sonuçları ................................................... 105 3.3. Lale Devrimi Sonrası Yolsuzluk ...................................................................... 112 3.4. Siyasî Suikastlar ve Suç Unsurlarının Siyasî Sürece Müdahale Etme Girişimleri .................................................................................................................................. 116 3.4.1. Uyuşturucu Trafiği ve Yasadışı Ağlar ........................................................ 118 3.4.2. Devrim Sonrası Ganimetlerin Yeniden Dağıtımı ....................................... 119 3.4.3. Suç Dünyası ve İktidar Arasındaki İlişkiler ............................................... 121 3.4.4. Seçkinlerin Güçlerini Birleştirmeleri ......................................................... 126 3.5. Ekonomik Durgunluk ........................................................................................ 129 SONUÇ .................................................................................................................... 131 KAYNAKÇA .........................................................................................................
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