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12421929.Pdf UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA FACULDADE DE CIÊNCIAS DEPARTAMENTO DE BIOLOGIA ANIMAL THE EVOLUTION OF SQUALIUS ALBURNOIDES (TELEOSTEI: CYPRINIDAE) POPULATIONS IN THE NORTHERN IBERIAN PENINSULA . A MOLECULAR GENETICS AND MORPHOLOGICAL APPROACH INTO THE PAST AND PRESENT DYNAMICS OF AN HYBRID COMPLEX CARINA JOÃO ALVES DA CUNHA Tese Co-orientada por: Professora Doutora Maria Manuela Coelho Professor Doutor Ignacio Doadrio DOUTORAMENTO EM BIOLOGIA (Biologia Evolutiva) 2008 The Portuguese Science and Technology Foundation and the European Social Fund supported this study (SFRH / BD / 8637 / 2002). Os trabalhos apresentados nesta tese foram realizados com o apoio financeiro da Fundação Para a Ciência e a Tecnologia e do Fundo Social Europeu (SFRH / BD / 8637 / 2002). This dissertation should be cited as / Esta dissertação deverá ser citada como: Cunha C (2008) The Evolution of Squalius alburnoides (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) Populations in the Northern Iberian Peninsula: A Molecular Genetics and Morphological Approach Into the Past and Present Dynamics of an Hybrid Complex. PhD Thesis, University of Lisbon, Portugal. Nota Prévia Para a elaboração da presente tese de doutoramento foram usados integralmente artigos científicos publicados, em publicação ou submetidos para publicação, em revistas internacionais indexadas. Uma vez que estes trabalhos foram realizados em colaboração com outros investigadores, de acordo com o disposto no nº 1 do Artigo 40º do Regulamento de Estudos Pós-Graduados da Universidade de Lisboa, publicado no Diário da República n.º 153, II Série de 5 de Julho de 2003, a autora da dissertação esclarece que participou integralmente na concepção e execução do trabalho experimental (incluindo todos os cruzamentos laboratoriais), na interpretação dos resultados e na redacção integral dos manuscritos. i ii In memory of my Mom and Helena To my family À memória da minha Mãe e da Helena À minha família iii iv ‘‘Hell - is sitting on a hot stone reading your own scientific publications ’’ Erik Ursin, fish biologist v vi Contents Acknowledgments/Agradecimentos ………………………………………………………………... xi Sumário ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 1 Summary …………………………………………………………………………………………... 7 Chapter1|General Introduction ……………………………………………………………………. 9 1.1 Hybridization …………………………………………………………………………. 10 1.2 Asexuality …………………………………………………………………………….. 11 1.3 Polyploidy …………………………………………………………………………….. 13 1.4 Background of the Squalius alburnoides complex ………………………………….... 15 1.4.1 Taxonomic position ……………………………………………………….. 15 1.4.2 General description …...…………………………………………………... 16 1.4.3 Reproductive modes ……………………………………………………… 19 1.4.3.1 Hybrid diploids ……...…………………………………………….. 19 1.4.3.2 Hybrid triploids ……...…………………………………………... 20 1.4.3.3 Hybrid tetraploids ……...………………………………………... 21 1.4.3.4 Nuclear non-hybrid males ……...……………………………….. 21 1.5 Markers ………………………………………………………………………………. 22 1.5.1 Genetic markers …………………………………………………………... 22 1.5.2 Landmarks: Geometric morphometrics approach ……………………….... 25 1.6 Aims and thesis structure ………………………………………………………….. 25 vii 1.7 References …………………………………………………………………………… 28 Chapter 2|Phylogeographic insights into the origins of the Squalius alburnoides complex via 39 multiple hybridization events 2.1 Abstract ……………………………………………………………………………… 39 2.2 Introduction …………………………………………………………………………... 40 2.3 Material and methods ………………………………………………………………... 42 2.4 Results ……………………………………………………………………………….. 45 2.5 Discussion ……………………………………………………………………………. 50 2.6 Acknowledgments ……………………………………………………………………. 54 2.7 References …………………………………………………………………………… 54 Chapter 3| The evolutionary history of the allopolyploid Cyprinidae Squalius alburnoides complex 57 in the northern Iberian Peninsula 3.1 Abstract ……………………………………………………………………………… 57 3.2 Introduction …………………………………………………………………………... 58 3.3 Material and methods ……………………………………………………………….. 61 3.4 Results ……………………………………………………………………………….. 64 3.5 Discussion ……………………………………………………………………………. 70 3.6 Conclusions …………………………………………………………………………... 77 3.7 Acknowledgments ……………………………………………………………………. 77 3.8 References …………………………………………………………………………… 77 3.9 Supplementary information …………………………………………………………... 81 viii Chapter 4|Body shape evolution among ploidy levels of the S. alburnoides hybrid complex 87 (Teleostei, Cyprinidae) 4.1 Abstract ……………………………………………………………………………… 87 4.2 Introduction …………………………………………………………………………... 88 4.3 Material and methods ……………………………………………………………….. 90 4.4 Results ……………………………………………………………………………….. 93 4.5 Discussion ……………………………………………………………………………. 100 4.6 Acknowledgments ……………………………………………………………………. 103 4.7 References …………………………………………………………………………… 103 Chapter 5|Speciation towards tetraploidisation after intermediate processes of non-sexual 109 reproduction 5.1 Abstract ……………………………………………………………………………… 109 5.2 Introduction …………………………………………………………………………... 110 5.3 Material and methods ………………………………………………………………... 112 5.4 Results ……………………………………………………………………………….. 115 5.5 Discussion ……………………………………………………………………………. 119 5.6 Conclusions …………………………………………………………………………... 122 5.7 Acknowledgments ……………………………………………………………………. 122 5.8 References …………………………………………………………………………… 122 Chapter 6|General Discussion 127 6.1 The history of S. alburnoides populations …………………………………………… 127 ix 6.2 Reproductive modes and population dynamics of S. alburnoides populations ……… 132 6.2.1 Sex ratio ……………………………………………………………… 135 6.2.2 Triploids in nature …………………………………………..…………. 135 6.2.3 Tetraploids in nature ………………………………………………...… 136 6.2.4 Recombination and introgression ………………………………………... 139 6.3 Future of S. alburnoides populations ………………………………………………... 140 6.3.1 Speciation ………………………………………………………………… 141 6.4 References …………………………………………………………………………… 141 Chapter 7|Concluding Remarks 147 7.1 Future investigations ………………………………………………………………… 150 Appendixes ………………………………………………………………………………………… 153 Glossary ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 163 x Acknowledgments Agradecimentos At the end of this journey I would like to express my sincere thanks to all that in any away contributed to this work: No culminar desta longa jornada é imperativo agradecer, apesar de muitas vezes as palavras ficarem aquém da nossa gratidão. Assim expresso o meu agradecimento a todos aqueles que de uma forma ou de outra contribuíram para a realização deste trabalho: - Em primeiro lugar quero agradecer aos meus co-orientadores de tese de doutoramento Professora Doutora Maria Manuela Coelho da Faculdade de Ciências de Lisboa e ao Professor Doutor Ignacio Doadrio do Museu Nacional de Ciências Naturales de Madrid (Espanha). À Professora Doutora Maria Manuela Coelho, por uma década de colaboração, onde pude aprender e desenvolver os meus conhecimentos científicos. Pela sua forte motivação, amizade e claro pela sua co-orientação. Foi sem dúvida a grande responsável de ter embarcado nesta grande aventura que é a ciência. Al Profesor Doctor Ignacio Doadrio, que desde luego aceptó complacido ser mi co-director y me ha recibido en su grupo como un miembro más de la familia. Agradezco todas las peleas científicas, por todo lo que me ha enseñado, que ha sido muchísimo, por las carcajadas, por el ánimo y por su amistad. - À Professora Doutora Maria João Collares-Pereira pela sua estreita colaboração nos projectos científicos em que participei e por todo o conhecimento científico que tem trazido ao complexo Squalius alburnoides, permitindo-nos decifrar alguns dos seus enigmas. - À Doutora Anabel Perdices, um marco na minha formação científica. Agradeço a sua incansável ajuda na amostragem, identificação de espécimes, cruzamentos, etc. e pelas imensas discussões científicas que contribuíram para o meu crescimento científico. - À Doutora Maria Judite Alves uma referência obrigatória quando se fala de Squalius alburnoides. Pelo seu excelente legado que nos forneceu ferramentas essenciais para levar este trabalho a bom porto. Pela sua amizade e disponibilidade em discutir as imensas dúvidas e frustrações que foram aparecendo no decurso deste trabalho. - À Doutora Cristina Luís com quem tive o privilégio de partilhar laboratório e com quem tanto aprendi sobre o mundo dos microssatélites. O seu apoio foi imprescindível para a realização com sucesso deste árduo trabalho. Pela sua infindável paciência na detecção das imensas gralhas, pelas suas críticas e pela sua boa disposição. - Al Doctor José Ambrosio Carmona con quien tuve el privilegio de trabajar. - To Doctor Markus Bastir for showing me the wonders of the geometric morphometrics world and for having been an excellent co-author. - Al Doctora Annie Machordom, una Profesora por vocación, por toda la ayuda que me he dado desde el primer día que llegué al Museo, por su amistad, entusiasmo, ánimo y por sus comentarios. xi - À Doutora Natacha Mesquita, amiga de longa data, com quem tive o privilégio de trabalhar em estreita colaboração e com quem pude discutir, aprender e passar bons momentos. - Ao Professor Doutor Eduardo Crespo pelos seus preciosos comentários e revisão. - A la Doctora Belén Garzón por toda la ayuda que me ha prestado en los análisis estadísticos. - To Prof. Daniel Brooks, from Toronto University, to Doctor Bailey from M.H. Gluck Research Center, to J. Amaral from Western Kentucky University and to all anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments and English corrections that significantly improved the articles. - À Doutora Marta Gromicho, Micha para os amigos, também ela uma ex-combatente deste quebra- cabeças cujo trabalho foi de extrema importância para a compreensão destes enigmas, mas acima
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