DEPICTIONS of CHASTITY: VIRTUE MADE VISIBLE Susan L'engle In

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

DEPICTIONS of CHASTITY: VIRTUE MADE VISIBLE Susan L'engle In DEPICTIONS OF CHASTITY: VIRTUE MADE VISIBLE Susan L’Engle In 1969 a daughter was born to Cher and Sonny Bono. They named her Chastity, an uncommon and burdensome name for a child to bear in this time and place. The negative resonance of this name still prevails, clearly articulated in a 1996 interview with Chastity Bono, where the reporter commented: “When she was born in 1969, Chastity Bono got stuck with that name forever. ‘Not that many people call me Chastity anyway,’ she says. She prefers Chas. Hell, wouldn’t you?”1 Today in the twenty-fi rst century we all have personal takes on the meaning of the word chastity and its relevance to our individual lives, shaped by our upbringing and education and supplemented by input from various media. In the Middle Ages, however, chastity was an all- pervading and multivalent concept that regulated the lives of lay men and women, and clergy alike. The ideals of chastity were expressed verbally by churchmen, theologians, philosophers, poets, and heads of family—and recorded in sermons, Saints’ Lives, advice manuals for rulers, courtesy books, and poems of courtly romance. For many of these texts, artists created images and compositions to illustrate and reinforce the verbal discourse, and it is these visual manifestations that will be analyzed and discussed in this project. As a medievalist I am interested in the various ramifi cations of chas- tity within the strata of medieval society; as an art historian, I want to explore how the notion of chastity can be represented visually, and what circumstances provoke its illustration. My main source has been the manuscript illuminations to various texts, and these will be supple- mented by comparable examples of art in monumental format. These images, besides their role as illustration or decoration, served also to moralize, support religious ideas, instruct or frighten the viewer, and sometimes even amuse. Function notwithstanding, as constructs of their time they must be seen as “loaded,” refl ecting the ideas and interests consciously or unconsciously upheld by the social environments in which 1 Published in OutSmart Magazine, November, 1996. VAN DEUSEN_F7-87-126.indd 87 2/15/2008 8:22:38 PM 88 susan l’engle they were created, and projecting messages that we may no longer be able to fully interpret.2 While examining them we should bear in mind how they have most often been understood, and also how they may often have been misconstrued. It is rarely possible to isolate the precise intention behind the creation of a particular image, or to decipher how it affected the cultural seg- ments in which it was viewed. And as the same motif is repeated along the centuries, its resonance necessarily adjusts to the contemporary audience. Nanette Salomon brilliantly demonstrates this point as she charts the evolution of the pictorial composition known as the Venus Pudica, a depiction of a female nude who covers her genitals with one hand.3 The pose, generally construed as “modest” or “chaste” has its earliest representation in Praxiteles’s Knidian Aphrodite, created around 350 BC and known today in a Roman copy of the original.4 In ancient Greek art it is regarded as the fi rst monumental cult statue of a god- dess to be represented entirely nude—and the fi rst monumental female nude sculpture to be positioned with her hand over her pubic area. For Salomon, “Praxiteles’s Aphrodite is in the condition of both complete nudity and self-conscious nakedness . that sexually defi nes the repre- sented woman by her pubis, and . keeps her in a perpetual state of vulnerability.5 This motif quickly became popular for representations of Venus and Aphrodite and generated a large number of imitations, with the additional gesture of covering the breasts.6 An analysis of this pose must take into account how ancient Greeks differentiated male and female capacities for controlling physical desires: Men resisted physical and psychological attacks by their intelligence, while women were seen to be ruled by their emotions and were more inclined to indulge them. The poets envisioned women as sexually insatiable, feeling no need to 2 On art and ideology, see especially Jonathan J. G. Alexander, “Iconography and Ideology: Uncovering Social Meanings in Western Medieval Christian Art,” Studies in Iconography 15 (1993), 1–44, and “Labeur and Paresse: Ideological Representations of Medieval Peasant Labor,” Art Bulletin 72 (1990), 436–452. 3 See Nanette Salomon, “The Venus Pudica: Uncovering Art History’s ‘Hidden Agendas’ and ‘Pernicious Pedigrees,’” in Generations & Geographies in the Visual Arts: Feminist Readings, ed. Griselda Pollock (London/New York, 1996), pp. 69–87. 4 Vatican City, Vatican Museum, Museo Pio Clementino; reproduced in Salomon, “The Venus Pudica,” Figure 5.1. 5 Salomon, pp. 70–72. 6 See the Capitoline Aphrodite, reproduced in Salomon, cited above, n. 3, Figure 5.4 and the Medici Aphrodite, reproduced in R. R. R. Smith, Hellenistic Sculpture (London, 1991), fi g. 100. VAN DEUSEN_F7-87-126.indd 88 2/15/2008 8:22:39 PM.
Recommended publications
  • PERFORMED IDENTITIES: HEAVY METAL MUSICIANS BETWEEN 1984 and 1991 Bradley C. Klypchak a Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate
    PERFORMED IDENTITIES: HEAVY METAL MUSICIANS BETWEEN 1984 AND 1991 Bradley C. Klypchak A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate College of Bowling Green State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY May 2007 Committee: Dr. Jeffrey A. Brown, Advisor Dr. John Makay Graduate Faculty Representative Dr. Ron E. Shields Dr. Don McQuarie © 2007 Bradley C. Klypchak All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT Dr. Jeffrey A. Brown, Advisor Between 1984 and 1991, heavy metal became one of the most publicly popular and commercially successful rock music subgenres. The focus of this dissertation is to explore the following research questions: How did the subculture of heavy metal music between 1984 and 1991 evolve and what meanings can be derived from this ongoing process? How did the contextual circumstances surrounding heavy metal music during this period impact the performative choices exhibited by artists, and from a position of retrospection, what lasting significance does this particular era of heavy metal merit today? A textual analysis of metal- related materials fostered the development of themes relating to the selective choices made and performances enacted by metal artists. These themes were then considered in terms of gender, sexuality, race, and age constructions as well as the ongoing negotiations of the metal artist within multiple performative realms. Occurring at the juncture of art and commerce, heavy metal music is a purposeful construction. Metal musicians made performative choices for serving particular aims, be it fame, wealth, or art. These same individuals worked within a greater system of influence. Metal bands were the contracted employees of record labels whose own corporate aims needed to be recognized.
    [Show full text]
  • Women in the United States Congress: 1917-2012
    Women in the United States Congress: 1917-2012 Jennifer E. Manning Information Research Specialist Colleen J. Shogan Deputy Director and Senior Specialist November 26, 2012 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov RL30261 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Women in the United States Congress: 1917-2012 Summary Ninety-four women currently serve in the 112th Congress: 77 in the House (53 Democrats and 24 Republicans) and 17 in the Senate (12 Democrats and 5 Republicans). Ninety-two women were initially sworn in to the 112th Congress, two women Democratic House Members have since resigned, and four others have been elected. This number (94) is lower than the record number of 95 women who were initially elected to the 111th Congress. The first woman elected to Congress was Representative Jeannette Rankin (R-MT, 1917-1919, 1941-1943). The first woman to serve in the Senate was Rebecca Latimer Felton (D-GA). She was appointed in 1922 and served for only one day. A total of 278 women have served in Congress, 178 Democrats and 100 Republicans. Of these women, 239 (153 Democrats, 86 Republicans) have served only in the House of Representatives; 31 (19 Democrats, 12 Republicans) have served only in the Senate; and 8 (6 Democrats, 2 Republicans) have served in both houses. These figures include one non-voting Delegate each from Guam, Hawaii, the District of Columbia, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. Currently serving Senator Barbara Mikulski (D-MD) holds the record for length of service by a woman in Congress with 35 years (10 of which were spent in the House).
    [Show full text]
  • Formation in Christian Chastity 5Th Grade: the Truth Will Set You Free…
    Formation in Christian Chastity 5th Grade: The Truth will set you free… INTRODUCTION Truth seems to be in short supply within society. Nominalism or the lack of objective truth seems to rule the day and our decisions. The fact remains that there is truth and for the Christian, truth is a person. Jesus is the Way, the Truth and the Life” (John 14:6). We are also taught that His words are truth and life (John 5:24 and 17:17). All that Christ teaches us is to make us joyful or joy-filled (John 10:10b). God has reveal His truth through Scripture, Sacred Tradition, and the teaching office of the Church, i.e., the Pope and the Bishops in union with Him (Magisterium). We can also know the truth about what is good and right through reason (our ability to think, understand, and judge). Society propagates many lies and for the fifth grade, one of those lies we desire to combat is the dignity of life. Life is precious from conception to natural death. Each person, regardless of their ability to contribute to society, is precious in the eyes of the Lord because He “formed us in our mother’s womb” (Psalm 139:13 and Jeremiah 1:5). The pro-life message is important in order to approach human life in the manner in which God intended. At this age, the youth have begun to form (CCC 1783-1785) their conscience (CCC 1776-1777). It is important for the youth and their parents to understand that we have a right to act in conscience (CCC 1782, 1786).
    [Show full text]
  • How Marvel and Sony Sparked Public
    Cleveland State Law Review Volume 69 Issue 4 Article 8 6-18-2021 America's Broken Copyright Law: How Marvel and Sony Sparked Public Debate Surrounding the United States' "Broken" Copyright Law and How Congress Can Prevent a Copyright Small Claims Court from Making it Worse Izaak Horstemeier-Zrnich Cleveland-Marshall College of Law Follow this and additional works at: https://engagedscholarship.csuohio.edu/clevstlrev Part of the Intellectual Property Law Commons How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! Recommended Citation Izaak Horstemeier-Zrnich, America's Broken Copyright Law: How Marvel and Sony Sparked Public Debate Surrounding the United States' "Broken" Copyright Law and How Congress Can Prevent a Copyright Small Claims Court from Making it Worse, 69 Clev. St. L. Rev. 927 (2021) available at https://engagedscholarship.csuohio.edu/clevstlrev/vol69/iss4/8 This Note is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at EngagedScholarship@CSU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Cleveland State Law Review by an authorized editor of EngagedScholarship@CSU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. AMERICA’S BROKEN COPYRIGHT LAW: HOW MARVEL AND SONY SPARKED PUBLIC DEBATE SURROUNDING THE UNITED STATES’ “BROKEN” COPYRIGHT LAW AND HOW CONGRESS CAN PREVENT A COPYRIGHT SMALL CLAIMS COURT FROM MAKING IT WORSE IZAAK HORSTEMEIER-ZRNICH* ABSTRACT Following failed discussions between Marvel and Sony regarding the use of Spider-Man in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, comic fans were left curious as to how Spider-Man could remain outside of the public domain after decades of the character’s existence.
    [Show full text]
  • Salton Sea Current and Projected Elevations DRAFT Apr 16, 2015
    Salton Sea Current and Projected Elevations DRAFT Apr 16, 2015 Mecca W h i te w a te r R iv e r «¬111 North Shore Riverside County Salton Chocolate Sea k ree lt C State Sa Recreation Mountain Area Aerial Desert Salton Gunnery Shores Sea Bombay Range Beach State Salton Sea Beach Recreation Area California Fish Anza and Wildlife Borrego Imperial Wildlife Desert Area State Wister Unit Park Salton City San Niland Diego County VU86 Sonny Bono Salton Sea National Wildlife Refuge A l a m o R i v e r VU78 k ree e C elip iver F New R San «¬78 Imperial County 86 «¬ Westmorland 0 1.25 2.5 5 7.5 10 Miles Bathymetry data obtained from the State of California and the United States Geological Land Ownership Legend Survey. Estimated Salton Sea elevations identified on this Contour -235 ft msl (Approx. elevation in the 1950's) Other Owners map are from the IID's Salton Sea hydrologic model (SALSA2). The data shown may not agree with Contour -242 ft msl (Estimated elevation 2025) Torres Martinez Tribe those projected by similar models developed previously due to differences in parameters Bureau of Reclamation incorporated into model development. Rate of Contour -248 ft msl (Estimated elevation in 2035) Not Reclamatoin Managed (Withdrawn Not Managed by Reclamation) recession may vary from this estimate and is Bureau of Reclamation dependent on future use and environmental Contour -249 ft msl (Estimated elevation in 2065) Reclamation Withdrawn, Reclamation (Withdrawn and Managed by Reclamation) conditions. Source of 1950 Elevation: Cohen, M.
    [Show full text]
  • Congressional Record—House H5540
    H5540 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD Ð HOUSE July 15, 1998 Neumann Roemer Stenholm Deal Kingston Redmond Kilpatrick Miller (CA) Shays Ney Rogan Strickland DeLay Kleczka Regula Kind (WI) Mink Sherman Northup Rogers Stump Diaz-Balart Klink Reyes Klug Moran (VA) Sisisky Norwood Rohrabacher Stupak Dickey Knollenberg Riggs Lampson Morella Skaggs Nussle Ros-Lehtinen Sununu Doolittle Kolbe Riley Lantos Nadler Slaughter Oberstar Roukema Talent Doyle Kucinich Roemer Lee Olver Smith, Adam Obey Royce Tanner Dreier LaFalce Rogan Levin Owens Stabenow Ortiz Ryun Tauzin Duncan LaHood Rogers Lewis (GA) Pallone Stark Oxley Salmon Taylor (MS) Dunn Largent Rohrabacher Lofgren Pastor Stokes Packard Sanford Taylor (NC) Ehlers Latham Ros-Lehtinen Lowey Paul Tauscher Pappas Saxton Thomas Ehrlich LaTourette Roukema Luther Payne Thompson Parker Scarborough Thornberry Emerson Lazio Royce Maloney (CT) Pelosi Thurman Pascrell Schaefer, Dan Thune English Leach Ryun Maloney (NY) Pickett Tierney Paul Schaffer, Bob Tiahrt Ensign Lewis (CA) Salmon Markey Price (NC) Torres Paxon Sensenbrenner Traficant Etheridge Lewis (KY) Sandlin Martinez Rangel Towns Pease Sessions Turner Everett Linder Sanford Matsui Rivers Velazquez Peterson (MN) Shadegg Upton Ewing Lipinski Saxton McCarthy (MO) Rodriguez Visclosky Peterson (PA) Shaw Walsh Fawell Livingston Scarborough McDermott Rothman Waters Petri Shimkus Wamp Foley LoBiondo Schaefer, Dan McGovern Rush Watt (NC) Pickering Shuster Watkins Forbes Lucas Schaffer, Bob McKinney Sabo Waxman Pitts Skeen Watts (OK) Fossella Manton Sensenbrenner Meehan
    [Show full text]
  • Sonny Bono Salton Sea National Wildlife Refuge
    63502 Federal Register / Vol. 75, No. 199 / Friday, October 15, 2010 / Notices court order in National Coalition for the Fax: Attn: Victoria Touchstone, (760) Each unit of the National Wildlife Homeless v. Veterans Administration, 930–0256. Refuge System was established for No. 88–2503–OG (D.D.C.), HUD U.S. Mail: Victoria Touchstone, U.S. specific purposes. We use these publishes a Notice, on a weekly basis, Fish and Wildlife Service, Refuge purposes as the foundation for identifying unutilized, underutilized, Planning, 6010 Hidden Valley Road, developing and prioritizing the excess and surplus Federal buildings Suite 101, Carlsbad, CA 92011. management goals and objectives for and real property that HUD has In-Person Drop-off: You may drop off each refuge within the National Wildlife reviewed for suitability for use to assist comments at the Sonny Bono Salton Sea Refuge System mission, and to the homeless. Today’s Notice is for the NWR Office between 8 a.m. to 3 p.m.; determine how the public can use each purpose of announcing that no please call (760) 348–5278 for refuge. The planning process is a way additional properties have been directions. for us and the public to evaluate determined suitable or unsuitable this management goals, objectives, and FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: week. strategies that will ensure the best Victoria Touchstone, Refuge Planner, at possible approach to wildlife, plant, and Dated: October 7, 2010. 760–431–9440, extension 349, or Chris habitat conservation, while providing Mark R. Johnston, Schoneman, Project Leader, at 760–348– for wildlife-dependent recreation Deputy Assistant Secretary for Special Needs.
    [Show full text]
  • Mermaid Melody Pichi Pichi Pitch
    Mermaid Melody Pichi Pichi Pitch By Cataquack Warrior Version 3.5 We’ll leave on a journey heading to the other side of the sun and wind… ♫ Welcome to the world of Mermaid Melody, where mermaid princesses search for love on land and fight evil both above and below the sea as magical [singing] girls. It has a loose connection to The Little Mermaid, if the tale was in Japan and involved magical girls and sea demons and high school comedy antics. But that love-touched legend is constantly tied to the future, so surely many dreams will come true in this adventure. So smile, and sing. ♫ You receive 1000 Pichi Pearl Points (PPP) to start out. Location First, let’s see where your journey will begin. Of course, the seas are vast, so feel free to explore other parts of the oceans as you wish. Roll a 1d8 to determine which ocean you start in; pay 100 PPP to choose. 1. North Pacific Ocean- The calmest of the oceans, with the respective mermaid kingdom yet to face the encroaching darkness of Panthalassa. The princess has recently gone ashore on a mission, and can be found in Japan at the Pearl Piari hotel. 2. South Pacific Ocean- One of the first kingdoms to have fallen to Panthalassa’s darkness, with the princess presumed captured. 3. North Atlantic Ocean- The kingdom has recently fallen to Panthalassa. 4. South Atlantic Ocean- Like the other kingdoms, this ocean has recently been overpowered by darkness. However, a number of the mermaids have managed to escape and regroup.
    [Show full text]
  • M a G a Z I N
    JUNE VOLUME 17 2017 MAGAZINE ® ISSUE 3 Where everyone goes for scripts and writers™ If I Had Wings: Producer Cynde Harmon’s Passion Project Soars to Festival Success PAGE 8 FIND YOUR NEXT SCRIPT HERE! CONTENTS Contest/Festival Winners 4 Feature Scripts – FIND YOUR Grouped by Genre SCRIPTS FAST 5 ON INKTIP! If I Had Wings: Producer Cynde Harmon’s Passion Project Soars to Festival Success INKTIP OFFERS: 8 • Listings of Scripts and Writers Updated Daily • Mandates Catered to Your Needs Scripts Represented by Agents/Managers • Newsletters of the Latest Scripts and Writers • Personalized Customer Service 34 • Comprehensive Film Commissions Directory Teleplays 36 You will find what you need on InkTip Sign up at InkTip.com! Or call 818-951-8811. Note: For your protection, writers are required to sign a comprehensive release form before they place their scripts on our site. 3 WHAT PEOPLE SAY ABOUT INKTIP WRITERS “[InkTip] was the resource that connected “Without InkTip, I wouldn’t be a produced a director/producer with my screenplay screenwriter. I’d like to think I’d have – and quite quickly. I HAVE BEEN gotten there eventually, but INKTIP ABSOLUTELY DELIGHTED CERTAINLY MADE IT HAPPEN WITH THE SUPPORT AND FASTER … InkTip puts screenwriters into OPPORTUNITIES I’ve gotten through contact with working producers.” being associated with InkTip.” – ANN KIMBROUGH, GOOD KID/BAD KID – DENNIS BUSH, LOVE OR WHATEVER “InkTip gave me the access that I needed “There is nobody out there doing more to directors that I BELIEVE ARE for writers then InkTip – nobody. PASSIONATE and not the guys trying THEY OPENED DOORS that I would to make a buck.” have never been able to open.” – DWAIN WORRELL, OPERATOR – RICKIE BLACKWELL, MOBSTER KIDS PRODUCERS “We love InkTip.
    [Show full text]
  • Baby Im Yours Free Ebook
    FREEBABY IM YOURS EBOOK Susan Andersen | 384 pages | 11 Jul 2011 | HarperCollins Publishers Inc | 9780380795116 | English | New York, NY, United States Baby I'm Yours () - IMDb Goodreads helps you keep track of books you want to read. Want to Read saving…. Want to Read Currently Reading Read. Other editions. Enlarge cover. Error rating book. Refresh and try again. Open Preview See a Problem? Details if other :. Thanks for telling us about the problem. Return to Book Baby Im Yours. He accidentally impregnates her, then confesses to the whole world that he wants to sleep with her again. But nosy people tend to crop Baby Im Yours where he least expects them, out to destroy his chances. She can take care of herself. It is her baby after all. But when Hunter begins displaying all the traits she so desires in a man, she knows her heart is in grave danger. How can Hunter prove to her that he is utterly and undeniably in love with her? Get A Copy. Published January 30th by Smashwords Edition first published January 29th More Details Other Editions 4. Friend Reviews. To see what your friends thought of this book, please sign up. To ask Baby Im Yours readers questions about Baby I'm Yoursplease sign up. Lists with This Book. This book is not yet featured on Listopia. Community Reviews. Showing Average rating 4. Rating details. More filters. Sort order. Sep 10, Kim rated it really liked it. Enjoyed Baby Im Yours the book!! Keep up the good work. Cant wait to get my hands on book 3 to see how everything unfolds.
    [Show full text]
  • Ann-Kathrin Deininger and Jasmin Leuchtenberg
    STRATEGIC IMAGINATIONS Women and the Gender of Sovereignty in European Culture STRATEGIC IMAGINATIONS WOMEN AND THE GENDER OF SOVEREIGNTY IN EUROPEAN CULTURE EDITED BY ANKE GILLEIR AND AUDE DEFURNE Leuven University Press This book was published with the support of KU Leuven Fund for Fair Open Access Published in 2020 by Leuven University Press / Presses Universitaires de Louvain / Universitaire Pers Leuven. Minderbroedersstraat 4, B-3000 Leuven (Belgium). Selection and editorial matter © Anke Gilleir and Aude Defurne, 2020 Individual chapters © The respective authors, 2020 This book is published under a Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial Non-Derivative 4.0 Licence. Attribution should include the following information: Anke Gilleir and Aude Defurne (eds.), Strategic Imaginations: Women and the Gender of Sovereignty in European Culture. Leuven, Leuven University Press. (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) ISBN 978 94 6270 247 9 (Paperback) ISBN 978 94 6166 350 4 (ePDF) ISBN 978 94 6166 351 1 (ePUB) https://doi.org/10.11116/9789461663504 D/2020/1869/55 NUR: 694 Layout: Coco Bookmedia, Amersfoort Cover design: Daniel Benneworth-Gray Cover illustration: Marcel Dzama The queen [La reina], 2011 Polyester resin, fiberglass, plaster, steel, and motor 104 1/2 x 38 inches 265.4 x 96.5 cm © Marcel Dzama. Courtesy the artist and David Zwirner TABLE OF CONTENTS ON GENDER, SOVEREIGNTY AND IMAGINATION 7 An Introduction Anke Gilleir PART 1: REPRESENTATIONS OF FEMALE SOVEREIGNTY 27 CAMILLA AND CANDACIS 29 Literary Imaginations of Female Sovereignty in German Romances
    [Show full text]
  • H 3855 but I Would Say Here It Is a New Day, Vermont: Patrick J
    March 28, 1995 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD Ð HOUSE H 3855 But I would say here it is a new day, Vermont: Patrick J. Leahy (D). Washington: Richard ``Doc'' Hastings (R). a new Congress. The GOP is in control, Washington: Patty Murray (D). Wisconsin: Thomas M. Barrett, (D); Gerald at least for another year and 7 months. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES D. Kleczka (D); Scott L. Klug (R); David R. Come home. Vote with Mother Teresa. Alabama: Sonny Callahan (R). Obey (D); Toby Roth (R). Recognize abortion for the intrinsic Arizona: Ed Pastor (D). RELIGION ON THE HILL California: Bill Baker (R); Xavier Becerra evil and the unspeakable crime that it Affiliations for members of the 104th Con- (D); Brian P. Bilbray (R); Sonny Bono (R); gress: 344 Protestant, 149 Catholic, 34 Jewish, is. And you are going to feel good be- Christopher Cox (R); Robert K. Dornan (R); 6 Orthodox, and 7 Other. cause careerism has made cowards out Anna G. Eshoo (D); Matthew G. Martinez (D); Source: Congressoinal Quarterly. of at least a third of Catholics in this George Miller (D); Nancy Pelosi (D); Richard House and out of the majority of W. Pombo (R); George P. Radanovich (R); f Catholics in the other body. Lucille Roybal-Allard (D); Ed Royce (R); An- The figures are there. We are at an drea Seastrand (R). The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under a all-time high: 128 in the House, 21 in Colorado: Scott McInnis (R); Dan Schaefer previous order of the House, the gen- the Senate; 74 Democrats, 54 Repub- (R). tleman from Oregon [Mr.
    [Show full text]