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Little Bighorn Estate 2005 HAKO HAKOMAGAZINE 33 Little Bighorn estate 2005 HAKO Incontri con le culture dell’america indigena Sommario estate 2005 4 . Intenti 5 . Editoriale 7 . Nuvole che indugiano sul Greasy Grass 21. La scacchiera Little Bighorn 24. Scheda: i protagonisti 27. La battaglia di Little Bighorn 37. Hokahey! Questo è un buon giorno per morire 45. Tieni l’ultima pallotto- la per te 47. Lupi per i soldati bian- chi 49. Una strada che ci è ignota 51. Scheda 53. E Capelli Lunghi giace qui sul crinale 55. Custer’s Last Stand 59. Le scogliere dell’alterità 63. Oggi è un buon giorno per rivivere Prossimamente Ecologia e tradizioni: Sopra: “Custer’s Last Stand” (L’ultima resistenza di Custer) di Edgar S. Paxton (1899). Per il caso dei Makah ottenere questa tela di 2 metri per 3 e 1/2 il pittore lavorò otto anni; la tela è conservata alla Whitney Gallery of Western Art, Cody, Wo. In copertina: Il fiume Little Bighorn (Greasy Grass o Erba Unta per gli indiani) con l’Indian Corrispondenza: Memorial e Slow Bull, oglala lakota, 1907, di E. S. Curtis. Hako - via N. Tommaseo 24- 35131 In retro di copertina: Crazy Horse a Little Bighorn in un quadro western. Padova Abbonamenti c. c. postale n° 15557358 intestato a Sandra Busatta - via N. Tommaseo 24 - 35131 Padova. Annuale (3 numeri): euro 20,00; Sostenitore: euro 26,00 e-mail: [email protected] Direttore responsabile: Marco Crimi http://www.hakomagazine.net Redazione: Sandra e Flavia Busatta Elaborazione digitale: Lucas Cranach Stampato in proprio Autorizzazione Tribunale di Padova n. 1542 del 28.2.1995 3 Little Big Horn estate 2005 “Danza della vittoria”. Negli show sul Wild West gli indiani celebravano i primi reenactment delle “danze di guerra” e della vittoria a tutto vantaggio degli impresari e dei turisti in patria e all’estero. L’esibizione iniziò che non erano passati neppure dieci anni dalla battaglia. Foto Fiske. Il famoso messaggio di Custer a Benteen portato dal trombettiere Martini: “Benteen, Corri. Grande Villaggio. Fa presto. porta le munizioni. W. W. Cooke. P.S. Porta le munizioni”. Poster di due film degli anni Cinquanta 4 estate 2005 HAKO Editoriale La battaglia di Little Bighorn possiede una carica mitologi- ca che poche altre battaglie vantano. Pur cambiando signifi- cato con il passare del tempo, non ha perduto il suo fascino e il sito dove si svolse continua ad accogliere pellegrini che cercano di immaginare quei minuti. Se non ci riescono, provvedono ben due rievocazioni organizzate dagli indiani crow, che impersonano sia gli indiani vincitori che gli scout dell’esercito, con la partecipazione di appassionati da tutta l’America, ansiosi di interpretare i perdenti. Vista come uno scontro di civiltà quanto venne combattuta, proprio nell’anno del Primo Centenario degli Stati Uniti, come una vittoria di Pirro della barbarie indigena contro la civiltà immigrata, la battaglia ha oggi assunto piuttosto l’aspetto del fratricidio rassicurante. Come nella Guerra Monumento ai caduti (bianchi e scout Civile entrambe le parti erano composte da eroi e da veri indiani) di Little Bighorn eretto verso la fine americani, così oggi lo sfortunato “generale” Custer e i suoi dell’Ottocento a Custer Hill, presso il luogo infelici soldati, che in gran parte non sapevano neanche ove fu trovato il corpo del “geberale”. Sotto: il particolare con i nomi degli scout l’inglese, ma combattevano per il “progresso”, gli scout indiani caduti. dell’esercito crow e arikara, che combattevano per la loro terra e gli ex nemici sioux, cheyenne e arapaho, che combat- tevano per la loro vita, sono tutti eroi. Questa rielaborazione mitologica della battaglia in termini terapeutici e risanatori ha trovato compimento nel 2003 con la costruzione di un nuovo monumento “indiano” presso quello di fine Ottocento. A fianco: Custer’s Last Fight poster comme- morativo pubblicitario della birreria Anheuser - Busch Brewing Company di St. Louis, Missouri (cfr. pp. 55-56). 5 Little Big Horn estate 2005 Pittografia su mussola di One Bull, hunkpapa, “La Guerra di Custer”, 1900 circa, Fargo, ND. Sotto: Particolare degli accampamenti dalla stessa. 6 estate 2005 HAKO The state of the art Nuvole che indugiano sul Greasy Grass L’inaugurazione dell’Indian Memorial sul Little Big Horn è l’occasione per fare il punto sul nume- ro, le perdite e l’identità degli indiani che combat- terono a Little Big Horn. Cesare Marino tutte le cerimonie collegate3. In precedenti e attuali sovrintendenti del distanza le Big Horn Mountain Parco, politici tra cui il senatore Ate oyate kin tawa makiya ca. Yuha apparivano incappucciate di neve. Campbell e onorevoli ospiti6. Un iyotin ye wakiye lo. All’alba una cerimonia della pipa inatteso lancio spettacolare (per alcuni Tatanka Iyotake celebrata in forma privata sul poggio piuttosto un momento di flop7) fu un Mio padre mi disse di prendermi erboso a sudest del monumento di inaspettato, politicamente colorato, ma cura di questa nazione. Io sto cercan- Custer aprì la serie di eventi della nel contempo emotivo e genericamente do di fare il mio dovere. giornata mentre il sole sbocciava tra le conciliante (per alcuni “revisionista”) Sitting Bull, Hunkpapa1 nuvole che ancora indugiavano. Il discorso a braccio declamato dall’ex senatore Ben Nighthorse Campbell, leader dell’AIM Russel Means8 che, 1. L’inaugurazione del monumento dei cheyenne settentrionali4, parlò con addosso una rossa camicia a nastri commemorativo “Spirit Warrior”. dell’importanza di quella giornata. La e un casco di guerra di penne d’aquila, gente riunì di fronte al nuovo monu- contò un simbolico “colpo” sugli L’inaugurazione mercoledì 25 giugno mento dove altre preghiere e discorsi organizzatori ufficiali. Dopo i discorsi 2003 del memoriale dedicato, sul da parte dei capi e degli uomini santi più di un migliaio di indiani e bianchi terreno del Little Big Horn Battlefield cheyenne e lakota, tra cui molti affamati e assetati si misero in coda nel National Monument, agli indiani che riconobbero Arvol Looking Horse, primo pomeriggio per un “gran combatterono e morirono durante la Custode della Sacra Pipa del Vitello del banchetto” generosamente offerto famosa battaglia, fu un momento Bisonte dei lakota, consacrarono il sito. dalla Nazione Crow, la tribù ospite, e coinvolgente nella storia di questo sito Un picchetto d’onore di indiani dal National Park Service: i vecchi così famoso e soprattutto nella vita americani con le bandiere tributò gli furono serviti per primi in accordo col delle tribù e dei discendenti di quei onori militari agli spiriti dei guerrieri costume indiano tradizionale9. Poi la caduti. Nello spirito di “Pace attraverso caduti. Grandi bandiere tribali innal- gente si sparse dappertutto sui poggi l’Unità”, il tema dell’evento, rappre- zate presso l’entrata del monumento erbosi per riposare, visitare, prendere sentanti delle tribù che parteciparono garrivano al vento. foto e girare video. Russell Means, all’evento furono raggiunti da altri La folla di indiani e i bianchi che per visibilmente soddisfatto e ora accer- indiani, duri di Custer, e una larga folla metà mattinata era considerevolmente chiato da un piccolo gruppo attento di di americani e visitatori stranieri tutti aumentata, scese allora giù per la bambini seduti sull’erba, raccontava sotto il grande cielo del Montana in collina verso l’anfiteatro del Visitor’s loro la storia della battaglia. una riunione altamente simbolica e Center dove crow a cavallo nei loro memorabile2. migliori costumi con impersonatori del 2. Quanti indiani? Il tempo che il giorno prima era stato 7° Cavalleria e dei Buffalo Soldiers freddo e piovoso, era mutato in una confinarono l’area erbosa come E’ abbastanza rimarchevole tuttavia giornata parzialmente soleggiata, suggestivo sfondo per i discorsi ufficiali , dato l’interesse in questa inaugura- ariosa e piacevolmente tiepida, vera- della cerimonia di inaugurazione zione politicamente importante e mente un perfetto scenario per l’inau- governativa. Discorsi di circostanza carica emotivamente e più in parti- gurazione del nuovo monumento e vennero tenuti dai capi tribali, dai colare dato il vasto corpo di lettera- 7 Little Big Horn estate 2005 tura storica, archeologica ed etnografi- originale di “tra i 12.000 e i 15.000 shock da battaglia e pertanto, almeno ca, il crescente numero di resoconti indiani” pubblicato nel 1949 nel riguardo a questa parte, i loro racconti indiani sulla battaglia, sia orali10 che vecchio e oggi raro libricino Custer sembrano poco attendibili. Forse una pittografici11 pubblicati e la continua Battlefield16. migliore indicazione della difficoltà di ricerca, che, 129 anni dopo il fatto, non Anche la vera dimensione e la plani- accertare le dimensioni del villaggio e sia noto ancora con esattezza il nume- metria del villaggio è oggetto di la forza numerica delle bande che ro di indiani accampati sulla riva dibattito. Si pensa generalmente che erano accampate quel giorno sul occidentale del Little Big Horn in quel fosse lungo circa tre miglia o tre e Greasy Grass, viene dal guerriero fatale tardo giugno del 1876. Molto è mezzo e in larghezza tra mezzo miglio cheyenne Gambe di Legno. Diciotten- stato detto e scritto e le stime variano e un miglio. Dopo attenta analisi delle ne al momento della battaglia, in da 2.500 ÷ 3.000 anime fino a 10.000 fonti, lo storico di Custer William A. seguito, all’età di 73 anni, egli ammise ÷ 12.000, e persino da quindicimila a Graham ha modificato la stima a con Marquis che: “Io non so quanti ventimila cosiddetti ostili presenti in “lungo quattro miglia e largo mezzo”, cheyenne vi erano in tutto nel cam- quel giorno nel campo alleato12. un grande accampamento che poteva po”20. La sua candida affermazione può Durante la famosa inchiesta (Reno contenere almeno “1.500 tende”17. Con applicarsi egualmente bene anche alla Court Inquiry) sul maggiore Reno una media di circa sei, otto persone per maggior parte se non a tutte, le altre tenutasi a Chicago nel 1879, il tenente tenda, avrebbero potuto esserci tra le testimonianze indiane e militari così Charles A.
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