Représentation De L'adolescent Dans Trois Films Américains Indépendants

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Représentation De L'adolescent Dans Trois Films Américains Indépendants Représentation de l’adolescent dans trois films américains indépendants : Lords of Dogtown, Donnie Darko et Elephant Charlotte Roseau To cite this version: Charlotte Roseau. Représentation de l’adolescent dans trois films américains indépendants : Lords of Dogtown, Donnie Darko et Elephant. Littératures. 2013. dumas-00927618 HAL Id: dumas-00927618 https://dumas.ccsd.cnrs.fr/dumas-00927618 Submitted on 13 Jan 2014 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Représentation de l’adolescent dans trois films américains indépendants : Lords of Dogtown, Donnie Darko et Elephant Nom : ROSEAU Prénom : Charlotte UFR DES LANGUES ETRANGERES Mémoire de master 2 recherche - 30 crédits - Mention Spécialité ou Parcours : Cinéma Sous la direction de MME CLAIRE MANIEZ Année universitaire 2012-2013 1 Représentation de l’adolescent dans trois films américains indépendants : Lords of Dogtown, Donnie Darko et Elephant Nom : ROSEAU Prénom : Charlotte UFR DES LANGUES ETRANGERES Mémoire de master 2 recherche - 30 crédits - Mention Spécialité ou Parcours : Cinéma Sous la direction de MME CLAIRE MANIEZ Année universitaire 2012-2013 2 Remerciements Je remercie Mme Claire Maniez pour sa disponibilité, son suivi ainsi que tous les conseils dont j’ai pu bénéficier. Je remercie également mon frère pour ses relectures attentives ainsi que pour son soutien technique. 3 4 Table des matières Remerciements __________________________________________3 Table des matières _______________________________________4 Introduction ____________________________________________6 I- Un modèle d’autorité à bout de souffle ____________________12 1- L’école, un navire à la dérive _______________________________________________ 12 a- La mauvaise influence ___________________________________________________________ 12 b- Dans l’ombre de l’édifice_________________________________________________________ 21 2- Une adolescence en proie à l’égarement______________________________________ 29 a- La démission des modèles ________________________________________________________ 29 b- Leur violence __________________________________________________________________ 38 c- Une question de point de vue______________________________________________________ 43 II- Un dédale culturel____________________________________47 1- La figure de l’adolescent ___________________________________________________ 47 a- Un mythe vivant________________________________________________________________ 47 b- Insolence esthétique _____________________________________________________________ 56 2- Mise en perspective _______________________________________________________ 65 a- L’intertextualité ________________________________________________________________ 65 b- Expression artistique ____________________________________________________________ 76 III- La représentation d’une époque ________________________84 1- Le temps à l’épreuve de l’image ____________________________________________ 84 a- Une reconstitution ? _____________________________________________________________ 84 b- Le temps et son vécu ____________________________________________________________ 95 2- Films indépendants ?_____________________________________________________ 102 Conclusion ___________________________________________120 Bibliographie _________________________________________123 5 Introduction La jeunesse, et ce stade éphémère de l’existence qu’est l’adolescence, est un sujet qui fascine le monde du cinéma, et ce pour deux raisons. La première est bien entendu économique, et depuis les années 1950, l’adolescent est un consommateur comme les autres. Les produits qui lui sont spécialement destinés sont légions, et l’industrie du cinéma n’a pas manqué cette opportunité d’étendre le marché du film. Les « teen movies »1 se sont particulièrement développés dans les années 90, même si on peut éventuellement considérer que des films comme American Graffiti (George Lucas, 1973), ou Carrie (Brian DePalma, 1976) sont des pionniers du genre, sans en avoir toutefois la forme contemporaine. Ces films sont régis par des conventions strictes les rendant reconnaissables par leur public de prédilection, le traitement des sujets étant presque identique d’un long métrage à l’autre. Mais les « teen movies » ne seront cependant pas directement abordés ici. La seconde raison pour laquelle le cinéma s’intéresse de près à cette période est esthétique, et tient sans doute au côté fugace, trouble, mais aussi exceptionnellement énergique, et donc cinégénique de celle-ci. Des artistes se sont fait les fers de lance de la représentation d’une adolescence moins stéréotypée que celle que l’on peut rencontrer dans ces « teen movies » hollywoodiens. C’est le cas de Larry Clarke ou Gus Van Sant, qui ont développé une nouvelle approche de la jeunesse sur grand écran, dans une démarche sans doute plus réaliste, sans concession. Mais j’ai choisi de ne pas m’intéresser uniquement à ce cinéma, largement reconnu pour ses partis pris scénaristiques et esthétiques radicaux, afin d’étudier le spectre indépendant de manière plus large. Cette étude porte donc sur un film de Gus Van Sant, Elephant, le film d’un jeune réalisateur, Donnie Darko de Richard Kelly, et enfin celui d’une réalisatrice, Lords of Dogtown, de Catherine Hardwicke. Ces trois œuvres se caractérisent par des conditions de création et de production très différentes, ce qui a permis de varier l’approche du sujet. Nous allons donc revenir brièvement sur le parcours des trois réalisateurs, et de leur film respectif afin de mettre en contexte leur représentation de l’adolescence. Gus Van Sant est né en 1952 dans une famille de classe moyenne. Il a étudié l’art à la Rhode Island School of Design, avant de se tourner vers le cinéma, ce qui explique les qualités plastiques de ses films. Il signe des court-métrages tout en travaillant pour une agence 1 Littéralement « film pour adolescent » les « Teen movies », dont la grande majorité est américaine, ont été rendu largement populaires par la série des American Pie, dont le premier volet est sorti en 1999. Ces films, qui se déroulent pour la plupart au lycée, mettent en scène des personnages stéréotypés à la fonction aisément reconnaissable. Les « Teen Movies » peuvent également être subdivisés en catégories, telles que « Teen drama », « Teen horror » ou encore « Teen musicals ». 6 de publicité avant de connaître sa première reconnaissance critique avec Mala Noche en 1985. Adapté d’une novella de Walt Curtis, le film bénéficiant d’un budget de seulement 25000$ dépeint, dans un noir et blanc très sombre, la relation d’un Américain et d’un immigré clandestin Mexicain. Il établit dès ce premier film les thèmes de prédilection qui vont jalonner sa carrière : relations complexes, marginalité, remise en cause de l’Amérique traditionnelle, homosexualité. Grâce au succès de son premier long-métrage, il reçoit des offres de studios, mais aucun de ses projets ne sera concrétisé, faute d’accord. Il continue d’œuvrer dans le milieu indépendant et s’installe à Portland, ville qui aura une influence significative sur le reste de son œuvre. Dans les deux films qui suivent Mala Noche, Drugstore Cowboy (1989) et My Own Private Idaho (1991) − toujours à petit budget − il continue d’explorer les mêmes thèmes, et y ajoute celui de la jeunesse. C’est un sujet qu’il développe dans plusieurs de ses films, et en particulier Paranoid Park (2007) et Elephant (2003), ainsi que Gerry (2002) et Last Days (2005), communément considérés comme constituant une « tétralogie de la jeunesse ». A l’exception de Paranoid Park, ils ont tous bénéficié des talents d’Harry Savides comme directeur de la photographie, dont le travail sur la lumière de Gerry et Elephant a été récompensé par un « Best Cinematographer Award » du New York Film Critics Circle. Gus Van Sant est dorénavant un réalisateur dont la renommée n’est plus à faire. 2 Il bénéficie donc d’une certaine autonomie artistique, du fait de sa réputation dans le milieu indépendant, mais aussi de son choix de ne réaliser que des films au budget limité. Elephant en fait partie. Il s’inspire de la tuerie du lycée de Columbine, à Littleton dans le Colorado où, le 21 avril 1999, deux élèves ont ouvert le feu sur leurs camarades, ainsi que sur des enseignants, tuant 12 personnes avant de se donner la mort. Le film, dont l’action diégétique est contemporaine à la période de production, se déroule sur les deux journées qui précèdent le drame, et suit le parcours de plusieurs lycéens, jusqu’au point où se cristallise la violence. Richard Kelly est né et a grandi en Virginie, où son père travaillait pour la NASA. Après le lycée, il est parti étudier en Californie, à l’USC School of Cinema-Television. Il réalise deux court-métrages, et commence à tisser les liens professionnels qui l’aideront dans sa future carrière. C’est pendant ses études qu’il développe le projet de son premier film, l’histoire d’un adolescent qui voit un réacteur d’avion sorti de nulle part s’écraser sur sa chambre. Donnie Darko sort finalement au cinéma en 2001, après de nombreux rebondissements
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