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HD VayuGrid Signs MOU for Biofuel Cluster in Ethiopia

CR Distributed by Contify.com

WC 393 words

PD 19 November 2012

SN India Energy News

SC ATENER

LA English

LP New Delhi, Nov. 19 -- VayuGrid, a biofuel supply chain company based in Bangalore, has signed a MOU to create a biofuel cluster around its VayuSap, an elite, high-yield Pongamia, in Ethiopia Africa. The cluster will create a $2.5M biofuel investment opportunity and is part of a larger government plan to develop a biofuel park in Ethiopia. This park is a critical step to reduce the country's commitment of 87% of free cash on imported crude while at the same time creating local job opportunities and an ecosystem of value added businesses.

Phase 1 is a 2,000 plus acre footprint under a collaborative model involving the participation of a local partner bringing in land and labour, investors putting the capital and VayuGrid providing the IP and downstream contracts, thereby creating a sustainable and replicable business model.

TD The long term goal is to create biofuel cluster and replicate a certain scale of footprint in 100,000 acres. During a recently concluded roadshow in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Doctor Abera Deressa, former state minister for Agriculture, indicated that Pongamia tree products can be an important factor in community development and environmental protection.

VayuGrid's IP in elite Pongamia combines high-yield plant technology along with customised practices to ensure economic returns that assure such biofuel parks are financially sustainable to governments and investors. Also, management of these plantations can be

Page 1 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. carried out by local labour, as it does not call for highly skilled labour. And being extremely amenable to a hybrid model of people and mechanisation, it presents local entrepreneurs with an opportunity to establish an ecosystem around the biofuel plantation that is both sustainable and long term.

"VayuGrid is bringing together local and global businesses that are dependent on crude and looking for ways to hedge against currency fluctuations while ensuring a predictable supply of green energy," said Doug Peterson, CEO, VayuGrid. "Our biofuel clusters ensure a sustainable biofuel supply for downstream markets and high returns for governments, land owners and investors."

Ethiopia was chosen strategically based on the economics and agriculture. Its large land bank of arid and unproductive land lends itself perfectly to creating a green energy supply base for local and global markets over the next 60 years.

Images, graphs or charts, if any, have been removed

IN i1 : Energy

NS genv : Environmental News | gcat : Political/General News

RE ethpa : Ethiopia | africaz : Africa | dvpcoz : Developing Economies | eafrz : East Africa

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AN Document ATENER0020121119e8bj000b5

HD Intellectual Property India Publishes Patent Application for 'Herbal Formulation for Prevention and Treatment of Diastema and Process for Preparation Thereof' Filed by Manisha Naval Singh Jamara WC 186 words

PD 19 November 2012

SN Indian Government News

SC HTINGN

LA English

LP MUMBAI, India, Nov. 19 -- Intellectual Property India has published a patent application (991/DEL/2010 A) filed by Manisha Naval Singh Jamara, Alirajpur, Madhya Pradesh, on April 26, 2010, for a 'herbal formulation for prevention and treatment of diastema and process for preparation thereof.'

The application for the patent - which was invented by Manisha Naval Singh Jamara - was published on Oct. 19, under issue no. 42/2012.

TD According to the abstract released by the Intellectual Property India: "The invention provides a formulation for the prevention/curing/treatment of diastema in mammals and animals by administering an effective amount of a composition comprising of an extract from at least one plant selected from Jatropha spp., Azadirachta indica, Acacia nelotica, Achyranthus aspera, Commiphora myrrha and Pongamia pinnata and a combination thereof. The invention also provides a process for preparing the same."

PUB HT Media Limited

AN Document HTINGN0020121119e8bj0006y

SE BUSINESS

HD (Attn.editors: The following press release comes to you under

WC 530 words

PD 19 November 2012

SN Press Trust of India

SC PRTRIN

LA English

LP an arrangement with PR Newswire. PTI takes no editorial responsibility for the same.) VayuGrid Signs MOU for Biofuel Cluster in Ethiopia

BANGALORE, November 19, 2012/PRNewswire/ -- Starting With a 2,000 Plus Acre, the Long Term Goal is to Create a Cluster of 1,00,000 Acres Under a Collaborative Model VayuGrid, a biofuel supply chain company based in Bangalore, has signed a MOU to create a biofuel cluster around its VayuSap(TM), an elite, high-yield Pongamia, in Ethiopia Africa.

TD The cluster will create a $2.5M biofuel investment opportunity and is part of a larger government plan to develop a biofuel park in Ethiopia. This park is a critical step to reduce the country's commitment of 87% of free cash on imported crude while at the same time creating local job opportunities and an ecosystem of value added businesses.

The long term goal is to create biofuel cluster and replicate a certain scale of footprint in 100,000 acres. During a recently concluded roadshow in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Doctor Abera Deressa, former state minister for Agriculture, indicated that Pongamia tree products can be an important factor in community development and environmental protection.

VayuGrid's IP in elite Pongamia combines high-yield plant technology along with customised

Page 5 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. practices to ensure economic returns that assure such biofuel parks are financially sustainable to governments and investors. Also, management of these plantations can be carried out by local labour, as it does not call for highly skilled labour. And being extremely amenable to a hybrid model of people and mechanisation, it presents local entrepreneurs with an opportunity to establish an ecosystem around the biofuel plantation that is both sustainable and long term.

About VayuGrid- VayuGrid Marketplace Services Pvt Ltd is a Bangalore based company focused on building biofuel supply chain around Elite Pongamia and has developed elite planting material branded VayuSap(TM), which are more superior to "ordinary" Pongamia in precocity, yield, disease resistance and specific biochemical products of industrial value. VayuGrid is focusing its efforts on supplying VayuSap(TM) for building BioEnergy Plantations in markets such as Asia, Africa and the Middle East. www.vayugrid.com [http://www.vayugrid.com]

Primary Media Contact: Latha Chandradeep, [email protected], 91-80-42084016. Source: Vayugrid Marketplace Services Pvt Ltd. PRN VSS

AN Document PRTRIN0020121119e8bj003kg

HD Indian VayuGrid, Ethiopia sign MOU on biofuel cluster creation

WC 195 words

PD 19 November 2012

SN SeeNews Renewables

SC ADPREN

LA English

LP (SeeNews) - Nov 19, 2012 - Indian biorefinery supply chain company VayuGrid today said it had signed a memorandum of understanding (MOU) with the government of Ethiopia to create a biofuel cluster in the country.

A local partner will provide land and labour, investors will supply the capital and VayuGrid -- the intellectual property (IP) and downstream contracts to create a cluster of 1 million acres (404,700 ha) of VayuGrid's VayuSap high-yield Pongamia tree plantations, starting with 2,000 acres. The cluster will present a USD 2.5 million (EUR 2m) biofuel investment opportunity, according to VayuGrid.

TD The move is part of a government plan to develop a biofuel park in Ethiopia to reduce the country's spending of 87% of its free cash on imported crude, VayuGrid said.

The company said Ethiopia had been its strategic choice as it has large unproductive land suitable for creating a green energy supply base over the next 60 years.

VayuGrid's IP in Pongamia includes high-yield plant technology and customised practices to ensure economic returns.

(USD 1 = EUR 0.783)

Source: (YA/MB/YA)

AN Document ADPREN0020121119e8bj0005l

CR Vayugrid Marketplace Services Pvt Ltd; PR Newswire

WC 502 words

PD 19 November 2012

ET 04:30 GMT

SN PR Newswire Europe

SC TWOTEN

LA English

LP BANGALORE, November 19, 2012 /PRNewswire/ --

Starting With a 2,000 Plus Acre, the Long Term Goal is to Create a Cluster of 1,00,000 Acres Under a Collaborative Model

TD VayuGrid, a biofuel supply chain company based in Bangalore, has signed a MOU to create a biofuel cluster around its VayuSap™, an elite, high-yield Pongamia, in Ethiopia Africa.The cluster will create a $2.5M biofuel investment opportunity and is part of a larger government plan to developa biofuel park in Ethiopia.This park is a critical step to reduce the country's commitment of 87% of free cash on imported crude while at the same time creating local job opportunities and an ecosystem of value added businesses.

VayuGrid's IP in elite Pongamia combines high-yield plant technology along with customised practices to ensure economic returns that assure such biofuel parks are financially

Page 9 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. sustainable to governments and investors. Also, management of these plantations can be carried out by local labour, as it does not call for highly skilled labour. And being extremely amenable to a hybrid model of people and mechanisation, it presents local entrepreneurs with an opportunity to establish an ecosystem around the biofuel plantation that is both sustainable and long term.

About VayuGrid

VayuGrid Marketplace Services Pvt Ltd is a Bangalore based company focused on building biofuel supply chain around Elite Pongamia and has developed elite planting material branded VayuSap™, which are more superior to "ordinary" Pongamia in precocity, yield, disease resistance and specific biochemical products of industrial value. VayuGrid is focusing its efforts on supplying VayuSap™ for building BioEnergy Plantations in markets such as Asia, Africa and the Middle East. www.vayugrid.com

Primary Media Contact: Latha Chandradeep, [email protected], 91-80-42084016

CT PRN

NS npress : Press Release | ncat : Content Types

IPD Vayugrid Marketplace Services Pvt Ltd | CON | FNC | INO | RCY | ENI

PUB PR Newswire Association, Inc.

SE Bangalore

HD Debate begins on thumping up biofuel use

BY Aparajita Ray

WC 208 words

PD 9 November 2012

SN The Times of India

SC TOI

LA English

LP BANGALORE: Rashtra Bandhu, an NGO debated on switching over to biofuel will make environment and ecology pay a heavy price. The symposium with eminent environmentalist and environment activists in Bangalore asked several questions to the decision of the state government to increase consumption of biofuel recently.

Scientists like Harini Nagendra, AN Yellappa Reddy, MK Ramesh and Sharadchandra Lele who master in biodiversity, environement and ecology and laws related to the subject asked why public consultation has not been done before such major decisions are taken which could deteriorate the future of common property, grazing lands and forests lands.

TD It also discussed that encouraging large scale biofuel species of plants like jetropha, pongamia and neem will have adverse effect on pollination and hence threaten the species which have a big role to play in agriculture.

It also saw several discussions on the diversion of Common Property Resources (CPRs) that directly affects the livelihood of landless and livestock owners for their livelihood. Enough care should be taken before converting them into productive assets, echoed the bright brains. They suggested that the government should utilize the schemes MNERGA to alleviate the poverty of the stake holders.

For Reprint Rights: timescontent.com

AN Document TOI0000020121108e8b90002b

WC 5,288 words

PD 8 November 2012

SN ASX ComNews (Text version of ASX Company Announcements)

SC ASXTEX

LA English

CY 2012 Copyright The Austrailian Securities Exchange Limited

LP To Company Announcements Office Facsimile 1300 135 638 Company ASX Limited Date 8 November 2012 From Helen Hardy Pages 84 Subject PRESENTATIONS

TD Attached for your information are presentations being made at Origin’s Operational Review and Asset Visit from 8-9 November 2012. A copy of the presentations can also be obtained from our website www.originenergy.com.au under the Investor Centre – Presentations section. Regards Helen Hardy Company Secretary 02 8345 5023 – [email protected] 1/1 Origin Energy Limited ACN 000 051 696 • Level 45 Australia Square, 264-278 George Street, Sydney NSW 2000 GPO Box 5376, Sydney NSW 2001 • Telephone (02) 8345 5000 • Facsimile (02) 9252 1566 • www.originenergy.com.au Origin Operational Review and Asset Visit Presented by Karen Moses Executive Director, Finance and Strategy 8-9 November 2012

Operational Review and Asset Visit TALINGA • Site Tour: - Gas Well, walking tour of Reverse Osmosis Plant and Ponds, bus tour of Talinga Gas Plant • Presentations: - Welcome and Tour Overview – Karen Moses - APLNG CSG Production – Paul Zealand, Bill McKenzie, Ross Evans

CONDABRI • Site Tour: - Bus tour of construction areas, stop at drilling rig • Presentations:

GLADSTONE • Site Tour: - Bus tour of APLNG site on Curtis Island, APLNG Community Centre • Presentation: - APLNG Project Downstream Delivery - David Hayter

2| The Origin Management Team & Site Tour Representatives

Managing Director

Grant King

Executive Chief Executive Chief

Chief Executive Director, Finance Officer, Energy Development

Officer, Upstream and Strategy Markets Officer

Paul Zealand Karen Moses Frank Calabria David Baldwin

Executive General Executive General Group General Manager, Manager, People Counsel & Corporate Affairs & Culture Company Secretary Phil Craig Carl McCamish Andrew Clarke Development Upstream: • Adrian Lang: Project Director • Bill McKenzie: General Manager, QLD CSG • David Hayter: Deputy Project Manager, Downstream Project • Ross Evans: Group Manager Development & Appraisal, QLD CSG

• Andy Weir: Operations Superintendent Investor Relations: • Glenn Gorton: Water Treatment Facility Supervisor • Peter Rice: General Manager, Capital Markets

• Roger Speck: Operations Supervisor • Kylie Springall: Group Manager, Investor Relations

• Richard Jenkins: Gas Field Facilities Construction Manager • Laura McCloy: Manager, Investor Relations

• Ben Corbett: Drilling and Completions Team Leader APLNG: • Page Maxson: Chief Executive Officer • Danny O’Dell: Site Manager

Attending part or all of the Site Tour 3| APLNG is a strong and aligned incorporated joint venture, combining Origin’s Australian CSG experience with ConocoPhillips’ extensive LNG and CSG capabilities …

• Australia’s largest integrated • Energy company with global • Integrated energy and chemical company energy company operations • One of China’s largest petroleum products • Listed in S&P/ASX 20 index • One of world’s largest CSG operators suppliers and crude oil and natural gas with over 25 years’ experience producers 37.5% 37.5% 25%

• ~7.6 mtpa LNG off-take Developer of CSG to LNG agreement for ~20 years • Domestic contracts project based on Australia’s largest CSG 2P reserves base

• ~1 mtpa LNG off-take

agreement for ~20 years

UPSTREAM DOWNSTREAM • Operated by Origin • Operated by ConocoPhillips • Australia’s longest history of CSG • 40 years’ LNG experience production, complemented by • Owner of Optimised Cascade® ConocoPhillips’ 25 years’ experience Process LNG technology … to supply two of Asia’s leading energy companies, Sinopec and Kansai

4| APLNG – CSG Production Presented by: Paul Zealand - Chief

Page 16 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. Executive Officer, Upstream Bill McKenzie - General Manager, QLD CSG Ross Evans – Group Manager Development & Appraisal, QLD CSG Origin Operational Review and Asset Visit 8-9 November 2012

Origin is responsible for the upstream program for Australia Pacific LNG, leveraging over 15 years of CSG production experience...

APLNG tenure in the Surat and Bowen basins at 30 June 2012

… with APLNG having a dominant position in Queensland's premium CSG 2| acreage APLNG‟s reserves base continues to expand, with 3P reserves of 16,047 PJ and an additional 9,829 PJ of contingent resources … APLNG Reserves and Resources Upstream Gas Production Costs PJe APLNG's Reserves & Resources

Upstream Production Costs 28,000

Phase 1 Phase 2 24,000 3C = 9,829 20,000 Lower unit 2C = 3,825 cost gas 16,000 Ramp & tail production 3P = 16,047 Gas1 12,000 2P = 13,111 QGC GSA T1 ~ 5,000 8,000 ~ 640

Continued efficiency gains Domestic Gas T2 ~ 5,000 and technology improvements 4,000 ~ 2,000 ORG Contract

will reduce costs over time ~ 1,000 0

Cumulative Production Reserves Contingent Estimated Resources Project Requirements • Large CSG reserves position • Low cost gas supports the Phase 1 development • Well developed resource base

Page 17 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. • Prime acreage in both Qld CSG “sweet spots” … while 2P reserves are more than sufficient to cover gas requirements for all domestic contracts, as well as off-takes from both trains (1) Represents ramp and tail gas for two trains, volume will vary depending on operation strategy 3| (2) APLNG operated wells designated to deliver first gas to both trains of the CSG to LNG project Regional Geology APLNG permit

Permian Fairways

Permian

permeability

Sweetspot

Permian CSG fields

Conventional & CSG Denison Trough fields

Walloon CSG fields

Permeability

& net coal

Sweetspot

Regional Seismic Section Walloon Fairway 4| Regional Geology Combabula Condabri Talinga Tipton

Western Platform Balonne Nose Taroom Trough Undulla Nose Moonie High

Present Day

Walloon

Springbok Moolayember

Hutton

Base Jurassic

Base mid Triassic

Bandanna/Tinowon/Baralaba

Key features

• Major structural elements

• Major unconformities

• Coal measures sequences

Basement Reids Dome

5 5| To the north…. Fairview Scotia Spring Gully Peat Western Platform Balonne Nose Taroom Trough Undulla Nose Moonie High

Present Day

Deeper erosion of section

Surface Seismic travel time

Base mid Triassic

Bandanna/Tinowon/Baralaba

Key features

• Major structural elements

• Major unconformities

• Coal measures sequences

Basement Reids Dome

Regional Geology Depositional history creates key differences

Spring Gully Coal Continuity Walloon Coal Variability

Spring Gully coal seams are Walloons coal seams are thinner and the continuous over many 10‟s or packages which contain the seams vary in possibly 100‟s of kilometres thickness across the area 7| “Sweet spots” arise from the combination of greater coal West thickness and higher permeability East

Thickening of Walloons section

Increasing net coal thickness

Undulla Nose

Walloon net coal thickness

High net coal Walloon Fairway Permeability

thickness

“Sweetspot” Walloon depth

Scott et al., (2004) Scott et al., (2004) APLNG has a dominant position in Queensland‟s premium CSG acreage

• APLNG is the only company that has prime acreage in both of the Queensland CSG “sweet spots” • APLNG Phase 1 targets those sweet spots for initial development and ramp up to

APLNG tenure in the Surat and Bowen basins at 30 June 2012

The Sweetspots demonstrate world-class reservoir properties What makes a good CSG producer

1. High net effective coal thickness 4. High permeability 2. Laterally extensive coals 5. Shallow depth (low cost to drill) 3. High gas content saturation 6. Low CO2 content

Source: Journal of Petroleum Technology & APLNG data 10 | Production History APLNG Production History APLNG share (PJ/yr equivalent) 120.0 Spring Gully Spring Gully Spring Gully Ph1 & 2 Talinga Ph1 Talinga Ph3 & 4 Ph5 & 6 100.0

Kenya

Spring Gully 80.0

Fairview PJ / yr

60.0 Denison Trough Denison, Peat and Moura Peat Since 1990s 40.0 Moura

20.0

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011 July July

July

Origin/APLNG has the longest Queensland CSG experience, the largest 2P July CSG reserves, highest CSG production and access to global expertise 11 | Well Production, Deliverability & Turn-down

Dewatering Stable Production Stage Stage Decline Stage • Typical phase 1 well forecast

to have:

– peak gas rate 1-2 TJ/d Production Rate

– approx 50-70% of well‟s

reserves produced within

first 5 years Water

Time

• Field deliverability to be

monitored during ramp phase Gas Volume

• Excess deliverability to be

turned down to balance

supply & demand

12 | Time Maximum well deliverability considerably higher than current

production levels indicate... • The 1,100 operated wells to be drilled for Phase 1 are expected to produce 1,200 TJ/d1, with an additional 200 TJ/d1 from non-operated assets • Current operated well production is over 1 TJ per well per day on average across the Talinga and Spring Gully developments, however the observed maximum average well deliverability2 across these areas is considerably higher • Well production is turned down to meet market but operationally cycled to maintain confidence in deliverability Averages over Maximum average Average well Quarter to 30 well production Sep 2012 deliverability2

15% of Talinga wells have Talinga 1.5 TJ/day 2.4 TJ/d maximum deliverability

over 4 TJ/d Spring Gully* 0.7 TJ/day 1.3 TJ/d * Spring Gully production currently

Page 23 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. limited whilst recovering from water capacity restrictions during recent flooding events. The quarterly average per well production rate was approximately 1 TJ/d prior to capacity restrictions

…whilst Phase 1 planning assumes 1.1 TJ/d per well on average (1) Excludes domestic gas sales and pre LNG-start up gas sales to BG. (2) Maximum average observable rate sustained over a week, looking back over one year, from wells that have been online for more than 6 months. 13 | Upstream Operations are like a factory

Optimise

PJ / yr

Produce Plan Scale & continuous improvement applied to repeatable Land Operate processes reduces Access execution risk and drives costs lower

Connect Drill Complete

14 | Design Evolution – Compressors

Spring Gully Talinga Condabri

• Spring Gully has a 4 stage • Talinga has a combination of • Condabri has centrifugal reciprocating compressors screw & reciprocating compression and will be and gas fired engines: compressors: electrified. - Recip. Machine Vibration - Lower vibration • Automated to allow operation - No flexibility to inlet - Large range of suction from Brisbane control centre conditions pressure flexibility

• Increased reliability and

lower operating costs

Spring Gully Talinga Condabri Spring Gully

• Condabri wellheads have: • Spring Gully’s wellheads have: • Talinga’s wellheads have:

- Full automation - 1 operator per 15 wells - 1 operator per 35 wells

- Controlled remotely so less - Slow install (6 welds) - Skids completed quickly with

field operations support - Hydra pack with oil and service only 1 weld

required requirements - Electric drive

- Electricity to each site - Flexi hose which requires - Micro turbines

- Operate by exception maintenance - Smaller drill pads (less

- Minimal disturbance drilling - Larger drill pad disturbance)

16 | A comprehensive regulatory regime underpins CSG to LNG projects

EIS Environmental, social and economic impact assessment State Federal Coordinator General Report Gas Fields Pipeline LNG Facility Environmental and social impacts LNG Facility

Approval Approval Approval

Conditions

Environmental Environmental Environmental

impacts impacts impacts

Whole of Gas Fields Gas Pipeline LNG Facility

• Compliance with regulatory guidelines, action • Social infrastructure investment plans, standards • Consultation requirements (government, • Environmental authority (and other permit) community, other project proponents) conditions • Codes of conduct • Development constraints and limits • Participation and contribution to cumulative • Approx 600 primary conditions – State studies • Approx 300 primary conditions - Federal • Third part auditing and compliance reporting 17 | Regulatory Framework in Action Key Stakeholders Lenders Shareholders Regulators Public NGOs

APLNG HSE & SD Management Plan (HSEMP) Standards & HSE & SD Plan Guidelines Elements

Strategic Planning Parent Company APLNG Environmental & Social Mgmt Plan (ESMP) Policies & Systems

Risk Assessment Regulatory ESMP Sub Plans Requirements Community Land Training Labour & Pollution Health , Acquisition & Working Prevention & Safety & Involuntary IFC Environmental & Conditions Abatement

Security Resettlement Communication Social Standards Sustainable Biodiversity Resource Indigenous Cultural Reporting & Audit Equator Principles & Conservation Mgmt Peoples Heritage US Ex-Im Policies

Management Review

No major non-compliances arose from Co-ordinator General‟s audit of project conditions, and lender reporting has commenced 18 | Assuring the Community Water Management

Change in land use and social impact

Aquifer drawdown & contamination

19 | The CSG to LNG industry operates in a small proportion of the overall Great Artesian Basin (GAB)

Location of CSG projects

The Surat Basin is a sub basin of the Great Artesian Basin 20 | Source: After Radke et al, 2000 Water produced by the industry (on average over 40 years) will be about half the amount taken by other users (in perpetuity) and is small compared to the annual recharge of the GAB GAB and Surat Basin water figures Estimated annual water levels (ML) Typical annual water production by APLNG 25,000 post 2015 - taken from the coal measures Average annual water production by the CSG- LNG industry post 2015 – taken from 75,000 the coal measures Current groundwater use in Surat Basin

140,000 - taken mainly from shallow aquifers

(Total surface water use in Surat Basin) 740,000

Annual recharge to the Great Artesian 920,000 Basin

CSG water will be taken from the coal measures, while farmers and others take water almost entirely from aquifers. The bulk of CSG water is re-injected or directed to beneficial use so is not „lost‟ 21 | The coal seams are separated from the aquifers by layers of hard rock - and the aquifers are monitored comprehensively In our operating areas: • We take water from the coal measures Water bore –

typically 50-100 • Others take it mainly from the shallow aquifers metres deep • The coal measures are separated from the shallow aquifers by ~100-250m of hard low-permeability rock (equals a 30-80 story building)

Coal • Our comprehensive monitoring system will identify measures impacts on both the adjacent deep aquifers and the shallow aquifers Avg 100- 250 System of • We have now completed our 2 year baselining monitoring project to record measurements from 700 bores on metres of hard bores both in 400 properties, to compare against in future rock the aquifers

near the coals • We are obliged to make good in advance any and in the lowering of water levels in bores near our operations aquifers nearer

the surface • The Qld Water Commission has released its

Aquifers - Underground Water Impact Report that formally

layers of identifies the bores that require a make-good porous rock agreement that water

can move Our most noticeable impact will be on the small through number of farmers who have a bore direct into the Aquitards – hard slowly coal measures and who are close to our operations. We fine rock that are already in discussions to proactively make good stops

The information we are gathering will help make the Surat Basin one of the best understood underground water systems in the world 22 | In some areas where permeability of the coals is low, the process of fraccing may be used to enhance the flow of fluids … • Hydraulic Fracture stimulation or „fraccing‟ is a method to increase flow of gas and extract gas more efficiently from the coal seam • „Fracs‟ are placed using „frac‟ fluid (primarily water) and sand at pressure to create / connect / open fractures in the coal • The resulting fractures are ~5-20 millimetres thick • Layers of rock, typically shales and siltstones, act as barriers to

From SPE 119351 confine the „frac‟ from growing vertically • Importantly, fracs are designed to be contained within the coals as intersecting other layers – particularly aquifers – would introduce unwanted additional water into the coal seams inhibiting gas production

… by creating small thin openings through the coals and rock 23 | Over 97% of the fraccing fluid used is water and sand with a further 2% salt and minor concentrations of other common household additives

24 |

The CSG to LNG industry will produce broadly the same amount of salt produced by other users • All our produced water will be treated with Reverse Osmosis (RO) • Currently more than 90% of the water treated by RO becomes clean and usable - expected to rise to 97.5% as the Indicative salt produced Destination of salt technology develops which means less Over Project life Majority pond acreage will be required APLNG 3.5 Mt Isolation ponds + • The remainder is a highly concentrated investigating other options brine solution (salty water) that must be CSG to LNG 8-12 Mt Isolation ponds +

Page 29 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. dealt with industry investigating other options Non-CSG in the Surat 6-9 Mt Released to the environment • Brine will be contained in fully lined ponds in perpetuity* – it can then be crystallised, completely * Based on public statements of other project proponents enclosed and disposed of in landfill Estimate uses an assumed average salinity across the Surat Basin; does not include salt from unlicensed bores • Work is progressing on developing the business case to take our successful salt recovery pilot trial results to a full-scale plant in collaboration with QGC. A shortlist of sites for a full-scale salt recovery plant has been announced The CSG to LNG industry is isolating the salt and testing alternatives, rather than releasing direct to the environment 25 | We will invest substantially through a mix of infrastructure investment and long running community programs

Operational Social impact Community investment - $50m 2011-2015 management

needs spending

with direct i.e. as required

community by conditions

impact (make good Social impacts) Partnership Sponsorships Volunteering infrastructure and matched funding and donations investment giving

Signature • CARS Local small Volunteering • Miles airstrip • Infrastructure Projects: • Skills scale projects and giving to • Weed wash Agreements • Roma Airport Scholarship and events local projects down facility (roads) • Signature • Working • Upstream: to support Taroom • Gladstone ILS Project Together $250k pa workforce • Weed wash • Others Western Program • Downstream: integration down facility Downs • Affordable $250k pa Miles • Signature Housing

Page 30 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. • Training Project • Count me In • Emergency Gladstone • I CAN response • Other Social • EQIP/ QMEA measures Infrastructure • Indigenous Agreements: Training • WDRC • Gladstone Foundation 26 | The „Working Together‟ Program has been welcomed by landowners participating in the pilot

27 | Thank you Talinga - Gas Processing Plant and Water Treatment Facility Presented by Bill McKenzie, General Manager, QLD CSG Origin Operational Review and Asset Visit 8-9 November 2012

Talinga Gas Well • CSG is produced by extracting groundwater from the coal seams which reduces the pressure and releases the gas from the coal • Both the gas and associated water are extracted via the CSG well, and once on the surface, are separated and pumped to relevant treatments facilities via separate pipelines

2| The Talinga water treatment facility process 3| The Talinga Gas Processing Plant 4| Talinga coal seam gas processing flow chart 5| Thank you APLNG Project – Overview Presented by Adrian Lang Project Director Origin Operational Review and Asset Visit 8-9 November 2012

The APLNG project is being developed by Origin, ConocoPhillips and Sinopec

• ~7.6 mtpa LNG off-take Developer of CSG to LNG agreement for ~20 years • Domestic contracts project based on Australia’s

• ~1 mtpa LNG off-take

agreement for ~20 years

UPSTREAM DOWNSTREAM

Australia Pacific LNG has world leading operators

UPSTREAM – 20% complete DOWNSTREAM – 23% complete • Operated by Origin • Operated by ConocoPhillips • Over 15 years’ CSG production experience in • Over 40 years’ LNG production experience Australia • Using ConocoPhillips’ Optimised Cascade® technology • Complemented by ConocoPhillips’ 25 years of CSG licence, Bechtel has delivered 8 LNG trains globally experience

Drilling Gathering Gas & water facilities

LNG Plant, Tanks and LNG Terminal Water disposal/ Pipelines Electrification treatment

3| Origin is Australia’s largest CSG producer

• Leverages Origin’s 15 years’ CSG production experience • High value and high productivity fields prioritised for ramp-up period • Experience with local community, State and Federal Authorities • EIS approvals for new assets established • Electrification for high reliability and low maintenance • Automation to lower operating costs • Pipeline and Facility completion scheduled to enable field ramp-up

APLNG tenure in the Surat and Bowen basins

4| APLNG execution risks have been appropriately allocated and mitigated

Drilling & LNG plant, Gas & Water Electri- Gathering Pipelines Water tanks & Completions Facilities fication

terminal

Lump sum Eng’ng Eng’ng Eng’ng Unit rates Proc’mt

APLNG

managed

Proc’mt Proc’mt Const’n Power- Savanna Bechtel MCJV link Const’n Nacap Const’n Ensign Laing Contract Leighton O’Rourke or tbc WDS Leighton ECP Execution risk is managed through …

• Industry leaders engaged for all key contracts and services of the project Strong Management • Broad resourcing channels to obtain quality people with specialised skills and Quality Teams • Integration and interfacing team established to drive alignment

• Key contracts for upstream pipeline and downstream LNG plant are fixed Prudent Contracting price, lump sum, to minimise exposure to input cost inflation Terms • Contracts include appropriate liquidated damages for late delivery • Unit rate and EPC used elsewhere, contractors to manage productivity risk

• Local pre-fabrication is supplemented by offshore pre-fabrication and Modularisation modularisation to reduce field

Efficient Management • Upstream resource levelling to optimise utilisation of skilled labour Strategies • Processes in place to incorporate learning curves during execution

Conservative Schedule • Conservative schedule for all major construction activities

… underpinned by appropriate controls and risk mitigation plans to minimise financial and operational risks to the project

6| APLNG Project – Upstream Delivery Presented by Adrian Lang Project Director Origin Operational Review and Asset Visit 8-9 November 2012

Upstream Project Goals

1 • Health and Safety • Zero Harm

2 • Environment and Land • Honour our Commitments

3 • Safe & Operable Production System • Project on schedule and budget • Project within schedule and budget 4 • PMO has developed estimating, planning, measuring and forecasting tolls and scorecards

5 • Team effectiveness • Indicator of future project performance

Upstream Progress – 20% complete

Measure of Progress: • Typically follows an ‘S’ curve • Measures physical progress in all six sub projects • Aggregates ramp phase of First pre-assembled unit delivery to Condabri Upstream CSG to LNG engineering, procurement, construction and commissioning

Condabri Central Circuit Breaker

Lease acquisition

• Landholder compensation relationship Drilling & completion

modified to reflect ‘partner’ status

Gas & water gathering

Gathering progress 30 June 2012 30 September 2012 Status Wells scouted 595 788 On track Well sites ready for 295 422 On track construction

4| Drilling

• Drilling and completions managed as a

manufacturing process

• Small improvements make big impacts

due to large well count

• Cost reductions leveraged through

technology and scale

• Hybrid coiled tubing and automated

drilling rigs

• Minimal disturbance leases

• Rapid deployment

• Reduced support systems

• Casing & wellhead design optimized for Drilling Completions low CO2 & benign formation waters

• Modularized wellhead “plug-and-play” Progress Update (September) • 127 Phase 1 operated wells have been spudded to end of September 2012 • 307 operated wells in the “land bank”

Page 35 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. • A 3rd Savanna hybrid coil drill rig is operational, a 4th conventional rig is mobilising later this year • Options for further rigs are available, a ‘top set’ rig will start in January 5| Drilling rates are a function of number of rigs in operation and the time to drill each well …

Development rigs and Max Wells per Max new wells days/well year2 by mid- 2015 3 rigs at 5.2 days/well 210 630 4 rigs at 5.2 days/well 280 842 4 rigs at 4.6 days/well 320 952 4 rigs at 4.0 days/well 365 1,100 4 rigs at 3.5 days/well 420 1,250 5 rigs at 4.6 days/well 400 1,200 5 rigs at 3.5 days/well 525 1,575

… with APLNG able to mobilise more rigs as required 6| Gathering • Installation of cable, gas and water High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) pipe to wells through trenching operations is underway • Wellhead separators from the Offshore Module Yard are being delivered • Improved construction techniques applied: • Separator optimisation • Pipe size rationalisation • High pressure/fast fusion welding • Coil pipe maximisation • Lean construction methodologies • Ploughing trials • Contractor Panel enables flexibility in resourcing • Well control from Brisbane Centralised Control Room

Progress Update (September) • 788 of 1,100 operated wells have been scouted • East Coast Pipelines delivering gathering systems in Spring Gully and WDS starting in Combabula / Reedy Creek • Condabri gathering installation underway with Leightons mobilising 3 work fronts

7| Gas and Water Facilities

7 gas processing plants will be constructed • Improved design has significantly reduced • 15 compression trains, each 85 TJ/day footprint • Powered from electricity grid • >90% offsite fabricated/pre-assembled

Page 36 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. (based on tonnage) • Includes dehydration facilities Progress Update (September) • 6 (out of 15 total) compressor trains shipped from Germany • First 4 gas plant pre-assembled module trains shipped from Thailand, with one delivered to Condabri • All equipment ordered and under various stages of manufacture and delivery • Construction under way for 3 out of 7 gas processing facilities and both water treatment facility sites

8| Pipelines Development

• Mainline Pipeline Contract - Large diameter 42” High Pressure Gas Network - EPC including design awarded to MCJV - Sequential construction plan • Infield Pipeline Works - Balance of gas network and water pipelines - Construct only schedule of unit rates • Narrows Crossing Marine Park impact controls in place

9| Pipelines Development Progress Update (September)

• Bulk of pipe in country • Pipeline construction commenced in July 2012; welding commenced in September 2012 • Narrows Crossing (QCLNG) on track to compete by mid-2014

The first of more than 530 km of pipe being laid, south of Miles, October 2012 10 | Electrification

132 kV Network Powerlink contract executed, project planning well underway. “Wandoan South to Eurombah Transmission Project”

275 kV Powerlink Network on

schedule and well advanced.

“Columboola to Wandoan South”

“Columboola to Western Downs”

Roma

132 kV to Tarong ` 132kV East Load Management

275 kV Powerlink Scheme

Contract Supplies early power

“Orana Substation”

132 kV Network Powerlink Contract on schedule and well advanced “Columboola South Transmission Network”

11 | Water Solutions

• Treatment of 100% of produced water through Reverse Osmosis (RO) and brine concentration • Enhanced Recovery Technology to minimise brine volume • Clean water to local irrigation • Potential river discharge where environmental values not impaired • Aquifer injection being studied where land quality inadequate for irrigation • EIS groundwater monitoring program and commitment to ‘make good’

Pongamia Trial reinjection facilities under construction at Reedy Creek

12 |

Condabri Development Camps Water Camps Camps Treatment Facility & Gas Plant Feed Pond

Vegetation Switchyard Buffer

Brine Ponds Q100 Flood Limit

13 | Thank you APLNG Project – Downstream Delivery Presented by David Hayter Deputy Project Director, Downstream Project Origin Operational Review and Asset Visit 8-9 November 2012 Curtis Island has been designated as an LNG precinct with the full support of the State and Federal governments 2|

APLNG Downstream Facilities Liquefaction of natural gas is an established technology, with project design based on the Darwin LNG project which has operated since 2006 • Two Trains at 4.5 MTPA: – Optimized Cascade® Process technology – 6 GE LM2500 G4 DLE Drivers – Turbine Inlet Air Chilling – Redesigned NRU – Waste Heat Recovery • Utilities: – Pipelines for Water & Wastewater – Onsite Power Generation – Onsite Air & N2 – Ground Flares • Control Room / Maintenance / Administration Facilities • 2 x 160,000 m3 LNG Storage Tanks NRU – Nitrogen Recovery Unit DLE – Dry Low Emission • 1 LNG Loading Berth & Jetty • Construction Facilities • Camp, Offices and Laydown Area

3| ConocoPhillips Optimized Cascade® Process technology plants

Kenai

Egyptian Cheniere Atlantic (Trinidad) Brass (Nigeria) Equatorial Guinea

Darwin Angola (2011) APLNG

QCLNG

Wheatstone GLNG Operating

4| Advantages of Optimized Cascade® Process technology for CSG • Over four decades of liquefaction design and operating experience with low-BTU gas • Only liquefaction technology proven for low-BTU, high- methane gas • Proven capacity to efficiently remove nitrogen – Raises specific thermal content of LNG and reduces cost of shipping valueless component to market • Isolated, pure-component refrigerant system – Propane / Ethylene / Methane – Easily imported and readily available – No need to constantly reformulate refrigerant blend to maintain efficiency – Simple to startup, shutdown and operate • Two parallel compressors per refrigeration cycle – (2-trains-in-1 configuration) – Unparalleled turn-down capabilities 0 to 100% – Maximum flexibility during ramp-up phase with little or no loss in efficiency – Maintenance of turbines without shutting down plant – Allows very high plant availability • Proprietary configuration of “Core in Kettle” and “Plate Fin” heat exchangers – Avoids two phase flow problems • Proven operational simplicity, flexibility and forgiveness • Modularized plant design

5| Origin assurance processes around the LNG Downstream Project Execution

• Working with shareholders through the APLNG joint venture structure and its various sub-committees to provide direction and Strategise support to the project team

• Continuous engagement between operator and shareholders functioning as one delivery team Engage • Continuous presence through seconded resources into the project team and through other assurance activities in all project activity Execute sites

• Timely status check through assurance reviews and audits to determine progress and alignment of strategy and execution Check

Resourcing • >1,800 people on site • Total site peak approximately 3,500 personnel (two trains) starting mid 2013 • Curtis Island man-hours: – Direct 8.3 million – Indirect 6.2 million – Sub-contract 4.8 million • Module yard – Direct 8.4 million – Indirect 2.5 million • Industrial relations requires constant attention

Project Highlights

• Engineering progress is ahead of plan • Procurement is on plan • Construction access dredging is complete • Site embarkation points are operational • Site accommodation village is operational and expanding monthly • First module construction has started ahead of plan • Train 1 ISBL (inside battery limits) construction is on plan with compressor foundations due for completion by year end • Both LNG tanks are progressing ahead of schedule

Milestones – Downstream Project 23% at September 2012

Downstream Milestones Date (CY)

April 2012 ons June 2012 -on roll-off facility fully operational June 2012

Q3 2012

late 2012 Material Offloading Facility complete / operational early 2013 – on track First LNG module delivery early 2013 – on track First compression shipped to site early 2013 – on track LNG cold box delivery mid

Port of Gladstone Overview

APLNG CURTIS ISLAND

Gladstone

Brisbane FLNE

CELL 3

MARINA & RG TANNA

GOONDOON STREET

BENSTED ROAD

10 |

Bensted Road

Location of: • Bechtel Central Office • APLNG Client Office

11 |

Fishermans Landing

APLNG Cell 3 area

APLNG Aggregate Conveyor APLNG FLNE

12 | Fishermans Landing Northern Expansion (FLNE) 13 |

Fishermans Landing Northern Expansion (FLNE) – Ferry & Roll-On/Roll-Off

Ferry Ro/Ro

14 |

Curtis Island

Curtis Island Site, October 2012

Curtis Island Site, at completion 15 | Curtis Island – In Construction – October 2012

Utilities Train 2 Train 1 Flares

Tank 2 Tank 1 Construction Facilities

LNG Control &

Jetty Maintenance

MOF

RO/RO Ferry & Rock Ramp Causeway

16 |

LNG Tanks

LNG Tanks, September 2012 17 | LNG Tanks – September 2012

Stick welding of vertical joints Outer shell erection

18 | Material Offloading Facility – September 2012 Installation of Dolphin Heads 19 | Compressor Foundations – August 2012 Train 1 – Refrigeration compressor mats 20 | Compressor Foundations – September 2012 Train 1 – Refrigeration compressor concrete pours 21 | Compressor Foundations – September 2012 Train 1 – Refrigeration compressor column concrete pour 22 | Compressor Foundations – October 2012 Train 1 – Refrigeration compressor columns 23 |

Modularisation Yard in Indonesia • Steel deliveries to the facility commence in July 2012 • Module assembly commenced as expected in September 2012

Modules steel erection Piping material laydown

24 | Thank you 25 |

CO boral : Origin Energy Ltd

IN i1 : Energy | i13 : Crude Oil/Natural Gas

NS ccat : Corporate/Industrial News

RE austr : Australia | brisbn : Brisbane | apacz : Asia Pacific | ausnz : Australia/Oceania | queensl : Queensland IPC 11002

PUB The Austrailian Securities Exchange Limited

AN Document ASXTEX0020121108e8b800045

PD 7 November 2012

SN Biotech Week

SC BIWK

PG 581

LA English

LP 2012 NOV 7 (NewsRx) -- By a News Reporter-Staff News Editor at Biotech Week -- Current study results on Energy Research have been published. According to news originating from Tamil Nadu, India, by NewsRx correspondents, research stated, "In this experimental study, the influences of re-entrant combustion chamber geometry on a diesel engine emission, performance and on the combustion were investigated using Pongamia Oil Methyl Ester (POME). For this purpose, the pistons with Toroidal Re-entrant Combustion Chamber (TRCC) and Shallow Depth Re-entrant Combustion Chamber having the same volume as that of the baseline Hemispherical open Combustion Chamber were tested in a four stroke, single cylinder, DI diesel engine."

TD Our news journalists obtained a quote from the research from Anna University, "Two fuels namely, 20 percent POME blend (20% POME) with petroleum based diesel fuel (PBDF) and PBDF were used for this study. The test results for re-entrant type combustion chambers fuelled with 20% POME and PBDF were compared with baseline engine having hemispherical open type combustion chamber operated with PBDF and 20% POME blend. The test results showed that substantially higher brake thermal efficiency and lower specific fuel consumption for TRCC compared to baseline engine fuelled with 20% POME. Sharp reduction of particulates, CO and UBHC were observed for TRCC compared to the other two. However oxides of nitrogen (NOx) were higher for TRCC."

According to the news editors, the research concluded: "The combustion analysis shows that, the ignition delay is lower for TRCC compared to baseline engine and the peak pressure is also higher at full load."

For more information on this research see: Influences of re-entrant combustion chamber

Page 45 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. geometry on the performance of Pongamia biodiesel in a DI diesel engine. Energy, 2012;44(1):633-640. Energy can be contacted at: Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, England. (Elsevier - www.elsevier.com; Energy - www.elsevier.com/wps/product/cws_home/483)

The news correspondents report that additional information may be obtained from S. Jaichandar, Anna University, Dept. of Automobile Engn, Madras Inst Technol, Madras 600123, Tamil Nadu, India.

Keywords for this news article include: Asia, Biotechnology, India, Biodiesel, Tamil Nadu, Oil and Gas, Bioengineering, Energy Research

CO anunch : Anna University Chennai

AN Document BIWK000020121102e8b7000bn

PD 1 November 2012

SN MarketResearch.com

SC MRKRE

LA English

LP Published By: Ken Research

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

TD The report titled “Central and South America Market Outlook to 2016 – Driven by Argentina Biofuel Market” provides a comprehensive analysis of market size of global and Central and South America biofuel industry, market segmentation of Central and South America biofuel industry by fuel ethanol and bio diesel. The report also entails value chain of fuel ethanol and bio diesel production. The report also provides profile of major players operating in the biofuel industry.

Central and South America

The Central and South America biofuel production Industry is the second largest biofuel market across the globe. The biofuel production has witnessed decline of 9.7% from ~ thousand barrels per day in 2010 to ~ thousand barrels per day in 2011. This is due to drought in Argentina and dry weather conditions in parts of Brazil which has reduced the crop production in the South American region.

The biofuel industry in Central and South America is dominated by fuel ethanol in terms of production and consumption from 2005-2011 with Brazil being the second largest ethanol producer in the world. The fuel ethanol production and consumption has witnessed an increase from 2005-2011 on account of government regulations which has mandated the fuel ethanol blending in the gasoline. However most of the fuel ethanol in the region is produced from sugarcane while in 2010, approximately 55% of the sugarcane produced in Brazil is used for ethanol production.

Brazil was the first country across the globe to introduce the renewable fuel for the transportation sector. The country was the major producer of biofuel from past two decades but in the last five years the country was surpassed by the US. The biofuel industry in Brazil has showcased a strong growth in the past five years from USD 9,689.7 million in 2006 to USD ~ million in 2011. The growth has been influenced by the rise in the consumption of biofuel in the transportation sector through blending rate target. In the first half of 2010, the government has increased the ethanol blending rate target to 25% which has reduced to 20% in later half of 2011 due to the lower availability of sugarcane in the country.

Argentina

Argentina is the first world exporter of biodiesel and the largest proportion of the bio diesel is exported to Europe. In 2010, ~% of the overseas exports was to Spain, ~% to the Netherland and ~% to Italy. The domestic produced bio diesel is cheaper in comparison to bio diesel produced in Europe on account of lower labor cost and less export tariffs on bio diesel. The majority of bio diesel plants in Spain have been forced to stop or reduce production since they cannot compete with the bio diesel produced in Argentina. In 2011, the country has exported ~ tonnes of bio diesel to Spain which cost around USD ~ billion.

Argentina is the second largest bio diesel producer in the world with the production of ~ thousand barrels per day in 2011. The vast majority of bio diesel in the country is produced from soybean oil while some other manufactures uses different feedstock such as jatropha, pongamia and camelina. The bio diesel industry in the country has expanded largely due to favorable conditions for growing soybeans and new government B7 blending mandate target which requires fuel to be 7% bio diesel and 93% petroleum diesel. The introduction of new blending rate has led the bio diesel producers to increase their investment in facility in order to meet the demand.

Key Topics Covered in the Report:

The market size of global biofuel industry and the contribution of Regions.

The market size of Central and South America biofuel Industry.

The market size of the biofuel market on the basis of revenue, production and consumption in the countries such as Brazil and Argentina.

Value Chain of fuel ethanol and bio diesel production

Market segmentation of biofuel markets on the basis of fuel ethanol and bio diesel.

Trends and Development of Central and South America biofuel market.

Company profile of the major producers of biofuel in Central and South America

Future outlook and projections of global and Central and South America biofuel market

Microeconomics and industry factors including Central and South America sugarcane production, Central and South America vehicle production, carbon dioxide gas emission and Central and South America population, 2005-2016

To Purchase Report:

http://www.marketresearch.com/feed/factiva/display.asp?productid=7275574

RF Vendor: Ken Research

PUB MarketResearch.com, Inc. (web linking)

AN Document MRKRE00020121217e8b1003ya

HD Evaluation of Botanical and Synthetic Insecticides for the Management of Cotton Pest Insects

BY Muhammad Mamoon-ur-Rashid, Masood Khan Khattak and Khalid Abdullah

WC 4,877 words

PD 31 October 2012

SN Pakistan Journal of Zoology

SC ASZOOG

VOL 44

LA English

LP Abstract.- Field trials were carried out to compare the effect of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) oil at 1%, 1.5% and 2% and neem seed water extract at 1%, 2% and 3% concentration with that of synthetic insecticide (Polytrin C® 440 EC) against Bemisia tabaci, Amrasca devastans, Thrips tabaci, Earias insulana, Pectinophora gossypiella and Helicoverpa armigera. The treatments were administered four times during the cotton growing season and observation were recorded before one day and after 24, 72, 144, 216 and 288 days of treatment application. Neem oil at 2% and neem seed water extract at 3% significantly reduced the whitefly, jassids and thrips infestation up to 12 days after spray as compared to that in the control. Similar trend in population reduction of sucking insect pests of cotton was observed in other three treatment applications. Synthetic insecticide proved to be more toxic against the test insects than neem based treatments at any interval.

TD Neem derivatives at all concentrations badly affected the attack of Spotted bollworm where as only at higher concentrations adversely affected the attack of pink bollworms up to 12 days after spray. Plots treated with 1.5% and 2% neem oil and 3% neem seed water extract resulted in to significantly higher yield as compared to that in the control. Polytrin C® 440 EC in all cases was highly toxic to the test insects as compared to any other treatment.

Key Words: Neem, whitefly, jassids, thrips, bollworms, insecticides.

INTRODUCTION

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is known as silver fiber due to its worldwide economic importance and this crop is attacked by 145 insect pest species. These pest insects caused 30% reduction in cotton yield in Pakistan (Bo, 1992; Wilson et al., 1980; Ahmed, 1980). Bemisia tabaci, Amrasca devastans, Thrips tabaci, Earias insulana, Pectinophora gossypiella and Helicoverpa armigera are the major insect pests of cotton crop. These pests directly reduce the quantity by feeding on cotton crop and indirectly reduce the quality of the product by transmitting different diseases. These pests are mainly controlled by the use of synthetic insecticides such as cyfluthrin, acephate, imidacloprod and lambada. These insecticides significantly reduce the feeding of Helicoverpa zea, Heliothis virescens and Lygus lineolaris on cotton and increase the fruit setting in cotton crop (Ruscoe et al., 1996).

Almost 80% of the total agrochemicals are used every year against the insect pests of the cotton crop which cause different problems such as insecticide resistance, pest resurgence, secondary pest outbreak, killing of non- target fauna and accidental health hazards (Bakhetia et al., 1996).

The use of plant species to control pest insects has been in practice for centuries to a limited extent, the interest has been renewed in the pest management potential of natural products. Plants are natural chemical factories, providing the richest source of organic chemicals on earth. Approximately 42 families of plants carry some medicinal and insecticidal qualities (Feinstein,1952). Plant products have several uses in insect control (Hashmi, 2001). Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) has been served as pest remedial for years in subcontinent and is still a popular practice in remote areas for stored grains in various parts of the world (Lale and Mustapha, 2000; Ahmed et al.,2001).

Azadirachtin is a major compound of neem (Mordue and Blackwell, 1993) with insecticidal properties and has got the greatest attention in recent years (Parakash and Srivastava, 2008) however, several other compounds like, deacetyl- azadirachtinol, meliantriol, vepol, salannin, sulfur compounds, etc. do have varying degree of insect deterrent, repellant, anti-feedant, anti-ovipositional Each neem derivative and pesticide used in this experiment was sprayed with knapsack hand operated sprayer. Polyethylene sheet was placed between plots during spray to avoid chemical drift. Pre-treatment data was recorded 24 h before spray and then 24, 72, 144, 216 and 288h after spray to determine the antifeedant, deterrent and residual effect of these chemicals on the cotton insect pests complex.

The mean populations of sucking insect pests from sprayed plots were considered to be an indirect reflection of efficacy of different chemicals, thus a lower mean value of population of insect pests after spray reflected on a higher efficacy of the chemicals applied and vice versa. Percent population change was calculated by using modified Abbot’s formula (Fleming and

Page 51 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. Retnakaran, 1985).or bollworms percent damage, i.e., combined infestation of Earias spp. and H. armigera was recorded and the data on the damage from six randomly selected plants in each treatment was bodies (squares + bolls). The data were recorded 144h and 288h after spray. The damage caused by American bollworm was negligible, therefore, not included in the data. The damage caused by pink boll worm was recorded by examining 15 randomly collected green bolls from each plot. These bolls were dissected, and damage caused by pink bollworm was recorded.

The damage was recorded on August 20, September 20, and October 20, 2007. The recorded data in each treatment was then converted into respective percent damage with following formula.

RESULTS

Effect of insecticides on the infestation

Whiteflies

Neem oil at 1% and neem seed water extract at 1% and 2% were the least effective and gave lowest percent reduction of whiteflies after 24h of spray. Neem oil at 2% and neem seed water extract at 3% gave 37.27% and 26.52% whiteflies reduction except Polytrin-C which gave 87.23% whiteflies reduction (Table I). The maximum reduction in whiteflies population was observed after 144h of spray, which may be due to the anti-feedant and deterrent effects of neem derivatives at higher concentrations, besides their toxic effect to the test insect. Neem oil at 2% and neem seed water extract at 3% resulted in to 57.46% and 48.29% whiteflies population reduction, respectively. Neem derivatives remained effective against the test insects up to 288 h after spray, though there was a promising decline in their efficacy.

Polytrin-C against whiteflies on cotton in 2nd, 3rd, and 4th sprays were identical to the results in 1st spray. Polytrin-C showed highly significant reduction in the test insect pest infestation compared to that in the control even 288h after spray. Neem oil at 1.5%, 2% and neem seed water extract at 3%, although, reduced insect infestation statistically more than that in the control even 288h after spray, these would have lost their efficacy soon against the test insect (Table I).

Jassids

Polytrin-C ranked 1st in its efficacy by giving 87.73% population reduction of jassids on cotton when observed 24h after spray followed by neem oil at 2% and neem seed water extract at 3% with 37.17% and 31.33% jassid reduction, respectively .

Neem oil at 2% and neem seed water extract at 3% resulted in to 59.85% and 52.52% population reduction of jassids infestation 144h after spray (Table II). The 87.73% reduction of the test insect population 24h after spray and 32.63% reduction in jassid infestation 288h after Polytrin-C spray were significantly more than any other treatment after the mentioned time period. There was noticeable decrease in the efficacy of neem oil at 2% and neem

Table I: Effect of neem derivatives and insecticide on the percent mortality of whitefly at different intervals. Treatment Neem oil Neem seed water extract (Hours) 1% 1.5% 2% 1% 2% 3% Insecticide Check 1st application 24 h 4.50 e 7.52 d 37.27 b 4.12 e 7.34 d 26.52 c 87.23 a 4.36 e 72 h 4.12 f 11.89 d 40.93 b 4.11 f 8.04 e 30.19 c 85.60 a 3.28 f 144 h 3.35 e 27.84 d 57.46 b 2.77 e 3.94 e 48.29 c 69.34 a 2.83 e 216 h 1.76 f 6.32 d 28.87 b 1.59 f 4.09 e 20.71 c 52.74 a 1.35 f 288 h 0.16 e 2.18 d 4.32 b 0.22 e 2.73 cd 3.88 be 34.70 a 0.19 e 2nd application 24 h 0.75 e 6.03 d 32.26b 0.44 e 6.66 d 23.51 c 85.13 a 2.20 e 72 h 1.53 f 9.17 d 32.92 b 1.22 f 6.30 e 25.89 c 83.75 a 1.21 f 144 h 0.80 f 26.45 d 54.20 b 0.92 f 2.67 e 45.50 c 66.84 a 0.52 f 216h 0.69c 3.69c 24.60b 0.40c 3.37c 18.llb 61.43a 0.17c 288 h -0.80 d 2.83 c 4.25 b -0.53 d 2.94 c 4.16 b 32.41 a -0.70 d 3rd application 24 h 0.93 e 5.47 d 36.65 b 0.85 e 5.48 d 26.97 c 87.11 a 0.78 e 72 h 0.55 f 8.20 d 39.12 b 0.26 f 5.48 e 29.68 c 85.97 a 0.31 f 144 h 0.46 f 24.17 d 56.40 b 0.54 f 8.55 e 44.73 c 73.15 a 0.47 f 216 h -0.53 f 5.48 d 23.59 b - 0.64 f 2.15 e 17.57 c 52.32 a -0.48 f 288 h -0.91 e 1.94 c 2.75 b -1.25 e 0.69 d 1.61 c 30.45 a -1.11 e 4th application 24 h 2.96 f 1.64 e 38.75 b 2.69 f 5.27 d 25.62 c 85.37 a 3.17 f 72 h 1.67 f 7.603 d 37.36b 1.69 f 4.94 e 27.80 c 84.71 a 1.40 f 144 h 0.27 f 23.50 d 60.98 b 0.84 f 8.30 e 44.24 c 72.44 a 0.47 f 216 h 0.65 f 7.643 d 29.58 b 0.65 f 3.26 e 18.07 c 53.44 a 0.63 f 288 h -0.57 f 2.677 c 4.92 b -0.78 f 1.73 d 2.55 c 32.41 a -0.64 f

seed water extract at 3%, however, 30.78% and 20.98% population reduction, respectively was statistically better than that in the control. Neem oil at 1% and neem seed water extract at 1% did not show any significant decrease in the infestation of jassid on cotton.

Neem derivatives and Polytrin-C showed identical results in 2nd, 3rd, and 4th sprays. Polytrin- C showed highly significant reduction in the test insect pest infestation compared to that in the control even 288h after spray. Neem derivatives at higher concentrations, although, reduced statistically more insect infestation than that in the control even 288h after spray, these would have lost their efficacy soon against the test insect (Table II).

Thrips

Polytrin-C with 79.99% reduction in pest infestation 24h after spray ranked 1st followed by 32.69% and 25.04% reduction in pest infestation by 2% neem oil and 3% neem seed water extract,respectively (Table III). However, their efficacy decreased up to great extent 288h after

All the tested neem derivatives and the insecticide behaved in a similar fashion in the 2nd and 3rd spray as they did in the 1st spray. The insecticide (polytrin-C) was the most toxic treatment against the test insect and showed its highest toxicity up to 288h after spray, while neem derivatives at higher concentrations significantly reduced insect pest infestation, but very rapidly decreased in their effects against the test insect (Table III).

Spotted bollworm

All the tested concentrations of neem derivatives and Polytrin-C when observed 144h after spray significantly reduced the percent damage of the fruiting bodies of cotton by spotted boll worm; as 19.71% 17.57% and 9.5% infestation of fruiting bodies of cotton crop with neem oil at 1%, 1.5% and 2%, respectively and 21.12%, 19.48% and 14.64% with neem seed water extract at 1%, 2% and 3%, respectively were significantly less than the 29.84% damage in the control. Regarding its efficacy against the test insect, neem derivatives remained effective up to 288h after spray (Fig. 1).

Table II.- Effect of neem derivatives and insecticide on the percent mortality of j assids at different intervals. Treatment Neem oil Neem seed water extract (Hours) 1% 1.5% 2% 1% 2% 3% Insecticide Check 1st application 24 h -1.51 e 2.77 d 37.17b -2.31 e 1.63 d 31.33 e 87.73 a 0.75 e 72 h -0.22 e 5.62 d 38.47b -1.56 e 4.07 d 31.29 c 85.35 a 0.72 e 144 h -1.64 d 13.14 c 59.85 b -1.31 d 6.01 cd 52.52 b 70.59 a -1.45 d 216 h -2.65 f 4.11 d 30.70b -2.49 f 0.15 e 20.98 c 52.43 a -2.87 f 288 h -3.31 d -0.83 c 0.93 b -3.82 d -0.79 c 1.22 b 32.63 a -2.79 d 2nd application 24 h -0.22 e 3.033 d 37.49 b -1.90 e 2.58 d 29.14 c 89.12 a 0.80 e 72 h -1.073 f 7.867 d 38.68 b -1.33 f 2.52 e 31.32 c 84.47 a 1.20 f 144 h -0.88 f 24.11 d 56.43 b -2.02 f 7.91 e 47.80 c 69.64 a -1.22 f 216 h -1.28 f 5.663 d 29.25 b -2.83 f 2.01 e 19.54 c 37.03 a -2.82 f 288 h -3.27 d -1.08 c 1.03 b -4.05 d -1.12 c 0.78 b 27.79 a -3.13 d 3rd application 24 h -0.46 f 3.58 d 34.87 b -0.69 f 2.32 e 27.16 c 89.39 a 0.84 f 72 h -1.35 f 7.85 d 38.25 b -0.42 f 2.41 e 28.72 c 84.17 a 0.42 f 144 h -1.89 f 24.91 d 57.05 b -2.50 f 8.08 e 48.47 c 69.99 a -1.70 f 216 h -2.61 f 5.25 d 28.85 b -2.23 f 2.44 e 18.02 c 49.60 a -1.20 f 288 h -3.59 c -0.32 b 0.74 b - 3.94 c -0.29 b 0.62 b 30.43 a -2.06 c 4th application 24 h -0.63 e 2.92 d 35.24 b -0.64 e 3.30 d 28.42 c 89.54 a 1.38 e 72 h -1.35 f 8.14 d 37.65 b -1.39 e 4.01 e 27.51 c 84.08 a 0.46 f 144 h -0.76 f 27.33 d 59.57 b -1.45 e 7.92 e 49.62 c 69.25 a 0.46 f 216 h -1.18 d 20.36 be 28.52 b - 1.46 d 3.30 cd 19.37 be 48.35 a -0.94 d 288 h -1.56 c 1.41 b 1.65 b -2.49 c 0.75 b 2.19 b 30.24 a -1.40 c

Table III.- Effect of neem derivatives and insecticide on the percent mortality of thrips at different intervals. Treatment Neem oil Neem seed water extract (Hours) 1% 1.5% 2% 1% 2%

Page 54 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. 3% Insecticide Check 1st application 24h 0.32f 3.167d 32.69b 0.51 f 2.67e 25.04c 79.99 a 0.48f 72 h 0.45 f 11.64d 38.86b 0.22 f 4.81 e 28.11 c 77.56 a 1.09 f 144 h 0.32 f 27.35 d 57.07 b 0.30 f 5.89 e 46.27 c 67.99 a 0.49 f 216 h 0.18 f 4.55 d 26.49b 0.06 f 2.79 e 18.88 c 55.12 a 0.12 f 288 h -0.40 e 1.83 d 4.95 b -0.46 e 1.77 d 2.92 c 34.12 a -0.37 e 2~ application 24 h 0.22 f 2.24 e 31.77b 0.31 f 2.52 d 21.76 c 81.01 a 0.37 f 72 h 0.49 f 6.79 d 36.97 b 0.07 f 4.34 e 24.08 c 78.26 a 0.28 f 144 h 0.41 f 19.23 d 52.61 b 0.85f 5.19 e 39.07 c 65.53 a 0.94 f 216 h -1.77 f 1.22 d 25.11 b -1.42 f 1.33 d 13.58 c 62.64 a -1.52 f 288h -1.84f 0.20d 5.23b - 1.87f -0.07e 1.41 c 28.12 a -1.78f 3rd application 24 h 0.18 e 3.02 d 34.16 b -0.12 e 2.69 d 23.13 c 83.09 a 0.25 e 72 h 0.28 f 12.13 d 34.97b 0.22 f 6.910 e 24.62 c 78.35 a 0.42 f 144h 0.31 f 22.28 d 54.66b 0.19 f 11.11 e 40.67 c 67.60 a 0.17 f 216 h 0.10 f 2.27 e 22.37 b -0.09 f 2.84 d 14.17 c 53.05 a -0.08 f 288 h 1.42 f 3.52 d 6.98 b 1.37 f 3.56 d 3.98 c 37.36 a 1.28 f

worm; as 19.71% 17.57% and 9.5% infestation of fruiting bodies of cotton crop with neem oil at 1%, 1.5% and 2%, respectively and 21.12%, 19.48% and 14.64% with neem seed water extract at 1%, 2% and 3%, respectively were significantly less than the 29.84% damage in the control. Regarding its efficacy against the test insect, neem derivatives remained effective up to 288h after spray (Fig. 1).

Polytrin-C ranked 1st in its efficacy against spotted bollworm; as 5.58% damage of fruiting bodies were, significantly lower than any other treatment in the experiment. Results showed that the reduction in the damage of fruiting bodies of cotton by bollworm in the plots treated with neem derivatives were dose dependent. Neem derivatives at higher concentrations were more effective against spotted bollworm as compared to the low concentrations.

Reduction in the damage of cotton fruiting bodies by spotted bollworm remained identical in all three sprays (Fig. 1). From the result, it could be recommended that almost 3-4 sprays of neem derivatives or synthetic insecticide are best for checking the spotted bollworms.

Pink bollworm

Neem oil at 1.5% and 2% and neem seed water extract at 2% and 3% resulted into 13.33%, 8.88%, 15.55%, and 11.11% damage, respectively of the cotton fruiting bodies, which were significantly lower than the 22.22% damage of the fruiting bodies in the control (Fig. 2). The 17.78% and 20.00% damage of fruiting bodies in the plots treated with 1% neem oil and 1% neem seed water extract, respectively were statistically similar to the 22.22% fruiting bodies damage in the control. Reduction in percent damage of the fruiting bodies by neem derivatives were dose dependent. The higher the neem oil and neem seed water extract concentration, the lower the damage of the fruiting bodies. Polytrin-C was very much toxic to the test insect; however, it was statistically similar to 2%st neem oil and 3% neem seed water extract in 1 and 2nd spray, but was slightly better in the 3rd spray which may be because of

Effect of insecticide on per hectare yield Results indicated that neem oil at 1.5% and 2% and neem seed water extract at 3% had positive impact on per hectare yield of seed cotton; as 676.2 kg, 1095 kg and 1010 kg yield/hectare, respectively was significantly more than 333.3 kg/hectare in the control (Fig. 3). The 361.9 kg/hectare, 390 kg/hectare and 419 kg/hectare yield in the plots treated with 1% neem oil, 1% and 2% neem seed water extract were statistically similar to 333.3 kg yield/hectare in the control. Plot treated with Polytrin-C yielded 1600 kg/hectare which was significantly more than the yield of any other treatment in the experiment.

DISCUSSION

Neem oil at 1.5% and 2% and neem seed water extract at 2% and 3% significantly reduced the mean percent infestation of whiteflies, thrips and jassids up to 288h after spray but synthetic insecticide was more toxic to the test insect pests Nimbalkar et al. (1993) found that endosulfan was more effective against bollworms as compared to indiara, Pongamia glabra and neem extracts. endosulfan, chlorpyrifos and fenpropathrin were highly toxic to Earias spp. and P. gossypiella on cotton in Pakistan (Mahar et al., 1993). Kumawat and Jheeba (1999) recommended azadirachtin, endosulfan and monocrotophos for the control of gram pod borer. Sexana at el. (1981) found that neem oil was good antifeedant for the control of rice brown hopper. Hoppers generally avoided the rice plants treated with 3, 6, and 12% crude emulsifiable neem oil.

Gupta and Sharma (1997) noted that in spray schedule where neem was used alternately with Bacillus thuringiensis and synthetic pyrethroid successfully managed the bollworms and Bemicia tabaci. Neem seed water extract and neem oil at different concentrations significantly reduced the nymphal and adult population of B. tabaci. Khattak et al. (2001) demonstrated that the detrimental effect of the 1000 ppm neem oil treatment was lost by 30 days after treatment, but the 10,000 ppm retained its effect up to 60 days against Sitophillus zeamais Matsch. Devi and Mohandas (1982) found that against Rhizopertha dominica, neem seed extract at 0.5 % and 1% gave good protection to stored rice for up to six months.

Neem derivatives kill small bodied insects and immature stages of several insect species. Neem oil extract at 0.04% caused 100% kill of the 1st and last larval instar of mosquitoes in 24 h (Attri and Prasad, 1980). Hellpap (1984) found that 5ppm and 10ppm of methanol extract of neem seed kernel when mixed with rearing diet caused complete mortality of 4-10 days old fall armyworm larvae. Feeding on diet containing 250ppm and 500ppm of the extract caused death of armyworm larvae in 24 h. A 25% mortality of Plutella xylostella were found when these insects were fed on leaves treated with neem leaf extract or neem oil.

Cotton treated with 1.5% and 2% neem oil and 3% neem seed water extract significantly produced more yield. Deling et al. (2000) observed that the effect of azadirachtin on bollworm was shown in a high yield of seed cotton obtained from Azadirachtin treated cotton. The application of neem seed extracts with other cultural means (late or early sowing), deep ploughing etc. controlled foliage and tuber pests of potatoes in Sudan and increased yield by 0.5 tons/hec. (Siddiq, 1987).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This project was financially supported by the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan.

REFERENCES

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SIDDIQ, S., 1987. A proposed pest management program including neem treatment for combating potato pests in the Sudan, In: Natural pesticides from the neem tree (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) and other tropical plants (eds. H. Schumterer and K.R.S. Ascher), Proceeding, Third International Neem Conference, German Agency for Technological Cooperation, Berlin, Germany. pp.449-459.

WILSON, M.C., TRUPIN, F.T. and PROVOSHA, A.V.,1980. Practical insect pest management: Insects of livestock and agronomic crops, 2nd Ed., Waveland Press Inc., Prospect heights, llinois, USA, vol. 2, pp. 163-176.

IN i2568 : Pesticides | i0 : Agriculture/Forestry | i25 : Chemicals | iagro : Agrochemicals

AN Document ASZOOG0020121122e8av00014

HD A Preliminary Checklist of the Spider Fauna of Sargodha (Punjab), Pakistan

BY Muhammad Khalid Mukhtar, Shafaat Yar Khan, Sidra Jabeen, Hafiz Muhammad Tahir, Abdul Qadir, Khawaja Raees Ahmad, Abida Butt and Muhammad Arshad WC 4,918 words

PD 31 October 2012

SN Pakistan Journal of Zoology

SC ASZOOG

VOL 44

LA English

LP Abstract

The survey for spider fauna was carried out from September 2008 through April 2009 from eight collecting sites of district Sargodha (Punjab), Pakistan. A total of 810 specimens were collected. A total of 56 species belonging to 16 families and 34 genera were recorded in the present study. All the species were already recorded from Pakistan but 54 species were first time recorded from District Sargodha. A preliminary checklist of spiders along with their material examined and collecting sites is presented in the paper.

TD Keywords: Spider fauna, Sargodha (Punjab).

INTRODUCTION

Spiders belong to one of the largest and most diverse groups of animals. There are 110 families, 3859 genera and 42751 species of spiders described in the world (Platnick, 2012). Pakistan has diverse habitats and is rich in spider fauna but no consolidated account on spiders of Pakistan still exists. The pioneer works on the systematics of spider fauna of Pakistan were done by Pocock (1900) and Dyal (1935). Some information about taxonomy of spider fauna of Pakistan was provided by Qureshi (1982), Arshad et al. (1984), Khatoon (1986), Mushtaq et al. (1995a,b), Khan et al. (1995), Mushtaq and Qadar (1999), Mushtaq et al. (2000), Butt and Beg (1996, 2000, 2001), Mukhtar (2004), Mukhtar and Mushtaq

Page 61 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. (2005a,b), Ovtchinnikov and Inayatullah (2005), Butt et al. (2006), Butt and Siraj (2006), Ovtchinnikov (2006), Parveen et al. (2007), Ghafor and Alvi (2007), Ovtchinnikov et al. (2008), Parveen et al. (2008), Ursani and Soomro (2010) Marusik and Ballarin (2011), Perveen and Jamal (2012) and Perveen et al. (2012).

Sargodha is an important agricultural area of Pakistan that is famous for its Citrus orchards in the world but no organized work has been done to know about the diversity of spider fauna of this area and to use them against insect pests. Previously, only Mukhtar (2004) recorded some species of spiders from Sargodha. Thus, the present study is an initial attempt to survey the spider fauna of Sargodha. This paper presents a preliminary checklist of the spider fauna of Sargodha (Punjab), Pakistan.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Study area

District Sargodha is located in the northwest of Pakistan and in the central Punjab; 31°-34’ to 32°-36’ North (Latitude) and 72°-70’ to 73°-18’ East (Longitude). The district consists mainly of plain area with few small hills. It is situated 150 to 200 meters above the sea level. It has an area of 5,864 km2. The climate of the study area is semi arid with an annual average rainfall of 180-200 mm. The summer season is long, whereas winter season is very short. The maximum temperature reaches 50°C (122°F) in the summer while the minimum temperature recorded is as low as freezing point in the winter. Sargodha is an agricultural district being largest citrus growing area in the world. Wheat, rice and sugarcane are its main crops.

Collection and preservation

The survey for spider fauna was carried out from September 2008 through April 2009. Eight collecting sites from five "tehsils" (viz., Sargodha, Sahiwal, Silanwali, Shahpur and Kotmomin) of the district Sargodha were randomly selected for the present study. Spiders were collected from crops, orchards, ornamental and wild plants from some of the habitats. Most of the collection was done by shaking the plants on a white cloth sheet (2m x 2m), from which the specimens were put in a bottle including 70% ethyl alcohol. Some spiders were also collected from plants and from ground by hand. All the collection was done by Ms Sidra Jabeen, so to avoid the repetition it is not mentioned as collector name each time. The detail of the material examined is also given for each species. Each specimen was preserved separately in alcohol with little amount of glycerin.

Identification

Page 62 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. Identification was done on the basis of morphometric characters and genitalia, using the keys and catalogues of Tikader (1980, 1982), Tikader and Malhotra (1980), Tikader and Biswas (1981), Majumder and Tikader (1991), Barrion and Litsinger (1995), Yin et al. (1997), Song and Zhu (1997), Proszynski (2006), Zhu et al. (2003), Nentwig et al. (2010), Sebastian and Peter (2009), and other relevant literature. All the specimens were labeled with family, scientific name, host plant, date of collecting, locality and collector’s name. The specimens were housed in the Museum, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Sargodha.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The present effort resulted in the collection of a total of 810 specimens; some immature and juvenile specimens could not be identified up to species level. A total of 56 species belonging to 16 families and 34 genera were recognized. All species have already been recorded from Pakistan but 54 of them are recorded for the first time from District Sargodha. As the collection was done mostly by shaking method, family Araneidae was the largest with 10 genera and 14 species followed by Lycosidae (three genera and eight species). Family Tetragnathidae was represented by five species. The families Salticidae, Sparssidae, and Thomisidae were all represented by four species each; three species each in families Gnaphosidae and Clubionidae whereas two species were recorded each in families Oxyopidae, Scytodidae and Philodromidae. The families Miturgidae, Pholcidae, Oecobiidae, Corinnidae and Uloboridae were the smallest in the collection with a single species each.

Before this study, only Mukhtar (2004) sampled small area of district Sargodha and reported eight species under seven genera and six families. Of these, only two species are reported in this study again viz., Neoscona bengalensis and Neoscona mukerjei. The remaining six species were not found in this study which could be because this collection was done from different localities or different habitats. Of the 56 species recorded in the present study, 54 are reported for the first time from Sargodha. All the species have already been reported from Punjab, Pakistan by various workers already mentioned in the introduction. Some of the species have also been recorded from other provinces/areas (viz., Sindh, Islamabad, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, FATA and Kashmir) of the country as well. This is very interesting because this area has diverse habitats including crops, orchards, undisturbed sand dunes and small hills as well.

Other possibility of occurrence of these species in hilly or other areas may be their wide range of tolerance, altitude and habitat.

The spider fauna recorded in the present study is somewhat different from Sindh (Ursani and Soomro, 2010) and Peshawar and FATA (Perveen and Jamal, 2012; Perveen et al., 2012). These results are not unexpected as the climate and habitat of the areas mentioned are

Page 63 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. different from the study area. This is a preliminary survey and more extensive study of this rich in biodiversity area is needed. It is expected that further studies will explore many more and some interesting species from this ecological and agricultural important area of the Punjab. The details of the spider species collected in the present study along with material examined and their collecting sites are given below.

Family Araneidae Clerck, 1757

Genus ARANEUS Clerck, 1757

1. Araneus mitificus (Simon, 1886)

Material examined

1 ♂, Acacia nilotica, 9.11.2008, Raitri, Sahiwal, Sagodha; 1 immature, Dalbergia sisso,

9.11.2008, Raitri, Sahiwal, Sagodha; 1 immature, 1 ♂, Citrus limon, 19.04.2008, Raitri, Sahiwal,

Sargodha; 2 ♀, Rosa sp., 19.04.2008, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 2 ♂, Syzgium cumuni, 19.04.2008, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 1 ♀, house, 1.04.2008, Sargodha; 4 immatures, Gardenia florida,

9.11.2008, Raitri, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 1 immature, Zizyphus jujuba, 23.02.2009, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 1 immature, Zizyphus jujuba, 9.11.2008, Raitri, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 1 immature, Pyrus communis,

10.11.2008, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 1 immature,

24.09.2009, University of Sargodha, Sargodha; 1 immature, Citrus sinensis, 9.11.2008 Raitri, Sahiwal, Sargodha.

Genus ARGIOPE Savigny, 1825

2. Argiope trifasciata (Forsskål, 1775)

Material examined

1 ♀, 25.11.2008, Silanwali, Sargodha; 1 ♂, Syzgium cummuni, 19.04 2008, Sahiwal, Sargodha.

3. Cyclosa confraga (Thorell, 1892)

Material examined

1 ♀, Punica granatum, 23.02.2009. Sahiwal, Sargodha.

4. Cyclosa hexatuberculata Tikader, 1982

Material examined

1 ♀, Zea mays, 10.11.2008, Lakhiwal, Sahiwal, Sargodha.

Genus CYRTOPHORA Simon, 1864

5. Cyrtophora citricola (Forsskål, 1775)

Material examined

4 immatures, Acacia nilotica, 9.11.2008, Raitri, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 8 ♀, 4 immatures, Citrus limonia, 16.03.2009, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 17 ♀ 6 immatures, Tamarindus indica, 19.02.2009, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 1 immature, Citrus sinensis, 7.11.2008, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 1 ♀, Citrus sinensis, 25.11.2008, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 1 ♀, Punica granatum, 1.11.2008, Kotmomin, Sargodha; 1 ♀, Punica granatum, 23.02.2009, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 1 immature, 12 ♀, Tamarindus indica, 24.02.2009, Sargodha; 1 ♀, Citrus limon, 10.11.2008, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 1 ♀, 24.09.2008, University of Sargodha, Sargodha; 1 immature, 23.02.2009, Sahiwal. Sargodha.

Genus ERIOVIXIA Archer, 1951

6. Eriovixia excelsa (Simon, 1889)

Material examined

1 ♀, Citrus limon, 10.11.2008, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 1 ♀, Pyrus communis, 10.11.08, Sahiwal, Sargodha.

Genus GEA C. L. Koch, 1843

Material examined

1 immature, Oryza sativa, 1.11.2008, Kotmomin, Sargodha.

Genus LARINIA Simon, 1874

8. Larinia phthisica (L. Koch, 1871)

Material examined

2 immatures, Melia azaderch, 3.10.2008, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 1 ♂, 1 immature, Oryza sativa,

7.11.2008, Sahiwal, Sargodha. Genus LIPOCREA Thorell, 1878

9. Lipocrea fusiformis (Thorell, 1877)

Material examined

1 ♂, Phoenix dactylifera, 4.10.2008, Sahiwal, Sargodha.

Genus NEOSCONA Simon, 1864

10. Neoscona bengalensis Tikader and Bal, 1981

Material examined

1 ♀, 20.10.2008, Sargodha.

11. Neoscona mukerjei Tikader, 1980

Material examined

2 immatures, Pyrus communis, 10.11.2008,

Sahiwal, Sargodha; 1 ♀, 1 ♂, 24.09.2008,

University of Sargodha, Sargodha; 1 immature, Pennisetum typhoides, 7.11.2008, Sargodha; 1 immature, 10.11.2008, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 1 ♀, Citrus limon, 10.11.2008, Sahiwal,

Page 66 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. Sargodha; 2 immatures, Citrus sinensis, 7.11.2008, Sargodha; 1 immature, Oryza sativa, 26.10.2008, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 1 immature, Oryza sativa, 4.10.2008, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 1 immature, Morus nigra, 25.11.2008, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 1 immature, house, 7.01.2009, Sargodha; 1 immature, Citrus sinensis, 9.11. 2008, Raitri, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 1 immature, Tamarindus indica, 1.04.2009, Sargodha; 2 immatures, Pyrus communis, 23.02.2009, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 1 immature, Citrus limonia, 16.03.2009, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 2 immatures, Acacia nilotica, 9.11.2008, Raitri, Sahiwal, Sargodha.

12. Neoscona theisi (Walckenaer, 1841)

Material examined

1♀, University of Sargodha, 24.09.2008.

13.Neoscona vigilans (Blackwall, 1865)

Material examined

1 ♀, Morus nigra, 25.11.2008, Faroka, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 1 ♂, Syzgium cumuni, 19.04.2008, Sahiwal, Sargodha.

Genus PARAWIXIA F. O. P.-Cambridge, 1904

14. Parawixia dehaani (Doleschall, 1859)

Material examined

2 ♀, Punica granatum, 23.02.2009, Sahiwal, Sargodha.

Family Clubionidae Wagner, 1887

Genus CLUBIONA Latreille, 1804

15. Clubiona drassodes O. P.-Cambridge, 1874

Material examined

1 ♀, 1 immature, Oryza sativa, 30.10.2008, Shahpur, Sargodha; 1 ♂, Pyrus communis, 10.811.2008, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 1 immature, Oryza sativa, 10.811.2008, Shahpur, Sargodha; 1 ♀, 1 ♂, 1 immature, Oryza sativa, 1.11.2008, Kotmomin, Sargodha; 1 immature,

16. Clubiona filicata O. P.-Cambridge, 1874

Material examined

1 ♀, Dalbergia sisso, 4.10.2008, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 1 immature, Ficus religiosa, 10.11.2008, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 2 immatures, Pongamia glabra, 3.10.2008, Sahiwal, Sargodha.

17. Clubiona pashabhaii Patel and Patel, 1973

Material examined

5 immatures, 24.09.2008, University of Sargodha, Sargodha; 1 immature, Oryza sativa,

7.11.2008, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 3 immatures, Melia azaderch, 3.10.2008, Sahiwal, Sargodha, 2 immatures, Syzgium cumuni, 4.10.2008, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 1 ♀, 1 ♂, Pyrus communis, 10.11.2008, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 1 ♀, 1 immature, Citrus limon, 10.11.2008, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 1 ♂, Syzgium cumuni, 10.11.2008, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 1 immature, Pongamia glabra, 3.10.2008, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 1 immature, Phoenix dactylifera, 4.10.2008, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 1 ♀, 1 immature, Syzgium cumuni, 4.10.2008, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 3 immatures, Citrus sinensis, 9.11.2008, Raitri, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 1 immature, 1 ♂ , Zea mays, 9.11.2008, Lakhiwal, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 1 ♂, 1 immature, Syzgium cumuni, 9.10.2008, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 1 ♂, Eucalyptus sp., 10.11.2008, Lakhiwal, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 1 immature, Dalbergia sisso, 9.11.2008, Raitri, Sahiwal, Sargodha.

Family Corinnidae Karsch, 1880

Genus OEDIGNATHA Thorell, 1881

18. Oedignatha poonaensis Majumder and Tikader, 1991

Material examined

1 ♂, 1 ♀, house, 25.10.2008, Sargodha; 1 ♀, house, 19.11.2008, Sargodha. Family Gnaphosidae Pocock, 1898

Genus GNAPHOSA Latreille, 1804

Material examined

1 immature, Oryza sativa, 30.10.2008, Shahpur, Sargodha.

Genus Scopoides Platnick, 1989

20. Scopoides kuljitae (Tikader, 1982)

Material examined

1 immature, 12.12.2008, Sargodha.

21. Scopoides pritiae (Tikader, 1982)

Material examined

1 ♂, Oryza sativa, 7.11.2008, Sahiwal, Sargodha.

Family Lycosidae Sundevall, 1833

Genus HIPPASA Simon, 1885

22. Hippasa madhuae Tikader and Malhotra, 1980

Material examined

1 immature, Oryza sativa, 7.11.2008, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 1 immature, Acacia nilotica, 9.11.2008, Sahiwal, Sargodha.

23. Hippasa pisaurina Pocock, 1900

Material examined

1 ♂, 1 ♀, 1 immature, Oryza sativa, 7.11.2008, Sahiwal, Sargodha.

Genus LYCOSA Latreille, 1804

24. Lycosa madani Pocock, 1901

Material examined

1 ♂, Phoenix dactylifera, 25.11.2008, Faroka, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 2 ♂, 1 ♀, 1 immature, ground, 19.04.2009, Sahiwal, Sargodha.

25. Lycosa tista Tikader, 1970

Material examined

1 ♀, Oryza sativa, 26.10.2008, Sahiwal, Sargodha.

Genus PARDOSA C. L. Koch, 1847

26. Pardosa birmanica Simon, 1884

Material examined

3 ♂ , 1 ♀, 4 immatures, Oryza sativa, 7.11.2008, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 1 ♂, 1 immature, Oryza sativa, Kotmomin, Sargodha; 1 immature, 10.11.2008, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 3 ♀, Citrus limonia, 16.03.2009, Sahiwal, Sargodha.

27. Pardosa mysorensis (Tikader and Mukerji, 1971)

Material examined

1 immature, ground, 26.10.2008, Sahiwal, Sargodha.

28. Pardosa pseudoannulata (BOsenberg and Strand, 1906)

Material examined

1 ♂, 3 immatures, Oryza sativa,26.10.2008, Sahiwal, Sargodha.

29. Pardosa sumatrana (Thorell, 1890)

Material examined

2 immatures, ground, 7.11.2008, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 6 immature, 3 ♂, Oryza sativa,

Page 70 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. 26.10.2008, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 1 ♂, 2 immatures, Oryza sativa, 10.11.2008, Lakhiwal, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 1 immature, 19.12.2008, Sargodha; 1 immature, Oryza sativa, 4.10.2008, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 1 immature, 25.10.2008, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 1 immature, Pongamia glabra, 26.10.2008, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 2 immatures, ground, 7.11.2008, Sargodha.

Family Miturgidae Simon, 1886

Genus CHEIRACANTHIUM C. L. Koch, 1839

30. Cheiracanthium inornatum O. P.-Cambridge, 1874

Material examined

1 immature, Pongamia glabra, 3.10.2008, Sahiwal, Sargodha.

Family Oecobiidae Blackwall, 1862

Genus OECOBIUS Lucas, 1846

31. Oecobius putus O. P.-Cambridge, 1876

Material examined

3 ♀, house, 11.11.2008, Sargodha.

Family OXYOPIDAE Thorell, 1870

Genus OXYOPES Latreille, 1804

32. Oxyopes ratnae Tikader, 1970

Material examined

1 immature, Zea mays, 10.11.2008, Lakhiwal, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 1 immature, Citrus limonia, 3.10.2008, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 1 immature, Oryza sativa, 26.10.2008, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 3 immatures, Acacia nilotica, 3.10.2008, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 2 immatures, Zea mays, 10.11.2008, Lakhiwal, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 1 ♂, Rosa sp., 19.04.2008, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 1 ♀, Punica granatum, 23.02.2009, Sahiwal, Sargodha.

Genus PEUCETIA Thorell, 1869

33. Peucetia viridana (Stoliczka, 1869)

Material examined

2 immatures, Zizyphus jujuba, 23.02.2009, Sahiwal, Sargodha.

Family Philodromidae Thorell, 1870

Genus PHILODROMUS Walckenaer, 1826

34. Philodromus betrabatai Tikader, 1966

Material examined

2 immatures, Dalbergia sisso, 9.11.2008, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 1 immature, Morus nigra, 25.11.2008, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 1 ♂, 2 immatures, Eucalyptus sp., 10.11.2008, Lakhiwal, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 1 immature, Citrus sinensis, 9.11.2008, Raitri, Sahiwal, Sargodha.

35. Philodromus devhutai Tikader, 1966

Material examined

1 ♂, 2 immatures, Acacia nilotica, 9.11.2008, Sahiwal, Sargodha.

Family Pholcidae C. L. Koch, 1850

Genus ARTEMA Walckenaer, 1837

36. Artema atlanta Walckenaer, 1837

Material examined

1 ♂, 24.09.2008, University of Sargodha, Sargodha; 2 ♂, 2 immatures, house, 19.11.2008, Sargodha; 1 ♂, 1 immature, Faroka, Silanwali, Sargodha.

Family Salticidae Blackwall, 1841

Genus MARPISSA C.L. Koch, 1846

Material examined

2 ♀, Cestrum nocturnum, 24.11.2008, Faroka, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 2 immatures, Tamarindus indica, 19.02.2009, Sargodha.

38. Marpissa tigrina Tikader, 1965

Material examined

2 immatures, Pyrus communis, 10.11.2008, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 1 ♂, 2 immatures, Dalbergia sisso, 4.10.2008, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 1 immature, 25.9.2008, University of Sargodha, Sargodha; 1 immature, Zea mays, 10.11.2008, Lakhiwal, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 1 ♀, Syzgium cumuni, 4.10.2008, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 2 immatures, Pyrus communis, 10.11.2008, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 1 ♂, Rosa sp., 26.10.2008, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 1 immature, Citrus limon, 10.11.2008, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 1 ♂, Syzgium cumuni, 10.11.2008, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 2 immatures, Ficus religiosa, 10.11.2008, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 1 ♂, 28.11.2008, Sargodha; 1 ♀, 1 ♂, 1 immature, Pongamia glabra, 3.10.2008, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 1 immature, Oryza sativa, 26.10.2008, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 1 immature, Phoenix dactylifera, 4.10.2008, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 1 immature, Morus nigra, 25.11.2008, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 1 ♂, Morus nigra, Raitrri, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 1 ♀, 6 immatures, Citrus sinensis, 9.11.2008, Raitrri, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 2 ♂, 1 immature, Gardenia florida, 9.11.2008, Raitrri,

Sahiwal, Sargodha; 1 ♀, 1 ♂, Syzgium cumuni, 16.3.2009, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 1 immature, Tamarindus indica, 19.2.2009, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 1 ♂, Zizyphus jujuba, 23.2.2009, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 1 ♀, Syzgium cumuni, 16.3.2009, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 1 ♂, Citrus limonia, 16.3.2009, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 4 immatures, Eucalyptus sp., 10.11.2008, Lakhiwal, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 1 immature, Gardenia florida, 9.11.2008, Raitrri, Sahiwal, Sargodha.

Genus PLEXIPPUS C.L. Koch, 1846

39. Plexippus paykulli (Audouin, 1825)

Material examined

2 ♂, 3 ♀, Morus alba, 25.11.2008, Faroka, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 1 immature, 24.9.2008, University of Sargodha, Sargodha; 3 ♀, 16.11.2008, University of Sargodha, Sargodha; 3 immatures, Pyrus communis, 10.11.2008, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 1 ♂, 14.10.2008. University of Sargodha, Sargodha; 2 immatures, Melia azaderch, 3.10.2008, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 2 ♂,

Page 73 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. 25.10.2008, University of Sargodha, Sargodha; 1 ♂, 1 immature, Citrus limonia, 3.10.2008, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 2 ♀, 1 immature, Oryza sativa, 30.10.2008, Shahpur, Sargodha; 1 ♂, Oryza sativa, 26.10.2008, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 1 ♂, Oryza sativa, 10.11.2008, Lakhiwal, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 1 ♂, Oryza sativa, 25.11.2008, Faroka, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 1 ♂, 25.11.2008, Faroka, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 1 ♀, 29.11.2008, Sargodha; 1 immature, Pongamia glabra, 3.10.2008, Sahiwal, Sargodha;

1 ♂, Ficus religiosa, 25.11.2008, Faroka, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 1 ♂, 3 immatures, Acacia nilotica, 3.10.2008, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 1 ♂, 3 immatures, Phoenix dactylifera, 4.10.2008, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 2 ♂, 4.10.2008, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 1 immature, Oryza sativa, 4.10.2008, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 1 ♂, 25.11.2008, Faroka, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 1 immature, Morus nigra, 25.11.2008, Faroka, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 1 immature, Oryza sativa, 19.4.2008, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 1 ♀, 1 ♂, Morus nigra, 25.11.2008, Faroka, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 1 ♂, Zizyphus jujuba, 23.2.2009, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 1 immature, Citrus limonia, 16.3.2009, Sahiwal, Sargodha.

Genus RHENE Thorell, 1869

40. Rhene indica Tikader, 1973

Material examined

1 immature, 25.09.2008, University of Sargodha, Sargodha; 1 immature, Zizyphus jujuba, 9.11.2008, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 1 immature, Gardenia florida, 9.11.2008, Raitri, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 1 immature, Citrus sinensis, 9.11.2008, Raitri, Sahiwal, Sargodha.

Family Scytodidae Blackwall, 1864

Genus SCYTODES Latreille, 1804

41. Scytodes propinqua Stoliczka, 1869

Material examined

2 immatures, house, 29.10.2008, Sargodha.

42. Scytodes thoracica (Latreille, 1802)

Material examined

Family Sparassidae Bertkau, 1872

Genus OLIOS Walckenaer, 1837

43. Olios lutescens (Thorell, 1894)

Material examined

1 ♂, 1 ♀, 1 immature, Citrus limonia, 16.03.2009, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 1 immature, Eucalyptus sp., 10.11.2008, Lakhiwal, Sahiwal, Sargodha.

44. Olios mahabangkawitus Barrion and Litsinger, 1995

Material examined

2 immatures, 25.10.2008, University Of Sargodha, Sargodha; 2 immatures, Pyrus communis, 10.11.2008, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 2 immatures, Zizyphus jujuba, 4.10.2008, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 1 immature, Dalbergia sisso, 10.11.2008, Lakhiwal, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 1 immature, Phoenix dactylifera, 4.10.2008, Sahiwal , Sargodha; 1 ♂, Rosa sp., 1 immature, Zea mays, 10.11.2008, Lakhiwal, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 3 immatures, Gardenia florida, 9.11.2008, Raitri, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 1 ♂, Morus alba, 10.11.2008, Sahiwal, Sargodha.

45. Olios punctipes Simon, 1884

Material examined

1 ♀, Citrus limonia, 16.03.2009, Sahiwal, Sargodha.

46. Olios punjabensis Dyal, 1935

Material examined

1 immature, Pongamia glabra, 22.02.2009, Lakhiwal, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 2 immatures, Phoenix dactylifera, 4.10.2008, Sahiwal, Sargodha.

Family Tetragnathidae Menge, 1866

Genus GUIZYGIELLA Zhu, Kim and Song, 1997

47. Guizygiella indica (Tikader and Bal, 1980)

Material examined

2 ♀, 1 ♂, Pyrus communis, 10.11.2008, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 1 ♀, Syzgium cumuni, 4.10.2008, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 1 ♂, Acacia nilotica, 04.10.2008, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 1 ♂, Citrus limon, 10.11.2008, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 4 ♂, 3 ♀, 1 immature , Phoenix dactylifera, 04.10.2008, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 1 ♂, Zizyphus jujuba, 09.11.2008, Raitri, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 1 ♂, 19.04.2008, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 1 ♂, Gardenia florida, 09.11.2008, Raitri, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 1 immature, Citrus sinensis, 09.11.2008, Raitri, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 1 ♀, 2 ♂, 1 immature, Zizyphus jujuba, 23.02.2009, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 1 immature, Syzgium cumuni, 19.04.2009, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 1 ♀, Punica granatum, 19.02.2009, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 1 ♀, Citrus limonia, 19.04.2009, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 2 ♀, house, 25.11.2008, Sargodha.

48. Guizygiella melanocrania (Thorell, 1887)

Material examined

4 ♂, Syzgium cumuni, 10.11.2008, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 1 ♂, Citrus limon, 10.11.2008, Sahiwal, Sargodha. Genus LEUCAUGE White, 1841

49. Leucauge decorata (Blackwall, 1864)

Material examined

7 ♀, Citrus limonia, 16.03.2009, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 1 ♀, Citrus limonia, 19.04.2008, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 1 ♀, 9.11.2008, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 1 ♀, Acacia nilotica, 9.11.2008, Sahiwal, Sargodha.

50. Leucauge dorsotuberculata Tikader, 1982

Material examined

1 ♂, 25.09.2008, University of Sargodha, Sargodha.

Genus TETRAGNATHA Latreille, 1804

51. Tetragnatha javana (Thorell, 1890)

1 ♂, Oryza sativa, 25.09.2008, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 1 immature, Rosa sp., 10.11.2008, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 1 immature, Syzgium cumuni, 10.11.2008, Sahiwal, Sargodha.

Family Thomisidae Sundevall, 1833

Genus RUNCINIA Simon, 1875

52. Runcinia affinis Simon, 1897

Material examined

1 immature, 25. 09.2008, Sargodha; 1 immature, Oryza sativa, 30.10.2008, Shahpur; Sargodha; 1 immature, Oryza sativa, 10.11.2008, Lakhiwal, Sahiwal, Sargodha.

Genus THOMISUS Walckenaer, 1805

53. Thomisus labefactus Karsch, 1881

Material examined

1 immature, 19.10.2008, Sargodha; 1 ♂, 25.2009.2008, University of Sargodha, Sargodha; 1 immature, Dalbergia sisso, 4.10.2008, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 1 immature, Pennisetum typhoides, 7.11.2008, Sargodha; 1 ♂, 10.11.2008, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 1 ♂, Morus alba, 25.11.2008, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 1 ♂, Rosa sp., 19.04.2008, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 1 ♂, 1 immature, Zizyphus jujuba, 23.02.2009, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 1 ♂, 23.2.02.2009, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 2 ♂, Zea mays, 10.11.2008, Lakhiwal, Sargodha; 1 immature, Eucalyptus sp., 10.11.2008, Lakhiwal, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 1 immature, Dalbergia sisso, 9.11.2008, Raitri, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 3 immature, Acacia nilotica, 9.11.2008, Raitri, Sahiwal, Sargodha.

54. Thomisus okinawensis Strand, 1907

Material examined

1 immature, 10.11.2008, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 1 ♂, Ficus religiosa, 10.11.2008, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 1 ♂, Rosa sp.,26.10.2008, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 2 ♂, Gardenia florida, 9.11.2008, Raitri, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 1 immature, Zizyphus jujuba, 9.11.2008, Raitri, Sahiwal, Sargodha.

59. Thomisus pugilis Stoliczka, 1869

Material examined

1 immature, Pyrus communis, 10.11.2008, Sahiwal, Sargodha; 1 immature, Punica granatum,

23.02.2009, Sahiwal, Sargodha.

Family Uloboridae Thorell, 1869

Genus ULOBORUS Latreille, 1806

56. Uloborus danolius Tikader, 1969

Material examined

1 ♂, 1 immature, 25.09.2008, University of Sargodha, Sargodha.

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PERVEEN, F., JAMAL, A., YASMIN, S. AND KHATAK, K.U., 2012. Biodiversity of spiders’ fauna in the Frontier Region, Peshawar, Pakistan. J. Ent. Nematol., 4: 22-33.

PLATNICK, N.I., 2012. The world spider catalog, version 12.5. American Museum of Natural History, online at http://research.amnh.org/iz/spiders/catalog.html.DOI: 10.5531/db.iz.0001.

POCOCK, R.I., 1900. Fauna of British India, Arachnida. Taylor and Francis, London, pp. 279.

PROSZYNSKI, J., 2006. Regional keys and guides to salticidae and taxonomic revisions. http://www.salticidae.org/salticid/diagnost/keys-sal/keys-sal.htm.

QURESHI, I.A., 1982. Eight new records of spiders from Lahore, Pakistan. Biologia, 28: 37–

SEBASTIAN, P.A. AND PETER, K.V., 2009. Spiders of India. Universities Press, India. pp. 614.

SONG, D.X. AND ZHU, M.S., 1997. Fauna Sinica: Arachnida: Araneae: Thomisidae, Philodromidae. Science Press, Beijing, China. pp. 259.

TIKADER, B.K. AND BISWAS, B., 1981. Spider fauna of Calcutta and vicinity. Rec. Zool. Surv. India, Misc. Publ. Occ. Pap., 30: 1–149.

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URSANI, T.J. AND SOOMRO, N.M., 2010. Checklist of spider fauna of Sindh Province, Pakistan. Pak. J. Ent., 32: 61-73.

YIN, C.M., WANG, J.F., ZHU, M.S., XIE, L.P., PENG, X.J. AND BAO, Y.H., 1997. Fauna Sinica: Arachnida: Araneae: Araneidae. Science Press, Beijing, China, pp. 460.

ZHU, M.S., SONG, D.X. AND ZHANG, J.X., 2003. Fauna Sinica: Invertebrata Arachnida: Araneae: Tetragnathidae. Science Press, Beijing, China, Vol. 35: pp. 418.

1Department of Biological Sciences, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 2College of Earth Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 3Department of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore

AN Document ASZOOG0020121122e8av0000u

WC 902 words

PD 30 October 2012

SN The Financial Express (Bangladesh)

SC FNEXBD

LA English

LP Bangladesh, Oct. 30 -- Bio-fuels can help reduce global warming by curbing greenhouse gas emission and create employment opportunity and increased income for the rural poor in developing countries. Recently, the production and use of bio-fuel has increased globally due to soaring fossil fuel price and to secure sustainable energy supply for the future. Bio-fuels, which are made from agricultural crops and other plants e.g. corn (maize), palm oil, sugar cane, Jathropa (a bio-fuel yielding plant) etc., may be a cheaper way to meet the world's increasing energy needs than with greenhouse gas emitting conventional fossil fuels but on the other hand the benefits may be offset by increased food insecurity for the billions of hungry people in poor countries and may create serious environmental problems.

TD Poor people spend a much bigger share of their overall expenditure on food than they do on energy. If the use of food crops for bio-fuels (corn) increases, commodity prices will increase, making these crops less accessible to the poor. According to International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), the rapid increase in global bio-fuel production will push global corn prices up to 41 per cent, oilseeds prices, including soybeans, rapeseeds, and sunflower seeds, are projected to raise by 76 per cent, and wheat prices by 30 per cent by 2020. As a result, cuts will likely be made to food expenditure, exacerbating diet quality and malnutrition. The projected price increases may be mitigated if crop yields increase substantially or ethanol production based on other raw materials (such as trees and grasses) becomes commercially viable. But unless bio-fuel policies change significantly, economic development is unlikely to happen.

The impact of food price increases is greatest on poorer countries accompanies other challenges as well. Like any other innovation, increased production of energy crops has the potential to exacerbate socioeconomic inequalities by concentrating benefits on the well-off. Without technologies to improve productivity, the prices changes would adversely affect the poor, net-food-purchasing households and would probably exceed the possible income gains

Again, many of the crops are currently used for producing bio-fuel require high-quality agricultural lands and significant inputs of fertiliser, pesticides and water. In most cases, biofuels crops are grown on the food crop lands. The rapid growth of bio-fuel industry have unintended impacts on the environment. It can lead to deforestation, a loss of biodiversity, and excessive use of fertiliser and pesticides, thereby using water that poor people depend on.

A policy alternative to address the issue of producing bio-fuel in the developing countries is a sensitive issue where land is very scarce and poor spend their lions' share of income for purchasing food. Before going for commercial production of bio-fuel, the socio-economic, food security and environmental issues should be taken into consideration. Bio-fuels must be produced in a way that results in an output of energy greater than the amount of energy used to produce them. Bio-fuel crop production can be a suitable alternative if designed in a participatory manner with those whose livelihoods will be affected. Second-generation technologies, also known as advanced bio-fuels that can be manufactured from various types of biomass. This can solve the food security issues as ethanol is produced from residues such as stalks and leaves. Biomass is a wide-ranging term meaning any source of organic carbon that is renewed rapidly as part of the carbon cycle. Third generation bio-fuel is also promising as it produces from algae, seaweed type plant materials, which will not pose a threat to food crop production. It would not compete for arable lands; for example, as it is grown in water, and it grows like, well, a weed, allowing for incredible yields while the 4th-generation bio-fuels are being created using petroleum-like hydro processing or advanced biochemistry. In this model, sunlight, waste CO2 and engineered microorganisms combine in a "solar converter" to create fuel.

Technologies will enable greater use of existing agricultural waste and crop by-products. Ponagamia pinnata is a common tree abundantly grown in haor areas of greater Sylhet districts. Pongamia and Jatropha are non-food crops and can be also grown in marginal, degraded or unproductive land of the country. These two plants can be potential bio-fuel for Bangladesh, as these do not compete with food crops. Public-private partnership can help raise awareness of these opportunities among farmers in low-income countries where commercial production of these crops is going to start. In that case we can explore and adopt improved technology and invest more for CNG transport, LPG vehicle, battery-run electric car, hydrogen fuel cell buses, etc. to meet energy balance for automobiles. Without a holistic policy framework, bio-fuel opportunity can go terribly wrong for the poor in the country. Only in the presence of appropriate agricultural, economic, trade, energy and social policies will biofuels contribute to energy security without jeopardising food security of the poor. A policy framework is required. Additional researches and investments are needed to make this

[email protected] by HT Syndication with permission from The Financial Express.

AN Document FNEXBD0020121030e8au0000g

WC 22,871 words

PD 26 October 2012

ET 06:00 GMT

SN Regulatory News Service

SC RNS

LA English

LP TIDMNEOS

RNS Number : 5721P

TD Neos Resources PLC

26 October 2012

Financial Report & Accounts for the 18 month period ended 30 June 2012

The audited accounts of NEOS Resources plc for the 18 month period ended 30 June 2012 are herby released to the market.

Executive Chairman's statement

Introduction

This is the first Annual report and accounts to be issued by NEOS Resources plc (the "Company") and its subsidiaries (the "Group") since I was appointed as Executive Chairman in June 2011 and the first in relation to the changed year reporting to 30(th) June.

There have been a number of significant changes to both the Board and operational structure of the Group over the last sixteen months. As announced in the Interim report in December 2011, the Board has refocused the Group on non-edible oils seeds found in India. This strategy was initiated in order to develop a pathway for scalability and with a view to future financial stability for the Group. In order to reflect these changes the Company's name was

The Board has also changed the focus of the Group from research and development towards commodity trading. Over the past sixteen months, the management team has developed its knowledge regarding the complexities of the Indian markets including the commodity market spread pressures and the operational activities. The Board`s principal objective is for the Group to achieve profitability and cashflow sustainability within a manageable time horizon.

Ravi Jose was appointed as an executive director in July 2012, to join Nicholas Myerson and myself who had joined in June 2011. The executive team conducted a business review which resulted in the closing down of the Group's operations in Indonesia and Zambia and the disposal of the remaining Science & Technology research unit with the sale of the Animal Feed project, as a result of which the Group now focuses on trading operations in India.

I am pleased to report that the Group has made progress in developing the business in the core region of India during the period with relatively significant amounts of non-edible vegetable oils being produced and sold there.

The Group has now produced initial volumes of crude oil from Castor, Pongamia and Neem, as well as Jatropha, and has sold its products into a number of industrial applications. This is the first step in the implementation of a diversification strategy away from over reliance on future biofuel legislation.

During the period since June 2011, the Group running costs have been reduced by 66% from a rate of over GBP220,000 to under GBP75,000 per month. These reductions have been achieved through the closure of non-scalable Jatropha plantations in Malawi, Zambia and Indonesia, the sale of the Animal Feed programme, and overhead efficiencies achieved within the UK and India.

The Group revenue, whilst still relatively small scale, has trebled from a monthly average in the first half of 2011 of GBP30,000 to a current average of circa GBP90,000 per month which has been generated from approximately GBP450,000 of committed working capital in India.

Indian operations

Since the commencement of the season in July 2011, the Group has purchased approximately 3,700 tonnes of a combination of non-edible seeds, expelled approximately 1,200 tonnes of oil, and produced over 2,600 tonnes of seedcake. 825 tonnes of oil and 2,600 tonnes of seedcake were sold for GBP863,000. 400 tonnes of oil and 300 tonnes of seedcake were held in inventory at the period end.

The overhead costs for India have been reduced since June 2011 from a monthly average of GBP35,000 per month to GBP17,000 per month.

Management is planning to commit increased working capital for larger storage facilities for the seed, oil and seedcake, as well as to enter into variable tolling contracts thereby enabling the Group to withdraw from fixed leased crushing plants. These measures should assist in opportunities to buy seed and to sell the requisite oil and seedcake at the lowest and highest points, respectively, of the seasonal market cycles.

The Group is currently in the process of trial sampling with two large European based companies for the export of its crude Jatropha oil for applications in the leather tanning and biofuel markets. The Group is additionally in discussions with a multinational trader for the export of the Group's crude castor oil.

In order to drive the scalability of the business, management is currently in the process of exploring other domestic or export opportunities for non-edible seed and oil products.

Quinvita sale

In April 2010, the Group sold substantially all of the Jatropha plant science and technology activities, excluding its animal feed programme, to Quinvita Limited ("Quinvita"), a company formed by three previous members of management.

In April 2012, the Group concluded the sale of the remainder of the Animal Feed intellectual property assets to Quinvita for cash consideration of GBP300,000 and converted its holding of preference shares in the capital of Quinvita to a senior loan of GBP372,000. The loan attracts interest and is repayable by Quinvita at any time before April 2017.

Principal risks and uncertainties

The attention of shareholders is drawn to the Directors' Report which sets out the principal risks and uncertainties faced by the Group.

Going concern

The financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis which assumes that the Company and the Group will continue in operating existence for the foreseeable future and meet its liabilities as they fall due. There are material uncertainties that the Directors have had to consider in deciding to prepare the financial statements on the going concern basis,

Business planning uncertainty

Following the appointment of Steven Rudofsky and Nicholas Myerson on 24 June 2011, the Board commenced a fundamental review of the business. The review concluded that a strategy of producing, procuring and trading oils from multiple non-edible oilseed types offered the most viable long term prospects for the Group. Whilst the Board is confident it can deliver a non-edible oilseeds based strategy that is viable and cash generative over the longer term, until the business plan is finalised and executed over a number of harvest cycles, the Board cannot assess with certainty the implications of pursuing the revised strategy.

Funding uncertainty

The Group concluded a successful fundraising exercise in November 2011. The Directors informed the market at the time that they expected an additional fundraising would need to be initiated during the latter half of 2012. The Directors now believe that trading in line with the business plan and forecasts show that the Group will require additional cash funding during the second quarter of 2013. The Board believes that it retains the support of major shareholders for its plans. However, if the Directors are unable to secure the appropriate level of support for the strategy and associated future fundraising, the Company and the Group will be unable to continue as a going concern.

Directors' view

After making enquiries and considering these uncertainties, the Directors conclude that the implications of the business plan review and whether funding can be secured before cash resources are depleted are material uncertainties which may cast significant doubt about the Group and Company's ability to continue as a going concern in their current form. The Directors believe that these uncertainties can be managed and mitigated and the Directors have a reasonable expectation that the Group and the Company have adequate resources to continue in operational existence for the foreseeable future. Consequently the Directors believe that it is appropriate to prepare the financial statements on a going concern basis.

Should the business strategy not fulfil expectations and not generate cash for the Group, then the resultant restrictive ability to implement or fund the Group's business plan would mean the going concern basis would be invalid and adjustments may have to be made to reduce the value of the assets to their recoverable amount, to provide for any further liabilities which might arise and to reclassify fixed assets and long term liabilities to current assets and current liabilities.

Financial statements for 18 month period ended 30 June 2012

In December 2011, the Board changed the accounting reference date from 31 December to 30 June to align the accounting year end of the Group to the Indian Jatropha harvest season.

The financial results for the 18 month period ended 30 June 2012 reflect the activities prior to, during, and following the business review conducted by the new Board. As part of the review, operations in Indonesia and Zambia were closed down, and the Animal Feed business within the remaining Science and Technology sector was disposed of. All Science and Technology activity was reclassified as discontinued.

Group revenue was GBP0.9m (2010: GBP0.1m) for the period. The increase was due to an increased tonnage of vegetable oils sold, to 825 tonnes in the 18 month period.

The business achieved a positive throughput margin on all varieties of oil. Average processing costs were, however, in excess of throughput margin. This was due to two onerous fixed lease mills contracts which will have been terminated by the end of 2012, historical committed costs from previous management, and an adverse movement in castor prices, resulting in an impairment charge to cost of sales from inventory during the period. The knowledge gained from this season's expelling has resulted in improved practices amongst staff and the sourcing of favourable tolling contracts on a per kilogram of grain basis. The Directors are confident that concepts learned and changes applied to the business will generate gross profits. [ 26-10-12 0600GMT ]

Administration expenses were GBP3.0m for the 18 month period compared with GBP3.4m for the 12 month period in 2010 as a result primarily of withdrawing from the Indonesian and Zambian operations, and reducing the numbers of staff in the UK and India.

Interest received of GBP26,000 (2010: GBP35,000) relates to cash held on deposit in the UK (GBP13,400) and India (GBP6,000) plus GBP6,200 of accrued interest from the Quinvita receivable.

Group policy is to charge foreign exchange fluctuations on long term loans and equity in foreign subsidiaries with continuing operations to a foreign exchange equity reserve. Once an overseas subsidiary becomes discontinued, the foreign exchange reserve is released to the income statement. As a result of withdrawing from Indonesia and Zambia, finance costs include GBP0.3m in foreign exchange costs from impairment of loans in local currency and in foreign exchange equity reserves being charged to the income statement.

The Board

Barclay Forrest and Martin Jarvis left the Board on 14 July 2011 and 22 December 2011, respectively. The Board would like to thank them for their contribution to the business.

Nicholas Myerson and I joined the board as Executive Directors on 24 June 2011.

Ravi Jose joined the Board as an Executive Director on 26 July 2012. Graham Woolfman and Michael Moquette joined the Board as Non-Executive Directors on 14 July 2011 and 4 May 2012, respectively.

Staff

The period since June 2011 has been a time of very significant change for the Group. Operationally things remain challenging as the Group finalises the business model which the Board expects will enable profitability to be achieved. The Board would like to thank all of the staff for the capability, commitment and hard work that they have shown in what has been a challenging and fast-moving corporate environment.

Conclusion

The Board believes the Group is progressing towards achieving financial stability. This is dependent on developing and implementing a business plan that can result in scalability of the Group`s operations and a pathway to profitability.

There has been a significant shift in the focus of the Group and it is no longer dependent on biofuel legislation and the successful planting of one oilseed crop.

However, the business plan will require further funding in order for the Group to ultimately achieve profitability. The Board remains confident regarding procuring future funding based in part on the progress achieved by the Group over the last sixteen months.

I would like to thank our shareholders for their interest and support through a difficult, challenging and exciting time for the business.

Steven Rudofsky

25 October 2012

Directors and advisors

Steven Rudofsky

Executive Director, 50

Steven began his career working for Marc Rich & Co. AG and Glencore AG where he traded both soft commodities and Ferro Alloys in Rotterdam and Zug. Thereafter he held senior management positions in London at Aletri Limited (Motor Oil Hellas), TransCanada Pipeline Ltd, Credit Agricole CIB and Crown Resources (Alfa Group of Russia). Since 2003, Steven has been focused on property development in Poland through Huntington Polska whilst also consulting on various commodity projects in Europe, North America, Middle East and Asia. Steven holds a BA cum laude in History and International Relations from Clark University and a JD from Emory University. He has been a member of the New York Bar since 1988.

Nicholas Myerson

Executive Director, 27

Nicholas began his career as part of the corporate finance team at Dubai World, focusing on real estate and infrastructure investments in the Chinese, Indian, and Polish markets. Nicholas was until recently head analyst for Salamanca Capital, a London based private equity group, where he was responsible for the firm's infrastructure, commodity and mining investment portfolios. Nicholas holds a MA in Law from Cambridge University. Nicholas is the son of former NEOS Resources plc Chairman, Brian Myerson, who is Executive Chairman of Principle Capital Group whose managed funds hold 25.4% of NEOS's ordinary shares. However, Nicholas confirms he is not a representative of the Principle Capital Group or its managed funds.

Ravi Jose

Executive Director, 32

Ravi was engaged by NEOS as a consultant in September 2011 with a mandate to assist the Board of Directors in assessing the strategic options of its Indian operations. He is a Swiss national of Indian origin and is fluent in several languages including Hindi and Malayalm. Prior

Page 91 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. to joining NEOS, he worked in Corporate Treasury at McCain Foods and Specsavers, and in various Corporate Strategy roles at SICPA and Siegwerk. He is a Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA) charter holder.

Graham Woolfman

Non-executive Director, 55

Graham is a Fellow of the Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales, and previously a partner and head of Corporate Finance at a major medium size UK firm. His investment management and Board activities have included companies across a range of sectors, including technology related, clean tech recycling and renewables, general service based, and financial services sectors. He is a director of a number of unquoted companies, and has served as a director of publicly quoted and listed companies. Graham is currently Managing Director of Intrust Corporate Finance Limited, a corporate finance advisory and consulting company.

Michael Moquette

Non-executive Director, 60

Michael Moquette has over 20 years experience in commercial and investment banking in Europe and North America, including, most recently, CIBC. He is currently Trustee and Chairman of the Investment Committee of two major family trusts and Managing Partner for Equinoxe Investments SA, a family office active in private wealth management and real-estate development. He is a director of Equinoxe Real Estate Partners SA, Trois Perles S.A., CSTS Sarl, GC Chart Ltd and Domaine d'Orsay S.A. In addition, he has acted as a specialist investment advisor to IRR Capital, Universal Management Services and Dombes S.A.

Company Secretary

Marie Edwards

Registered office

16 Great Queen Street

London WC2B 5DG

Registered number

5212852

Broker and nominated advisor

WH Ireland Limited

24 Martin Lane

London EC4R 0DR

Bankers

Barclays Bank plc

PO Box 378

71 Grey Street

Newcastle upon Tyne NE99 1JP

Auditors

Grant Thornton UK LLP

1020 Eskdale Road

IQ Winnersh

Wokingham

Berkshire RG41 5TS

Solicitors

Fladgate LLP

16 Great Queen Street

London WC2B 5DG

Registrars

Capita IRG plc

The Registry

34 Beckenham Road

Kent BR3 4TU

Directors' report

The Directors present their report and the audited financial statements for NEOS Resources plc for the 18 month period ended 30 June 2012.

Principal activity

The Company's principal activity is that of a holding company. The Company is the parent company of a group of companies engaged in the procurement, production and trading of non-edible oilseed grains and oils.

Review of business

A review of the year's activities, financial performance and future prospects are contained in the Executive Chairman's Statement which forms part of this Directors' Report

During the period, the ongoing business consisted principally of one business group - Operations. During the period, the remaining Science & Technology Animal Feed project was sold.

In the 18 months ending 30 June 2012, the Group made significant progress towards establishing itself as a producer, supplier and trader of non-edible oilseed oils and the seedcake by-product. The Group, now concentrating in India, collected 3,706 tonnes of grain, produced 1,198 tonnes of non-edible vegetable oil and 2,666 tonnes of seedcake.

The remaining Animal Feed section of the Science & Technology business group was sold in April 2012 to Quinvita Limited. Quinvita Limited had bought the original Science & Technology business, the approval given by shareholders at a general meeting held in December 2010.

Page 94 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. The decision to focus solely on production of oil and its co-products means the business still retains the primary activities to deliver shareholder value. Further details of the ongoing business and the disposal are in the Chairman's Statement and the Report of the Chief Executive Officer.

Principal risks and uncertainties

The principal risks and uncertainties facing the Group are assessed as funding risk, commercial risk, biological risk, contractual risk, lease reversion risk, political and legislative risk, and nancial risk.

Funding risk

The Group will continue to have a cash requirement until it becomes cash generating. The Group has restructured its activities to concentrate on non-edible oilseed operations that are likely to generate short to medium term revenue. The Group anticipates that this activity will position the business more attractively for investors to raise new funds during 2012-13. However, there is a risk that future funding will not materialise, in which case the activities of the Group may no longer be sustainable. The directors are currently working on fundraising plans, and communicating with shareholders and investors. This process is ongoing and under review.

Commercial risk

Business volumes are anticipated to increase as a result of increasing working capital turnover. New technical, operational and commercial challenges may arise as a result of this increase in scale. There is a substantial challenge to put in place or access further the infrastructure needed to collect, process, ship and distribute the products in viable quantities. The Group manages these risks by employing staff and engaging third parties with relevant skills to address these issues when they arise. [ 26-10-12 0600GMT ]

The Group has seen large fluctuations in market prices for its feedstock products (non-edible oilseed grains) and for its output products (non-edible oils and the by-product seedcake). The Group is developing strategies to mitigate the risk of excessive price movements and to take advantage of price movements which work in favour of the Group.

Biological risk

There are inherent biological risks associated with any agricultural dependant activity, including pests, disease, drought, excessive rainfall and other stress factors. The Group

Contractual risk

There are inherent uncertainties and risks associated with entering into contracts with suppliers, customers, financial institutions, landowners and employees. It is possible that such contracts may become unenforceable and financial commitments may become onerous if circumstances change. The Group attempts to manage this risk through establishing good working relationships and dialogue with contracted parties.

Lease reversion risk

The Group has disclosed a contingent liability related to the Bromborough refining site sold in July 2010. Specifically, the group will be liable for lease costs on two sites adjacent to the Bromborough property if the purchaser of the Bromborough sites defaults on the leases. If lease reversion occurs, any liability could be mitigated by sub-letting the leased sites.

Political and legislative risk

The Group operates on a global basis and must comply with a range of local legislative requirements and regulations that include: legal, regulatory and taxation requirements; trade standards; trade and transportation restrictions; and tariffs. Furthermore, the Group depends on the position and continued support of various third parties, including national governments. Any of these factors may be subject to changes which could adversely affect the Group's ability to do business, or the performance of its business.

A significant number of the world's key economies either have or are in the process of implementing mandatory biodiesel blends and other policies to encourage the use of greener road transport fuel. In addition, many countries have incentives for renewable electricity generation, including generation using vegetable oil as a feedstock. However, these policies continue to be opposed by environmental pressure groups concerned about the sustainability of biofuels. The policies that encourage the adoption of vegetable oil-based biofuels in national markets may be subject to policy change. The Group has expanded its outlet portfolio to encompass different uses of non-edible oilseed products to mitigate against the over reliance of sales into the biofuel industry.

Financial risk

The Group's results from its operations overseas could be adversely affected by currency fluctuations and dividend and exchange controls. The Group looks to limit undue counterparty

Page 96 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. exposure, ensure sufficient working capital exists and monitor the management of risk at a country level. This is achieved by negotiating contracts in our regions of operation using local currencies and regulations.

Operation key performance indicators (KPI's)

The Group manage the business by monitoring key performance indicators. The key performance indicators are quantity of grain collected, percentage oil yield from the grain, quantity of oil produced, grain price achieved, oil price achieved, and unit cost of production of oil.

Safety, health and environment (SHE)

The Board considers managing the safety and health of our people and protecting the environment as a corporate governance priority.

Nicholas Myerson, Chief Operating Officer, is ultimately responsible for SHE performance in the Group and also has functional responsibility. Fundamental to our management of SHE is the recognition that it is a line management responsibility and should not be delegated to a function. It is a responsibility of all managers and employees and this is regularly communicated and reinforced. We aim to continually test and improve SHE performance across our business.

During 2011-12 there were two incidents. Communications and instructions were forwarded to staff to ensure repeat incidents do not occur.

The key features of SHE include: a formal regime for reporting all incidents, including "near hits"; local investigation and measurement of performance to international standards; and assessment of key risks for each locality, in particular travel issues, field work and wildlife.

Corporate and social responsibility

The Group is committed to acting ethically and to contributing to the economic development of the regions where we operate. We believe strongly in the need to improve the quality of life of farmers and farming communities in the developing world.

Disabled employees

Applications for employment by disabled persons are always fully considered, bearing in mind the aptitudes of the applicant concerned. In the event of members of staff becoming disabled

Page 97 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. every effort is made to ensure that their employment with the Group continues and that appropriate training is arranged. It is the policy of the Group that the training, career development and promotion of disabled persons should, as far as possible, be identical with that of other employees.

Directors

The current Directors are listed in the Directors and Advisors section of this report. Barclay Forrest and Martin Jarvis left the Board on 14 July 2011 and 22 December 2011, respectively. Steven Rudofsky and Nicholas Myerson joined the board as Executive Directors on 24 June 2011 with Steven Rudofsky replacing Barclay Forrest as Chairman on 14 July 2011. Ravi Jose joined the Board as Executive Director on 26 July 2012. Graham Woolfman and Michael Moquette joined the Board as Non-Executive Directors on 14 July 2011 and 4 May 2012 respectively.

Dividends and transfers to reserves

No dividend has been paid or proposed for the period (2010 - GBPnil).

Corporate governance

As an AIM-listed company, there is no requirement to comply with the revised UK Corporate Governance Code, issued by the Financial Reporting Council in 2010 (the "Code"). However, the Directors recognise the value of the provisions set out in the Code and have decided to provide limited corporate governance disclosures based on certain of the disclosures required of a fully listed company.

The Board has established an Audit Committee, a Remuneration Committee, and a Nominations Committee, each with formally delegated duties and responsibilities. Each committee comprises Graham Woolfman (Chairman), Steven Rudofsky and Michael Moquette. Barclay Forrest and Martin Jarvis stepped down from the three committees when they left the Board. Nicholas Myerson stepped down from the three committees upon the appointment of Michael Moquette in May 2012.

The Audit Committee receives and reviews reports from management and the Group's auditors relating to the interim and annual financial statements and the accounting and internal control systems in use throughout the Group. The Audit Committee has unrestricted access to the Group's auditors.

The Remuneration Committee reviews the scale and structure of the Executive Directors'

Page 98 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. remuneration and the terms of their service contracts. The remuneration and terms and conditions of appointment of the Non-Executive Directors are set by the Board. The Remuneration Committee also administers the Group's share option scheme.

Supplier payment policy

It is Group policy to agree and clearly communicate the terms of payment as part of the commercial arrangements negotiated with suppliers and then to pay in accordance with those terms based upon the timely receipt of an accurate invoice. The holding company does not trade. The trade creditors' days of the Group for the 18 month period ended 30 June 2012 were 7 days calculated in accordance with the requirements set down in the Companies Act 2006.

Political and charitable donations

During the period the Group has made no political or charitable donations (2010: GBPnil)

Serious loss of capital requirement

Under the Companies Act 2006, where the Group's net assets are half or less of its called-up share capital, the Directors are required to convene a general meeting to consider whether any, and if so what, steps should be taken to deal with the situation. Accordingly, a general meeting was held on 29 June 2010 to discuss this matter. The Board presented its ongoing plans for the business. No resolutions were proposed at the meeting.

Auditors

Grant Thornton UK LLP was appointed during the year to fill a casual vacancy and will be proposed for reappointment at the forthcoming Annual General Meeting in accordance with Section 489(4) of the Companies Act 2006.

Approved by the Board of Directors and signed on behalf of the Board.

Steven Rudofsky

Executive Chairman

25 October 2012

Company number 5212852

Statement of Directors' responsibilities

The directors are responsible for preparing the Annual Report and the financial statements in accordance with applicable law and regulations.

Company law requires the directors to prepare financial statements for each financial year. Under that law the directors have elected to prepare the financial statements in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs) as adopted by the European Union. Under company law the directors must not approve the financial statements unless they are satisfied that they give a true and fair view of the state of affairs and profit or loss of the company and group for that period. In preparing these financial statements, the directors are required to:

-- select suitable accounting policies and then apply them consistently; -- make judgments and accounting estimates that are reasonable and prudent;

-- state whether applicable IFRSs have been followed, subject to any material departures disclosed and explained in the financial statements; [ 26-10-12 0600GMT ]

-- prepare the financial statements on the going concern basis unless it is inappropriate to presume the Company will continue in business.

The directors are responsible for keeping adequate accounting records that are sufficient to show and explain the company's transactions and disclose with reasonable accuracy at any time the financial position of the company and enable them to ensure that the financial statements comply with the Companies Act 2006. They are also responsible for safeguarding the assets of the company and hence for taking reasonable steps for the prevention and detection of fraud and other irregularities.

The directors confirm that:

-- so far as each director is aware, there is no relevant audit information of which the company's auditor is unaware; and

-- the directors have taken all the steps that they ought to have taken as directors in order to make themselves aware of any relevant audit information and to establish that the auditors are aware of that information.

The directors are responsible for the maintenance and integrity of the corporate and financial information included on the company's website. Legislation in the United Kingdom governing the preparation and dissemination of financial statements may differ from legislation

Cautionary statement regarding forward-looking statements

This Annual Report has been prepared for the members of the Company and no one else. The Company, its Directors, employees or agents do not accept or assume responsibility to any other person in connection with this document and any such responsibility or liability is expressly disclaimed.

This Annual Report contains certain forward-looking statements with respect to the principal risks and uncertainties facing NEOS Resources plc. By their nature, these statements and forecasts involve risk and uncertainty because they relate to events and depend on circumstances that may or may not occur in the future. There are a number of factors that could cause actual results or developments to differ materially from those expressed or implied by these forward- looking statements and forecasts. The forward-looking statements reflect the knowledge and information available at the date of preparation of this Annual Report, and will not be updated during the year. Nothing in this Annual Report should be construed as a profit forecast.

Independent auditor's report

to the members of NEOS Resources plc

We have audited the financial statements of NEOS Resources plc for the period ended 30 June 2012 which comprise the consolidated income statement, the consolidated statement of comprehensive income, the consolidated and parent company balance sheets, the consolidated and parent company statements of changes in equity, the consolidated and parent company statements of cash flow and the related notes. The financial reporting framework that has been applied in their preparation is applicable law and International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs) as adopted by the European Union.

This report is made solely to the company's members, as a body, in accordance with Chapter 3 of Part 16 of the Companies Act 2006. Our audit work has been undertaken so that we might state to the company's members those matters we are required to state to them in an auditor's report and for no other purpose. To the fullest extent permitted by law, we do not accept or assume responsibility to anyone other than the company and the company's members as a body, for our audit work, for this report, or for the opinions we have formed.

Respective responsibilities of directors and auditor

As explained more fully in the Statement of Directors' Responsibilities, the directors are responsible for the preparation of the financial statements and for being satisfied that they give a true and fair view. Our responsibility is to audit and express an opinion on the financial statements in accordance with applicable law and International Standards on Auditing (UK and Ireland). Those standards require us to comply with the Auditing Practices Board's (APB's) Ethical Standards for Auditors.

Scope of the audit of the financial statements

A description of the scope of an audit of financial statements is provided on the APB's website at www.frc.org.uk/apb/scope/private.cfm.

Opinion on financial statements

In our opinion:

-- the financial statements give a true and fair view of the state of the group's and of the parent company's affairs as at 30 June 2012 and of the group's and the parent company's loss for the period then ended;

-- the financial statements have been properly prepared in accordance with IFRSs as adopted by the European Union; and

-- the financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the requirements of the Companies Act 2006.

Emphasis of matter - Going concern

In forming our opinion on the financial statements, which is not modified, we have considered the adequacy of the disclosure made in note 1 to the financial statements concerning the group and parent company's ability to continue as a going concern. The group and parent company incurred net losses of GBP3.7m and GBP5.6m respectively, during the period ended 30 June 2012. As explained in note 1, the company intends to initiate additional fund raising before the second quarter of 2013 in pursuance of, among other matters, a revised strategy of producing, procuring and trading oils from non-edible oilseed types. These conditions, along with the other matters explained in note 1 to the financial statements, indicate the existence of a material uncertainty which may cast significant doubt about the group's ability to continue as a going concern. The financial statements do not include the adjustments that would result if the company was unable to continue as a going concern.

Opinion on other matter prescribed by the Companies Act 2006

In our opinion the information given in the Directors' Report for the financial year for which the financial statements are prepared is consistent with the financial statements.

Matters on which we are required to report by exception

We have nothing to report in respect of the following matters where the Companies Act 2006 requires us to report to you if, in our opinion:

-- adequate accounting records have not been kept by the parent company, or returns adequate for our audit have not been received

-- the parent company financial statements are not in agreement with the accounting records and returns; or

-- certain disclosures of directors' remuneration specified by law are not made; or -- we have not received all the information and explanations we require for our audit.

Paul Creasey

Senior Statutory Auditor

for and on behalf of Grant Thornton UK LLP

Statutory Auditor, Chartered Accountants

Reading

25 October 2012

Consolidated income statement

for the 18 month period ended 30 June 2012

18 month period Year ended ended 30 June 31 December 2012 2010 Restated Note GBP000 GBP000 ------Revenue 3, 4 862.9 105.2 Cost of sales (1,048.1) (85.4) ------Gross (loss) / profit (185.2) 19.8 Administrative expenses (3,003.5) (3,353.2) ------Trading loss (3,188.7) (3,333.4) Share of post tax losses of joint ventures accounted for using the equity method 12 - (306.1) Impairment of investments 12 (100.0) ------Loss from continuing operations (3,288.7) (3,639.5) Finance income 4,7 26.3 373.5 Finance costs 7 (428.3) (57.8) ------Loss for the period from continuing operations before taxation (3,690.7) (3,323.8)

Page 103 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. Tax (expense) / credit 8 (7.1) 235.9 ------Loss for the period from continuing operations after taxation (3,697.8) (3,087.9) ------Discontinued operations Profit/(loss) for the period from discontinued operations 13 345.6 (3,000.5) ------Total loss for the period and loss attributable to the equity holders of the parent (3,352.2) (6,088.4) ------

Loss per ordinary share Basic and diluted loss per ordinary share (pence) 9 (2.28) (4.81) Basic and diluted loss per ordinary share from continuing operations (pence) 9 (2.51) (2.62) ------

No profit and loss account is presented by the Company as permitted by Section 408 of the Companies Act 2006. The Company's loss for the period was GBP5,580,400 (2010: GBP9,070,800).

The accompanying notes from an integral part of these financial statements.

Consolidated statement of comprehensive income [ 26-10-12 0600GMT ]

for the 18 month period ended 30 June 2012

18 month period Year ended ended 30 June 31 December 2012 2010

GBP000 GBP000 ------Loss for the period / year (3,352.2) (6,088.4) Exchange difference on retranslation of foreign operations (48.1) (302.2) Exchange differences on disposed operations recognised in income statement 315.6 (12.5) Total comprehensive income for the period / year attributable to the equity holders of the parent (3,084.7) (6,403,1) ------

The accompanying notes from an integral part of these financial statements.

Consolidated balance sheet

at 30 June 2012

At At 30 June 31 December 2012 2010 Note GBP000 GBP000 Restated ------Assets Non-current assets Property, plant and equipment 10 20.9 143.1 Intangible assets 11 - - Investments accounted for using the equity method 12 ------20.9 143.1 Current assets Inventories 14 353.5 211.4 Trade and other receivables 15 494.4 498.2 Other financial assets 16 - 90.0 Cash and short-term deposits 17 1,533.8 3,440.5 ------2,381.7 4,240.1 Assets held for sale - 427.6 ------Total assets 2,402.6 4,810.8 ------Equities and liabilities Current liabilities Trade and other payables 18 (92.4) (280.5) Accruals and deferred income (140.1) (393.2) Payments due to vendors 19 - (4.1) Provisions 20 (250.0) (274.0) ------(482.5) (951.8) Liabilities held for sale - (161.5) Non-current liabilities Payments due to vendors 19 (561.5) (476.5) ------(561.5) (476.5) Total liabilities (1,044.0) (1,589.8) ------Net assets 1,358.6 3,221.0 ------Capital and reserves Equity share capital 22 1,783.2 1,266.8 Share premium 99,956.5 99,290.3 Own shares held (484.0) (484.0) Other reserves 437.7 437.7 Revenue reserves (101,279.5) (97,967.0) Share option reserve 1,025.0 1,025.0 Currency translation reserve (80.3) (347.8) ------Equity shareholders' funds 1,358.6 3,221.0 ------

These financial statements were approved by the Board of Directors on 25 October 2012.

Steven Rudofsky

Executive Chairman

The accompanying notes from an integral part of these financial statements.

Consolidated statement of changes in equity

for the 18 month period ended 30 June 2012

Own Share Currency Share Share shares Merger option translation

Revenue capital premium held reserve reserve reserve reserve Total GBP000 GBP000 GBP000 GBP000 GBP000 GBP000 GBP000 GBP000 ------Group At 1 January 2010 1,266.8 99,290.3 (484.0) 437.7 (91,919.6) 1,025.0 (33.1) 9,583.1

Share based payments - - - - 41.0 - - 41.0 ------

Transactions with owners - - - - 41.0 - - 41.0

Loss for the period - - - - (6,088.4) - - (6,088.4) Total comprehensive income ------(314.7) (314.7)

Equity issue 516.4 666.2 - - - - - 1,182.6 Share based payments - - - - 39.7 - - 39.7 Transactions with owners 516.4 666.2 - - 39.7 - - 1,222.3

Loss for the period - - - - (3,352.2) - - (3,352.2) Total comprehensive income ------267.5 267.5 ------At 30 June 2012 1,783.2 99,956.5 (484.0) 437.7 (101,279.5) 1,025.0 (80.3) 1,358.6 ------

The accompanying notes from an integral part of these financial statements.

Consolidated cash flow statement

for the 18 month period ended 30 June 2012

18 month Year period ended ended 30 June 31 December 2012 2010 Restated GBP000 GBP000 ------Operating activities Loss for the period / year (3,352.2) (6,088.4) Adjustments to reconcile loss for the period to net cash flow from operating activities: Depreciation of property, plant and

Page 107 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. equipment, and amortisation of intangible assets 57.0 135.6 Impairment of assets held for sale 24.2 48.1 Impairment of net current assets 34.4 - Impairment of investments 100.0 - Share-based payments 39.7 41.0 Net (profit) / loss on disposal of science and technology activities (750.6) 865.8 Loss on disposal of property, plant and equipment 32.7 55.1 Share of post tax losses of joint ventures accounted for using the equity method - 306.1 Finance income (26.3) (386.1) Finance expense 421.1 59.4 Income tax credit - (235.9) Tax paid (7.1) 4.2 Increase in inventories (203.6) (110.5) Decrease in trade and other receivables 748.4 843.9 Decrease in trade and other payables (523.5) (319.6) Decrease in provisions (24.0) (1,461.9) Exchange released to Income Statement upon impairment of Group loans (109.1) - Retranslation of revenue reserves (34.7) (334.0) ------Net cash flow from operating activities (3,573.6) (6,577.2) ------Investing activities Interest received 26.3 34.8 Payments to acquire property, plant and equipment, and intangible assets (11.9) (66.9) Funds transferred from deposits 90.0 4,457.6 Purchase of joint venture investments (100.0) (100.0) Net cash inflow / (outflow) on disposal of science and technology activities 300.0 (800.0) Proceeds from disposal of assets 103.0 1,696.1

[ 26-10-12 0600GMT ]

------Net cash flow from investing activities 407.4 5,221.6 ------Financing activities Proceeds of share issues (net of expenses) 1,182.6 ------Net cash flow from financing activities 1,182.6 ------Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents (1,983.6) (1,355.6) Cash and cash equivalents at the start of the period / year 3,440.5 4,425.5 Effects of exchange rates on cash at the start of the period (13.4) 19.3 Exchange effects on operating costs 90.3 351.3 ------Cash and cash equivalents at the end of the period / year 1,533.8 3,440.5 ------

The accompanying notes from an integral part of these financial statements.

Company balance sheet

as at 30 June 2012

As at As at 30 June 31 December 2012 2010 Note GBP000 GBP000 ------Assets Non-current assets Property, plant and equipment 10 0.6 26.1 Amounts receivable from group undertakings 15 - 2,879.6 Investments in subsidiaries 12 125.0 125.9 ------125.6 3,031.6 Current assets Trade and other receivables 15 428.2 353.1 Other financial assets 16 - 90.0 Cash and short-term deposits 17 1,088.1 2,983.0 ------1,516.3 3,426.1 ------Total assets 1,641.9 6,457.7 ------Equity and liabilities Current liabilities Trade and other payables 18 (73.9) (315.9) Accruals and deferred income (112.8) (304.4) Provisions 20 (250.0) (274.0) ------Total liabilities (436.7) (894.3) ------Net assets 1,205.2 5,563.4 ------Capital and reserves Equity share capital 22 1,783.2 1,266.8 Share premium 99,956.5 99,290.3 Own shares held (484.0) (484.0) Revenue reserves (101,075.5) (95,534.7) Share option reserve 1,025.0 1,025.0 ------Equity shareholders' funds 1,205.2 5,563.4 ------

These financial statements were approved by the Board of Directors on 25 October 2012.

Steven Rudofsky

Executive Chairman

The accompanying notes from an integral part of these financial statements.

Company statement of changes in equity

for the 18 month period ended 30 June 2012

Own Share Share Share shares Revenue option capital premium held reserve reserve Total GBP000 GBP000 GBP000 GBP000 GBP000 GBP000 ------Company At 1 January 2010 1,266.8 99,290.3 (484.0) (86,504.9) 1,025.0 14,593.2

Share based payments - - - 41.0 - 41.0 Transactions with owners - - - 41.0 - 41.0

Loss for the financial period and total comprehensive income - - - (9,070.8) - (9,070.8)

At 1 January 2011 1,266.8 99,290.3 (484.0) (95,534.7) 1,025.0 5,563.4

Equity issue 516.4 666.2 - - - 1,182.6 Share based payments - - - 39.7 - 39.7 Transactions with owners 516.4 666.2 - 39.7 - 1,222.3

Loss for the financial period and total comprehensive income - - - (5,580.5) - (5,580.5) At 30 June 2012 1,783.2 99,956.5 (484.0) (101,075.5) 1,025.0 1,205.2

The accompanying notes from an integral part of these financial statements.

Company cash flow statement

for the 18 month period ended 30 June 2012

18 month period Year ended ended 30 June 31 December 2012 2010 GBP000 GBP000 ------Operating activities Loss for the period / year (5,580.5) (9,070.8) Adjustments to reconcile loss for the year to net cash flow from operating activities: Depreciation of property, plant and equipment 13.6 7.5 Share-based payments 39.7 41.0 (Profit) / loss on disposal of property, plant and equipment (36.7) 6.9 Impairment of amounts owed by Group undertakings 3,991.7 661.5 Write-off of amounts owed by Group undertakings - 412.9 Impairment of investments 0.9 - Finance income - (32.4) Increase in trade and other receivables (75.1) (191.7) (Decrease) / increase in trade and other payments (433.6) 152.3 Decrease in provisions (24.0) (130.0) ------Net cash flow from operating activities (2,104.0) (8,142.8) ------Investing activities Interest received - 32.4 Payments to acquire property, plant and equipment (0.9) - Proceeds from disposal of assets 49.5 - Funds transferred from deposits 90.0 4,457.8 Investment in Group companies - (0.8) Net repayments (from) / loans to Group companies (1,112.1) 4,035.6 Net cash flow from investing activities (973.5) 8,525.0 ------Financing activities Proceeds of share issue 1,182.6 - Net cash flow from financing activities 1,182.6 ------

Page 111 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. Net (decrease) / increase in cash and cash equivalents (1,894.9) 382.2 Cash and cash equivalents at the start of the period / year 2,983.0 2,600.8 ------Cash and cash equivalents at the end of the period / year 1,088.1 2,983.0 ------

The accompanying notes from an integral part of these financial statements.

Notes to the financial statements

for the 18 month period ended 30 June 2012

1. Authorisation of financial statements

Fundamental accounting concept

Business planning uncertainty

The Executive Chairman's Report sets out the strategy of the business and what it is seeking to achieve. Following the appointment of Steven Rudofsky and Nicholas Myerson on 24 June 2011, the Board commenced a fundamental review of the business. The review concluded that a strategy of producing, procuring and trading oils from multiple non-edible oilseed types offered the most viable long term prospects for the Group. Whilst the Board is confident it can deliver a non-edible oilseeds based strategy that is viable and cash generative over the longer term, until the business plan is finalised and executed over number of harvest cycles, the Board cannot assess with certainty the implications of pursuing the revised strategy.

Funding uncertainty [ 26-10-12 0600GMT ]

The Group concluded a successful fund-raising exercise in November 2011. The Directors informed the market at the time that an additional fund raising would need to be initiated during the latter half of 2012. Whilst the Directors believe there are sufficient funds to cover overheads until the end of 2013, in order to expand the business, final follow on funding for capital investment ahead of the business becoming cash generative will need to be concluded prior to then. The Board is encouraged by the feedback it has received to date on the willingness of some existing shareholders to participate in a future fund raising. However, if the Directors are unable to secure

Page 112 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. the appropriate level of shareholder support for the strategy and associated future fund raising, the Company and the Group will be unable to continue as a going concern.

Directors' view

After making enquiries and considering these uncertainties, the Directors conclude that the implications of the business plan review and whether funding can be secured before cash resources are depleted are material uncertainties which may cast significant doubt about the Group and Company's ability to continue as a going concern in its current form. The Directors believe that these uncertainties can be managed and mitigated and the Directors have a reasonable expectation that the Group and the Company have adequate resources to continue in operational existence for the foreseeable future. Consequently the Directors believe that it is appropriate to prepare the financial statements on a going concern basis.

Should the business strategy not fulfil expectations and not generate cash for the Group, then the resultant restrictive ability to implement or fund the Groups business plan would mean the going concern basis be invalid and adjustments may have to be made to reduce the value of the assets to their recoverable amount, to provide for any further liabilities which might arise and to reclassify fixed assets and long term liabilities to current assets and current liabilities.

Prior year restatement

The prior period balance sheet has been restated to reflect assets and liabilities held for sale. The Directors do not consider it appropriate to include a third balance sheet as the numbers stated would not alter from those previously reported.

Authorisation of financial statements

The financial statements of the Company and its subsidiaries for the 18 month period ending 30 June 2012 were authorised by the Board of Directors on 25 October 2012 and the balance sheet was signed on the Board's behalf by Steven Rudofsky, Executive Chairman. The Company is a public limited company registered in England and Wales. The Company's ordinary shares are traded on AIM.

2. Summary of significant accounting policies

Basis of preparation

The Group's financial statements have been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) as adopted by the European Union as they apply to the financial statements of the Group for the 18 month period ended 30 June 2012 and applied in accordance with the Companies Act 2006.

The Group financial statements are presented in Sterling and all values are rounded to the nearest thousand pounds (GBP000) except

Key sources of estimation uncertainty

The preparation of financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported for assets and liabilities as at the balance sheet date and the amounts reported for revenues and expenses during the year. The nature of estimation means that actual outcomes could differ from those estimates. The key sources of estimation uncertainty that have a significant risk of causing material adjustment to the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities within the next financial year are discussed below.

Impairment of non-financial assets

The Group assesses whether there are any indicators of impairment for all non-financial assets at each reporting date. Goodwill and other indefinite life tangible and intangible assets are tested for impairment annually and at other times when there are indicators that the carrying amounts may not be recoverable. When value in use calculations are undertaken, management must estimate the expected future cash flows from the asset or cash-generating unit and choose a suitable discount rate in order to calculate the present value of those cash flows. Where realisable value is used as the basis of valuation, management must estimate the net income realisable from the sale of the asset and apply an appropriate discount rate to the cash flows arising.

Basis of consolidation

The Group financial statements consolidate the financial statements the Company and the entities it controls drawn up to 30 June each year. Prior to December 2011, the accounting reference date was 31 December.

Subsidiaries are consolidated from the date of their acquisition, being the date on which the Group obtains control, and continue to be consolidated until the date that such control ceases. Control comprises the power to govern the financial and operating polices of the investee so as to obtain benefit from its activities and is achieved through direct or indirect ownership of voting rights, currently exercisable or convertible voting rights, or by way of contractual agreement.

The financial statements of subsidiaries are prepared for the same reporting date as the parent company and are based on consistent accounting policies. All inter-company balances and transactions, including unrealised profits arising from intra-group transactions, are eliminated. Non-controlling interests represent the portion of profit or loss and net assets in subsidiaries that is not held by the Group and is presented within equity in the consolidated balance sheet, separately from the parent company's shareholders' equity. When a subsidiary is not wholly owned by the Group and it incurs losses, amounts allocated to the minority are recognised even if this results in the non-controlling interests having a deficit balance.

A joint venture is defined in IAS 31 as a 'contractual arrangement whereby two or more parties undertake an economic activity that is subject to joint control'.

Where the joint venture is established through an interest in a company, partnership or other entity (a jointly controlled entity), the Group recognises its interest in the entity's assets and liabilities using the equity method of accounting. Under the equity method, the interest in the joint venture is carried in the balance sheet at cost plus post-acquisition changes in the Group's share of its net assets, less distributions received and less any impairment in value of individual investments. The Group income statement reflects the share of the jointly controlled entity's results after tax. The Group statement of recognised income and expense reflects the Group's share of any income and expense recognised by the jointly controlled entity outside profit and loss.

Any goodwill arising on the acquisition of a jointly controlled entity, representing the excess of the cost of the investment compared to the Group's share of the net fair value of the entity's identifiable assets, liabilities and contingent liabilities, is included in the carrying amount of the jointly controlled entity and is not amortised. To the extent that the net fair value of the entity's identifiable assets, liabilities and contingent liabilities is greater than the cost of the investment, a gain is recognised and added to the Group's share of the entity's profit or loss in the period in which the investment is acquired.

Financial statements of jointly controlled entities are prepared for the same reporting period as the Group. Where necessary, adjustments are made to bring the accounting policies into line with those of the Group to take into account fair values assigned at the date of acquisition and to reflect impairment losses where appropriate. Adjustments are also made in the Group's financial statements to eliminate the Group's share of unrealised gains and losses on transactions between the Group and its jointly controlled entities.

The Group ceases to use the equity method on the date from which it no longer has joint control over, or significant influence in, the joint venture.

Where the financial statements of a jointly controlled entity used in the preparation of the financial statements are prepared as of a reporting date that is different from that of the Group, interim accounts are drawn up as at the Group reporting date and adjustments are made for the effects of significant transactions or events falling within the Group reporting period.

Financial assets

Financial assets are recognised when the Group becomes party to the contracts that give rise to them and are classified as loans and receivables, held-to-maturity investments or fair value through the income statement as appropriate. Financial assets also include cash and cash equivalents, trade and other receivables, other investments

Page 115 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. and derivative financial instruments. The Group determines the classification of its financial assets at initial recognition. When financial assets are recognised initially, they are measured at fair value, being the transaction price plus, in the case of financial assets not at fair value through profit or loss, directly attributable transaction costs.

The subsequent measurement of financial assets classified as fair value financial assets is as follows:

The fair value of quoted investments is determined by reference to bid prices at the close of business on the balance sheet date. When there is no active market, fair value is determined using valuation techniques. These include using recent arm's length market transactions, reference to the current market value of another instrument which is substantially the same discounted cash flow analysis and pricing models. Where fair value cannot be reliably estimated, assets are carried at cost. [ 26-10-12 0600GMT ]

Loans and receivables are non-derivative financial assets with fixed or determinable payments that are not quoted in an active market, do not qualify as trading assets and have not been designated as either fair value through profit and loss or available for sale. Such assets are carried at amortised cost using the effective interest method if the time value of money is significant. Gains and losses are recognised in income when the loans and receivables are derecognised or impaired, as well as through the amortisation process.

Derecognition of financial assets and liabilities

A financial asset or liability is generally derecognised when the contract that gives rise to it is settled, sold, cancelled or expires.

Where an existing financial liability is replaced by another from the same lender on substantially different terms, or the terms of an existing liability are substantially modified, such an exchange or modification is treated as a derecognition of the original liability and the recognition of a new liability, such that the difference in the respective carrying amounts together with any costs or fees incurred are recognised in profit or loss.

Impairment of financial assets

The Group assesses at each balance sheet date whether a financial asset or group of assets is impaired.

Assets carried at amortised cost

If there is objective evidence that an impairment loss on loans and receivables carried at amortised cost has been incurred, the amount of the loss is measured as the difference between the asset's carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash flows (excluding future credit losses that have not been incurred) discounted at the financial asset's original effective interest rate (i.e. the effective interest rate computed at initial recognition).

If, in a subsequent period, the amount of the impairment loss decreases and the decrease can be related objectively to an event occurring after the impairment was recognised, the previously recognised impairment loss is reversed. Any subsequent reversal of an impairment loss is recognised in the income statement, to the extent that the carrying value of the asset does not exceed its amortised cost at the reversal date.

Intangible assets

Research and development expenditure

The animal feed programme investigates alternative uses for and the removal of anti-nutritional substances from the seedcake (meal) co- product created when oil is extracted from the Jatropha kernel. Any costs incurred in the design and construction of prototype processes and equipment are capitalised as intangible assets and charged against income over the useful economic life of the process. Otherwise costs are expensed to the income statement as incurred.

Software

Software is initially carried at cost and thereafter stated at cost less accumulated amortisation and accumulated impairment losses. Intangible assets with a finite life have no residual value and are amortised on a straight-line basis over their expected useful economic lives of 3-5 years.

The carrying value of intangible assets is reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value may not be recoverable. In addition, the carrying value of capitalised development expenditure is reviewed for impairment annually before being brought into use.

Leases

Assets held under finance leases, which transfer to the Group substantially all of the risks and benefits incidental of ownership of the leased item, are capitalised at the inception of the lease, with a corresponding liability being recognised for the lower of the fair value of the leased asset and the present value of minimum lease payments. Lease payments are apportioned between reduction of the lease liability and finance charges in the income statement so as to achieve a constant rate of interest on the remaining balance of the liability. Assets held under finance leases are depreciated over the shorter of the estimated useful life of the asset and the lease term.

Leases where the lessor retains a significant portion of the risks and benefits of ownership of the asset are classified as operating leases and rentals payable are charged in the income statement on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

Cash and cash equivalents comprise cash at bank and in hand and short-term deposits with an original maturity of three months or less. Restricted deposits held as security are classified as financial assets rather than cash where the terms of the deposit mean that the balance cannot be readily converted to finance the day-today operations of the Group.

For the purpose of the consolidated cash flow statement, cash and cash equivalents are as defined above, net of outstanding bank overdrafts.

The Group endeavours to maintain sufficient cash at bank and in hand to fund operations in the short-term and invests surplus funds in term deposits to maximise interest revenue.

Property, plant and equipment

Property, plant and equipment is stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and impairment losses. Cost comprises the aggregate amount paid and the fair value of any other consideration given to acquire the asset and includes costs directly attributable to making the asset capable of operating as intended. Borrowing costs attributable to assets under construction are recognised as an expense as incurred.

Depreciation is provided on all property, plant and equipment, other than land, on a straight-line basis over the expected useful life as follows:

Buildings over 20 years Plant and machinery over 3-10 years Motor vehicles over 3-10 years Fixtures, fittings over 3-5 and equipment years

The carrying value of property, plant and equipment is reviewed for impairment and are written down immediately to their recoverable amount if events or changes in circumstance indicate the carrying value may not be recoverable. Useful lives and residual values are reviewed annually and where adjustments are required these are made prospectively.

An item of property, plant and equipment is derecognised upon disposal or when no future economic benefits are expected to arise from the continued use of the asset. Any gain or loss arising on the derecognition of the asset is included in the income statement in the period of derecognition.

Where assets are held under finance leases and there is reasonable certainty that the Group will obtain ownership of the asset by the end of the lease term (based on best estimates as at the balance sheet date), the asset is depreciated over its expected useful economic life. Otherwise, assets held under finance lease are depreciated over the shorter of the lease term and its useful economic life.

Employee benefits

Defined contribution plans

The Group's funding of the defined contribution plans is charged to the income statement in the same year as the related service is provided.

Leave benefits

Annual leave is provided for over the period that the leave accrues.

Foreign currency translation

The individual financial statements of each Group company are presented in the currency of the primary economic environment in which it operates (its functional currency). For the purpose of the consolidated financial statements, the results and financial position of each Group company are expressed in Pounds Sterling, which is the functional currency of the Company, and the presentation currency for the Group consolidated financial statements.

In preparing the financial statements of the individual companies, transactions in currencies other than the entity's functional currency (foreign currencies) are recognised at the rates of exchange prevailing on the dates of the transactions. At each balance sheet date, monetary assets and liabilities that are denominated in foreign currencies are retranslated at the rates prevailing at that date. Non-monetary items carried at fair value that are denominated in foreign currencies are translated at the rates prevailing at the date when the fair value was determined. Non-monetary items that are measured in terms of historical cost in a foreign currency are not retranslated.

Exchange differences are recognised in profit or loss in the period in which they arise except for:

-- exchange differences on transactions entered into to hedge certain foreign currency risks; and

-- exchange differences on monetary items receivable from or payable to a foreign operation for which settlement is neither planned nor likely to occur (therefore forming part of the net investment in the foreign operation), which are recognised initially in other comprehensive income and reclassified from equity to profit or loss on discontinuation of activities in the foreign operation or partial

For the purposes of presenting consolidated financial statements, the assets and liabilities of the Group's foreign operations are translated at exchange rates prevailing on the balance sheet date. Income and expense items are translated at the average exchange rates for the period, unless exchange rates fluctuate significantly during that period, in which case the exchange rates at the date of transactions are used. Exchange differences arising, if any, are recognised in other comprehensive income and accumulated in equity.

Business combinations and goodwill [ 26-10-12 0600GMT ]

Business combinations on or after 1 January 2006 are accounted for under IFRS 3 using the purchase method. Any excess of the cost of the business combination over the Group's interest in the net fair value of the identifiable assets, liabilities and contingent liabilities is recognised in the balance sheet as goodwill and is not amortised. To the extent that the net fair value of the acquired entity's identifiable assets, liabilities and contingent liabilities is greater than the cost of the investment, a gain is recognised immediately in the income statement. Any goodwill asset arising on the acquisition of equity accounted entities is included within the cost of those entities. The Group elected to adopt the revised IFRS 3 issued in January 2008 for the 2009 financial statements. The only material impact of the adoption on the Group's 2009 acquisition was that the revised IFRS 3 required the costs of acquisition to be recognised as an expense. Other changes include altering the treatment of non-controlling interests (formerly minority interests) with an option to recognise these at full fair value as at the acquisition date and a requirement for previously held non- controlling interests to be fair valued as at the date control is obtained, with gains and losses recognised in the income statement.

After initial recognition, goodwill is stated at cost less any accumulated impairment losses, with the carrying value being reviewed for impairment, at least annually and whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may be impaired.

For the purpose of impairment testing, goodwill is allocated to the related cash-generating units expected to benefit from the combination's synergies and monitored by management. Where the recoverable amount of the cash-generating unit is less than its carrying amount, including goodwill, an impairment loss is recognised in the income statement. On disposal of a cash-generating unit, the allocated goodwill is taken into account when determining the gain or loss on disposal to be recognised in the income statement.

Inventories

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost and net realisable value. Cost includes all costs incurred in bringing each product to its present location and condition, as follows:

Raw materials, consumables and goods held for resale - purchase cost on a first-in, first-out basis

Work in progress and finished goods - cost of direct materials and labour plus attributable overheads based on a normal level of activity, excluding borrowing costs

Net realisable value is based on estimated selling price less any further costs expected to be incurred to completion and disposal.

Trade and other receivables

Trade receivables, which generally have 30 day terms, are recognised and carried at the lower of their original invoiced value and recoverable amount. Provision is made where there is objective evidence that the Group will not be able to recover balances in full. Balances are written off when the probability of recovery is assessed as being remote.

Interest bearing loans and borrowings

Loans and borrowings are recognised when the Group becomes party to the related contracts and are measured initially at fair value, being the proceeds received less directly attributable transaction costs.

After initial recognition, interest bearing loans and borrowings are subsequently measured at amortised cost using the effective interest method and taking into account any issue costs and any discount or premium on settlement.

Gains and losses arising on the repurchase, settlement or other cancellation of liabilities are recognised respectively in finance revenue and finance cost.

Provisions

Provisions are measured at the estimated expenditure required to settle the present obligation, based on the most reliable evidence available at the reporting date, including the risks and uncertainties associated with the present obligation. Where there are a number of similar obligations, the likelihood that an outflow will be required in settlement is determined by considering the class of obligations as a whole. Provisions are discounted to their present values, where the time value of money is material.

Any reimbursement that the Group can be virtually certain to collect from a third party with respect to the obligation is recognised as a separate asset. However, this asset may not exceed the amount of the related provision.

In those cases where the possible outflow of economic resources as a result of present obligations is considered improbable or remote, no liability is recognised.

Income taxes

Page 121 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. Current tax assets and liabilities are measured at the amount expected to be recovered from or paid to the taxation authorities, based on tax rates and laws that are enacted or substantively enacted by the balance sheet date.

Deferred income tax is recognised on all temporary differences arising between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their carrying amounts in the financial statements, with the following exceptions:

-- where the temporary difference arises from the initial recognition of goodwill or of an asset or liability in a transaction that is not a business combination that at the time of the transaction affects neither the accounting nor taxable profit or loss;

-- in respect of taxable temporary differences associated with investments in subsidiaries, associates and joint ventures, where the timing of the reversal of the temporary differences can be controlled and it is probable that the temporary differences will not reverse in the foreseeable future; and

-- deferred income tax assets are recognised only to the extent that it is probable that taxable profits will be available against which the deductible temporary differences, carried forward tax credits or tax losses can be utilised.

Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are measured on an undiscounted basis at the tax rates that are expected to apply when the related asset is realised or liability is settled, based on tax rates and laws enacted or substantively enacted at the balance sheet date.

Tax is charged or credited directly to equity if it relates to items that are credited or charged to equity. Otherwise tax is recognised in the income statement.

Revenue recognition

Revenue is recognised to the extent that it is probable that the economic benefits will flow to the Group and the revenue can be reliably measured. Revenue is measured at the fair value of the consideration received, excluding discounts, rebates, VAT and other sales taxes or duty. The following criteria must also be met before revenue is recognised:

Sale of goods

Revenue from the sale of goods is recognised when the significant risks and rewards of ownership of the goods have passed to the buyer, usually on dispatch of the goods.

Interest income

Finance revenue is recognised as interest accrued using the effective interest method, that is the rate that exactly discounts estimated

Borrowing costs

Borrowing costs on eligible capital projects are capitalised. Other borrowing costs are recognised as an expense when incurred.

Share-based payments

Equity-settled transactions

The cost of equity-settled transactions with employees is measured by reference to the fair value at the date at which they are granted and is recognised as an expense over the vesting period, which ends on the date on which the relevant employees become entitled to the award. Fair value is determined by an external valuer using the Black-Scholes Option Pricing model. In valuing equity-settled transactions, no account is taken of any vesting conditions, other than conditions linked to the price of the shares of the Company (market conditions).

No expense is recognised for awards that do not ultimately vest, except for awards where vesting is conditional upon a market condition, which are treated as vesting irrespective of whether or not the market condition is satisfied, provided that all other performance conditions are satisfied.

At each balance sheet date before vesting, the cumulative expense is calculated, representing the extent to which the vesting period has expired and management's best estimate of the achievement or otherwise of non-market conditions and of the number of equity instruments that will ultimately vest or, in the case of an instrument subject to a market condition, be treated as vesting as described above. The movement in cumulative expense since the previous balance sheet date is recognised in the income statement, with a corresponding entry in equity.

Where the terms of an equity-settled award are modified or a new award is designated as replacing a cancelled or settled award, the cost based on the original award terms continues to be recognised over the original vesting period. In addition, an expense is recognised over the remainder of the new vesting period for the incremental fair value of any modification, based on the difference between the fair value of the original award and the fair value of the modified award, both as measured on the date of the modification. No reduction is recognised if this difference is negative.

Where an equity-settled award is cancelled, it is treated as if it had vested on the date of cancellation, and any cost not yet recognised in the income statement for the award is expensed immediately. Any compensation paid up to the fair value of the award at the cancellation is deducted from equity, with any excess over fair value being treated as an expense in the income statement.

Assets held for sale [ 26-10-12 0600GMT ]

When an asset or disposal group's carrying value will be recovered principally through a sale transaction rather than through continuing use, it is classified as held for sale and stated at the lower of carrying value and fair value less costs to sell. No depreciation is charged in respect of non-current assets classified as held for sale.

New standards and interpretations

The accounting policies adopted in the preparation of the Group's annual financial statements are consistent with those followed in the preparation of the annual financial statements for the year ended 31 December 2010.

The amendments to the following standards did not have any impact on the accounting policies, financial position or performance of the Group:

-- Various - Annual improvements to IFRS - effective various dates but most 1 January 2011. -- IFRS 1 - Amendment - First time adoption of IFRS - effective 1 July 2010. -- IAS 24 - Amendment - Related party disclosures - effective 1 January 2011. -- IAS 32 - Amendment - Financial instruments: presentation - effective 1 February 2010. -- IFRIC 14 - Amendment - IAS 19 limit on a defined benefit asset - effective 1 January 2011.

-- IFRIC 19 - Extinguishing financial liabilities with equity instruments - effective 1 July 2010.

The Directors do not anticipate that the adoption of these standards will have a material impact on the Group's financial statements in the period of initial application.

The IASB and IFRIC have issued the following standards and interpretations with an effective date after the date of these financial statements that have not yet been endorsed by the European Union:

-- IFRS 9 Financial Instruments (effective 1 January 2015) -- IFRS 10 Consolidated Financial Statements (effective 1 January 2013) -- IFRS 11 Joint Arrangements (effective 1 January 2013) -- IFRS 12 Disclosure of Interests in Other Entities (effective 1 January 2013) -- IFRS 13 Fair Value Measurement (effective 1 January 2013) -- IAS 19 Employee Benefits (Revised June 2011) (effective 1 January 2013) -- IAS 27 (Revised), Separate Financial Statements (effective 1 January 2013) -- IAS 28 (Revised), Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures (effective 1 January 2013)

-- Deferred Tax: Recovery of Underlying Assets - Amendments to IAS 12 Income Taxes (IASB effective date 1 January 2012, not yet adopted by the EU)

-- Disclosures - Offsetting Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities - Amendments to IFRS 7 (effective 1 January 2013)

-- Offsetting Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities - Amendments to IAS 32 (effective 1 January 2014)

-- Mandatory Effective Date and Transition Disclosures - Amendments to IFRS 9 and IFRS 7 (effective 1 January 2015)

-- Government Loans - Amendments to IFRS 1 (effective 1 January 2013)

-- IFRIC 20 Stripping Costs in the Production Phase of a Surface Mine (effective 1 January 2013)

-- Annual Improvements 2009-2011 Cycle (effective 1 January 2013) -- Transition Guidance - Amendments to IFRS 10, IFRS 11 and IFRS 12 (effective 1 January 2013)

The Directors do not anticipate that the adoption of amendments or revisions to the above standards will have a material impact on the Group's financial statements in the period of initial application.

3. Segmental information

For management purposes, the Group is organised into business units according to the nature of the products and services and has the following operating segments:

-- The Operations segment is managing the outgrower network, collecting grain and selling crude castor, Jatropha and other non- edible oilseeds.

-- The Science & Technology segment provided Jatropha plant science and associated technical consulting services to third-parties, breeds seeds and seedlings for commercial planting and undertook research and development activities on Jatropha and its co-products. In December 2010, the disposal of a substantial portion of this segment was effected, with the exception of the animal feed activity. The effective financial date of disposal was 1 November 2010. For the purposes of segmental reporting, the agronomy and breeding activities that were disposed of in 2010 are classified as discontinued. As a result of a business review conducted during the period, the Board took the view to place the Animal Feed programme on hold. In April 2012, the Animal Feed programme was sold to Quinvita, the purchaser of the original Science & Technology segment. The Animal Feed activity has been reclassified as discontinuing and the comparative

-- The Refining & Trading segment is an operation that was discontinued in 2008. In 2011-12, activity in this segment related to remaining refining and trading sites situated in the UK.

No operating segments have been aggregated to form the above reportable operating segments.

Management monitors the operating results of its business units separately for the purpose of making decisions about resource allocation and performance assessment. Segment performance is evaluated based on profit or loss which in certain respects, as explained in the table below, is measured differently from profit or loss in the consolidated financial statements. Group financing (including finance costs and finance revenue), taxation and central administration are managed on a group basis and are not allocated to operating segments.

The following tables present revenue and profit and certain asset and liability information regarding the Group's business segments for the 18 month period ended 30 June 2012 and the year ended 31 December 2010.

Segment revenue and results

Total Refining Science Total Continuing & Trading & Technology Discontinued Operations operations (discontinued) (discontinued) operations Group 18 month period GBP000 GBP000 GBP000 GBP000 GBP000 GBP000 ended 30 June 2012 ------Revenue Sales to external customers 862.9 862.9 - 13.7 13.7 876.6 Segment revenue 862.9 862.9 - 13.7 13.7 876.6 ------Results Depreciation and amortisation (23.4) (23.4) - (33.6) (33.6) (57.0) Gain on disposal of Science & Technology business - - - 750.5 750.5 750.5 Legal settlement

Page 126 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. gain - - 51.2 - 51.2 51.2 Other costs (2,355.9) (2,355.9) 41.4 (477.6) (436.2) (2,792.1) ------Segment profit/(loss) before central costs (1,516.4) (1,516.4) 92.6 253.0 345.6 (1,170.8) ------Central administration costs (1,772.3) (1,772.3) - - - (1,772.3) Unallocated finance revenue 26.3 26.3 - - - 26.3 Unallocated finance costs (428.3) (428.3) - - - (428.3) Taxation (7.1) (7.1) - - - (7.1) ------Total loss for the year (3,697.8) (3,697.8) 92.6 253.0 345.6 (3,352.2) ------

Total Refining Science Total Continuing & Trading & Technology Discontinued Operations operations (discontinued) (discontinued) operations Group Restated Restated Restated Restated Restated Restated Year ended 31 GBP000 GBP000 GBP000 GBP000 GBP000 GBP000 December 2010 ------Revenue Sales to external customers 105.2 105.2 - 228.9 228.9 334.1 Segment revenue 105.2 105.2 - 228.9 228.9 334.1 ------Results Depreciation and amortisation (67.1) (67.1) - (46.7) (46.7) (113.8) Share of loss of joint ventures (306.1) (306.1) - - - (306.1)

Page 127 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. Loss on disposal of Science & Technology - - - (865.8) (865.8) (865.8) Legal settlement gain - - 21.7 - 21.7 21.7 Interest expense - - - (1.6) (1.6) (1.6) Impairment of assets held

[ 26-10-12 0600GMT ]

for sale - - (0.7) - (0.7) (0.7) Other costs (1,434.6) (1,434.6) 902.0 (3,238.3) (2,336.3) (3,770.9) ------Segment loss before central costs (1,702.6) (1,702.6) 923.0 (3,923.5) (3,000.5) (4,703.1) ------Central administration costs (1,959.7) (1,959.7) - - - (1,959.7) Unallocated finance revenue 386.1 386.1 - - - 386.1 Unallocated finance costs (57.8) (57.8) - - - (57.8) Taxation 246.1 246.1 - - - 246.1 ------Total loss for the year (3,087.9) (3,087.9) 923.0 (3,923.5) (3,000.5) (6,088.4) ------

The accounting policies of the reportable segments are the same as the Group's accounting policies described in note 2. Segment profit represents the profit earned by each segment without allocation of central administration costs, investment gains or losses, unallocated finance revenue, unallocated finance costs and taxation. This is the measure used for reporting to the Group's chief operating decision makers for the purpose of allocation and assessment of segment performance.

Loss before tax on continuing operations

18 month period Year ended ended 30 June 31 December 2012 2010

GBP000 GBP000 ------Operations (1,516.4) (1,702.6) Central administration costs (2,174.3) (1,621.2) ------Total loss before tax on continuing operations (3,690.7) (3,323.8) ------

Segment assets

Total Continuing Operations operations Group At 30 June 2012 GBP000 GBP000 ------Assets Operating assets 2,402.6 2,402.6 2,402.6 ------Segment assets 2,402.6 2,402.6 2,402.6 ------

Total Science Refining Total Continuing & Technology & Trading Discontinued Operations operations (discontinued) (discontinued) operations Group At 31 December GBP000 GBP000 GBP000 GBP000 2010 ------Assets Operating assets 4,383.2 4,383.2 26.1 401.5 427.6 4,810.8 ------Segment assets 4,383.2 4,383.2 26.1 401.5 427.6 4,810.8 ------

Page 129 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. For the purposes of monitoring segment performance and allocating resources between segments, the Group's chief operating decision makers monitor the tangible, intangible and financial assets attributable to each segment. All assets are allocated to reportable segments except assets relating to central administration.

Segment liabilities

Total Continuing Operations operations Group At 30 June 2012 GBP000 GBP000 ------Liabilities Operating liabilities (1,044.0) (1,044.0) (1,044.0) ------Segment liabilities (1,044.0) (1,044.0) (1,044.0) ------

Total Refining Science Total Continuing & Trading & Technology Discontinued Operations operations (discontinued) (discontinued) operations Group At 31 December GBP000 GBP000 GBP000 GBP000 GBP000 2010 ------Liabilities Operating liabilities (1,428.3) (1,428.3) (105.3) (56.2) (161.5) (1,589.8) ------Segment liabilities (1,428.3) (1,428.3) (105.3) (56.2) (161.5) (1,589.8) ------

For the purposes of monitoring segment performance and allocating resources between segments, the Group's chief operating decision makers monitor the operating and financial liabilities attributable to each segment. All liabilities are allocated to reportable segments except liabilities relating to central administration.

Capital expenditure

Total Science Total Continuing & Technology Discontinued

Page 130 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. Operations operations (discontinued) operations Group 18 month period GBP000 GBP000 GBP000 GBP000 ended 30 June 2012 ------Capital expenditure 10.1 10.1 1.8 1.8 11.9 ------

Total Science Total Continuing & Technology Discontinued Operations operations (discontinued) operations Group Year ended 31 December 2010 GBP000 GBP000 GBP000 GBP000 ------Capital expenditure 48.6 48.6 13.3 13.3 61.9 ------

Geographical information

The Group's revenue from external customers and information (including discontinued operations) about its segment assets (non- current assets excluding financial instruments, deferred tax assets, post-employment benefit assets, and rights arising under insurance contracts) by geographical location are detailed below:

18 month Year period ended ended 31 December 30 June 2010 2012 GBP000 GBP000 ------Revenue from external customers United Kingdom 37.7 103.8 India 798.5 82.4 Belgium - 46.5 Netherlands - 26.5 Cape Verde - 44.1 Other 40.4 30.8 ------Total revenue from external

Page 131 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. customers 876.6 334.1 ------Non-current assets United Kingdom 0.6 8.7 India 20.3 84.9 Indonesia - 20.8 Zambia - 28.7 Total non-current assets 20.9 143.1 ------

4. Revenue and administrative costs

Revenue recognised in the income statement is analysed as follows:

18 month period Year ended ended 30 June 31 December 2012 2010 Restated GBP000 GBP000 ------Continuing operations Sales of goods 862.9 105.2 Finance revenue 26.3 373.5 ------889.2 478.7 ------Discontinued operations Sales of goods 13.7 228.8 Finance revenue - 12.6 ------13.7 241.4 ------

[ 26-10-12 0600GMT ]

Group operating loss is stated after charging / (crediting):

18 month Year period ended ended 30 June 31 December 2012 2010 GBP000 GBP000 ------Depreciation of plant, property and equipment 57.0 134.9 Amortisation of intangible assets - 0.7

Page 132 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. Impairment of assets held for sale - 48.1 Net foreign currency differences - 36.7 Net expenditure on research and development after tax credits - (20.1) Current auditors' remuneration - audit fees in respect of the Company 30.0 - - interim audit 10.0 - - audit fees in respect of subsidiaries 14.8 - - taxation services 5.2 - Previous auditors' remuneration - audit fees - 73.0 - overseas audit - 60.0 - taxation services 23.7 35.4 - consulting services 5.5 2.4 ------Total auditors remuneration 89.2 170.8 ------Payment under operating leases - property 98.0 345.7 - plant and machinery 2.2 3.2 ------

As part of the Business Review, the Board withdrew from Indonesia and Zambia. The contribution to the Group's loss from these regions for the period was a loss of GBP900,600. The Board did not consider either Indonesia or Zambia to represent major geographical business locations.

5. Staff numbers and costs

The average number of persons employed by the Group (including Directors) during the year, analysed by category was as follows:

18 month Year period ended ended 30 June 31 December 2012 2010 Number Number ------Executive Directors 2 1 Technical 23 45 Administration and operational staff 39 66 ------Total 64 112 ------

The costs incurred in respect of these employees (including Directors) were:

18 month Year

Page 133 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. period ended ended 30 June 31 December 2012 2010 GBP000 GBP000 ------Wages and salaries 1,237.4 2,000.8 Social security costs 119.3 193.3 Other pension costs 38.4 50.6 ------Total 1,395.1 2,244.7 ------

Other pension costs consist of contributions to defined contribution pension plans.

6. Key management remuneration

Fees 18 month

paid period Year Short-term Employers Post- to ended ended employee national employment Termination third 30 June 31 December

parties

for director benefits insurance benefits benefits services 2012 2010 GBP000 GBP000 GBP000 GBP000 GBP000 GBP000 GBP000 ------Executive Directors Steven Zachariah Rudofsky 51.0 5.2 - - - 56.2 - Nicholas Paul Myerson 51.0 4.7 - - - 55.7 - Martin John Jarvis (a) 223.4 29.0 17.3 - - 269.7 167.4 Benjamin Richard Good (b) ------139.5 Henk Jean Pierre Joos ------154.1 Non-Executive Directors John Barclay Forrest 24.1 2.1 - 10.0

Page 134 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. - 36.2 64.6 Graham Woolfman 19.3 1.3 - - 22.8 43.4 - Michael Moquette - - - - 1.7 1.7 Moira Elizabeth Black ------3.8 Charles John Nicholas Ward ------52.1 Brain Myerson (c) ------7.2 368.8 42.3 17.3 10.0 24.5 462.9 588.7 ------

(a) In 2010, post employment benefits for Martin Jarvis consisted of GBP12,600 in contributions to the defined contribution pension scheme operated by the Group.

(b) In 2010, in addition to remuneration of GBP139,500, Ben Good received GBP158,800 in termination benefits. In 2010, post employment benefits for Ben Good consisted of GBP10,300 in contributions to the defined contribution pension scheme operated by the Group.

The people identified as key management in the table above were also the directors of the Company.

Options Options Lapsed 1 January Granted Exercised in 30 June Exercise Exercisable

Expiry 2011(a) 2011-12 2011-12 2011-12 2012 price date date ------John Barclay Forrest (e) 78,125 - - (78,125) - GBP1.28 n/a n/a Martin John Jarvis - 2,730,000 - - 2,730,000 GBP0.01 (b) March-21 Martin John

(a) Options in issue at 1 January 2011 or the date of appointment if later.

(b) These options have been granted as one third exercisable on the first anniversary of their date of grant. Thereafter a further 1/36 vests each month over the next 24 months so that the full amount is capable of being exercised after three years.

(c) These options have been granted as one third exercisable on the first anniversary of their date of grant. Thereafter a further 1/36 vests each month over the next 24 months so that the full amount is capable of being exercised after three years. A performance criteria is attached to the exercise of the options. No part of the option shall become exercisable until the Company's reported consolidated results for a six-month period demonstrate that a pre-tax profit in excess of GBP250,000 for such six months has been achieved, excluding the effects to the profit and loss account relating to the grant vesting or exercise of any options granted to the company.

d) The aggregate amounts of gains made by former Directors on the exercise of share options during the year amounted to GBPnil (2010: GBPnil). This represents the market price of the shares in excess of the exercise price on the date the options were exercised.

(e) The Share option for John Barclay Forrest lapsed upon cessation of employment or engagement with the Group. [ 26-10-12 0600GMT ]

7. Finance revenue and costs

18 month period Year ended ended 30 June 31 December Continuing operations 2012 2010

GBP000 GBP000 ------Interest received on bank deposits 26.3 34.6 Net foreign exchange movements - 338.9 ------Finance revenue 26.3 373.5 ------Interest accretion on deferred consideration payable (7.2) (47.7) Net foreign exchange movements (340.2) - Other finance charges (80.9) (10.1) ------Finance costs (428.3) (57.8)

8. Taxation

Tax recognised in the income statement

Continuing Discontinued Total operations operations ------18 month Year 18 month Year 18 month Year period ended period ended period ended ended ended ended 30 June 31 December 30 June 31 December 30 June 31 December 2012 2010 2012 2010 2012 2010

GBP000 GBP000 GBP000 GBP000 GBP000 GBP000 ------Current tax credit - UK - (250.0) - - - (250.0) Current tax expense/ (credit) - overseas 7.1 14.1 - (10.2) 7.1 3.9 ------Tax reported in consolidated income statement 7.1 (235.9) - (10.2) 7.1 (246.1) ------

Reconciliation

A reconciliation of total tax applicable to accounting profit before tax at the Group's effective tax rate for the 18 month period ended 30 June 2012 and the year ended 31 December 2010 is as follows:

18 month period Year

Page 137 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. ended ended 30 June 31 December 2012 2010 GBP000 GBP000 ------Loss on continuing activities before taxation (3,690.7) (3,323.8) Profit / (loss) on discontinued activities before taxation 345.6 (3,010.7) Total loss on ordinary activities before taxation (3,345.1) (6,334.5) At United Kingdom tax rate of 26% (2010 - 28%) (869.8) (1,773.7) Expenditure not allowable for tax purposes (73.2) (173.8) Share option charge 10.3 11.5 Share of loss of joint venture - 85.7 Effect of different tax rates of subsidiaries in other jurisdictions (0.3) (1.3) Unrecognised tax losses 940.1 1,883.5 Utilisation of prior year losses - (5.7) Research and development tax credits - (263.9) Disallowed loss on disposal of investments - (8.4) ------Total tax income reported in consolidated income statement 7.1 (246.1) ------

The Group has trading tax losses of GBP52.1m (2010: GBP57.2m) that are available indefinitely for offset against future taxable profits of the same trade in the companies in which they arose. The reduction reflects the fact that the Group no longer have the rights to losses in respect of certain discontinued operations. The value of the unrecognised trading tax losses at the current tax rate is GBP14.1m (2010: GBP15.4m). Deferred tax assets have not been recognised in respect of these trading losses as the companies with losses are not forecast to generate taxable profits for several years and the losses are not transferrable. In addition, the Group has capital tax losses of GBP0.6m (2010: GBP13.4m) available for offset against future capital gains. Deferred tax assets have not been recognised in

Page 138 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. respect of these capital losses as they are not expected to be utilised in the foreseeable future. The UK Government has announced that the future rate of Corporation Tax will fall to 23% by 2014. If enacted, this would have no material effect as no deferred tax asset is recognised.

9. Loss per ordinary share

18 month period Year ended ended 30 June 31 December 2012 2010 For Group Number Number ------Weighted average number of shares in issue 149,233,084 126,481,574 ------

Pence Pence ------Loss per ordinary share - basic and diluted (2.28) (4.81) ------

18 month period Year ended ended 30 June 31 December 2012 2010

For Group from continuing operations Number Number ------Weighted average number of shares in issue 149,233,084 126,481,574 ------

Pence Pence ------Loss per ordinary share - basic and diluted (2.51) (2.62) ------

The number of shares in issue at 30 June 2012 was 178,315,219 (31 December 2010: 126,675,219). For the purposes of calculating the loss per ordinary share the weighted average number of shares excludes 193,645 shares (2010: 193,645 shares) held by the D1 Oils plc Employee Benefit Trust. No diluted loss per share has been disclosed as the share options are anti-dilutive. For the purposes of calculating earnings per share, the following profit figures were used:

18 month period Year ended ended 30 June 31 December 2012 2010

Restated GBP000 GBP000 ------Loss for the period attributable to equity holders of the parent from continuing operations (3,697.8) (3,087.9) Profit / (loss) for the period attributable to equity holders of the parent from discontinued operations 345.6 (3,000.5) ------Total loss for the period attributable to equity holders of the parent (3,352.2) (6,088.4) ------

[ 26-10-12 0600GMT ]

10. Property, plant and equipment

Motor Plant Fixtures and vehicles machinery and fittings Total Group GBP000 GBP000 GBP000 GBP000 ------Cost At 1 January 2010 75.4 474.8 74.8 625.0 Additions 25.5 41.2 0.2 66.9 Disposal (42.2) (221.4) (48.9) (312.5) Foreign exchange movements 3.5 12.4 0.6 16.5 ------At 31 December 2010 62.2 307.0 26.7 395.9 ------Additions 6.3 5.3 0.3 11.9 Disposal (52.7) (197.4) (18.9) (269.0) Foreign exchange

Page 140 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. movements (3.8) (30.5) (3.6) (37.9) ------At 30 June 2012 12.0 84.4 4.5 100.9 ------Accumulated depreciation At 1 January 2010 28.0 157.0 40.8 225.8 Charge for the year 22.8 101.3 10.8 134.9 Elimination on disposal (27.3) (79.5) (36.9) (143.7) Foreign exchange movements 1.2 7.3 1.2 9.7 ------At 31 December 2010 24.7 186.1 15.9 226.7 ------Charge for the year 12.9 40.7 3.4 57.0 Elimination on disposal (27.9) (139.7) (13.8) (181.4) Foreign exchange movements (2.6) (17.5) (2.2) (22.3) ------At 30 June 2012 7.1 69.6 3.3 80.0 ------Net book value At 30 June 2012 4.9 14.8 1.2 20.9 ------At 31 December 2010 37.5 120.9 10.8 169.2 ------At 1 January 2010 47.4 317.8 34.0 399.2 ------

Plant Fixtures and and machinery fittings Total Company GBP000 GBP000 GBP000 ------Cost At 1 January 2010 5.8 18.0 23.8 Additions 28.3 - 28.3 Disposals (5.8) (18.0) (23.8) ------At 31 December 2010 28.3 - 28.3 ------Additions 0.9 - 0.9 Disposals (28.3) - (28.3) ------At 30 June 2012 0.9 - 0.9 ------

Accumulated depreciation At 1 January 2010 2.9 8.7 11.6 Charge for the year 3.5 4.0 7.5 Elimination on disposal (4.2) (12.7) (16.9) ------At 31 December 2010 2.2 - 2.2

Page 141 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. ------Charge for the year 13.6 - 13.6 Disposals (15.5) - (15.5) ------At 30 June 2012 0.3 - 0.3 ------Net book value At 30 June 2012 0.6 - 0.6 ------At 31 December 2010 26.1 - 26.1 ------At 1 January 2010 2.9 9.3 12.2 ------

11. Intangible assets

Group Software licences Goodwill Total GBP000 GBP000 GBP000 ------Cost At 1 January 2010 34.6 64.1 98.7 Disposals (7.5) (64.1) (71.6) Foreign exchange movements (0.7) - (0.7) ------At 31 December 2010 26.4 - 26.4 ------Disposals - - - Foreign exchange movements ------At 30 June 2012 26.4 - 26.4 ------Accumulated amortisation At 1 January 2010 32.1 64.1 96.2 Charge for the year 0.7 - 0.7 Disposals (6.0) (64.1) (70.1) Foreign exchange movements (0.4) - (0.4) At 31 December 2010 26.4 - 26.4 ------Charge for the year - - - Disposals - - - Foreign exchange movements ------At 30 June 2012 26.4 - 26.4 ------Net book value At 30 June 2012 ------At 31 December 2010 ------At 1 January 2010 2.5 - 2.5 ------

12. Investments in subsidiaries and jointly controlled entities

The Company ultimately owns more than 10% of the share capital of the following companies:

Holding by Nature Country Shareholder NEOS Resources Name of business of incorporation class plc Percentage ------D1 (UK) Limited Dormant UK Ordinary Indirect 100% NEOS Resources Subsidiary Limited Dormant UK Ordinary Direct 100% D1 Oils Africa (Pty) Limited Dormant Swaziland Ordinary Indirect 100% D1 Oils India Private Limited Dormant India Ordinary Indirect 100% D1 Oils Plant Science (Zambia) Limited Dormant Zambia Ordinary Indirect 100% D1 Oils South Africa South (Pty) Limited Dormant Africa Ordinary Indirect 95% D1 Oils Trading Non-edible Limited oils trading UK Ordinary Direct 100% D1 Oils Fuel Crops Non-edible Limited oils investment UK Ordinary Indirect 100% Fuel Crops Limited Dormant UK Ordinary Indirect 100% Middlesbrough Oils UK Limited Dormant UK Ordinary Indirect 100% D1 Mohan Bio Oils Limited Dormant India Ordinary Indirect 50% D1 Williamson Magor Bio Fuel Limited Dormant India Ordinary Indirect 50% D1-BP Fuel Crops South Africa (Pty) South Limited Dormant Africa Ordinary Indirect 95% D1-BP Fuel Crops Zambia Limited Dormant Zambia Ordinary Indirect 100% D1 Oils Fuel Crops Non-edible India Private Limited oils trading India Ordinary Indirect 100% D1-BP Fuel Crops Asia Pacific Pte

Page 143 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. Limited Dormant Singapore Ordinary Indirect 100% PT D1 Oils Indonesia Dormant Indonesia Ordinary Indirect 100% D1-BP Fuel Crops Philippines, Inc Dormant Philippines Ordinary Indirect 100%

[ 26-10-12 0600GMT ]

Investments in the Group comprise interests in joint ventures and trade investments. Investments in the Company comprise interests in subsidiary undertakings and trade investments.

Joint ventures Group GBP000 ------Cost 1 January 2010 206.1 Additional investment 100.0 Share of joint ventures' results (306.1) ------31 December 2010 ------Additional investment 100.0 Impairment (100.0) ------30 June 2012 ------

The joint venture is a 50:50 partnership with Williamson Magor Group, India. The business operates through a joint venture company called D1 Williamson Magor Biofuel Ltd ("D1WM"), and undertakes plantation activities in North East India. In June 2011, GBP100,000 was invested in D1WM by the Group. Under a strategic business review by the new Board, it was concluded in October 2011 to withdraw from the D1WM joint venture. As such, the Group no longer reports joint venture activity and is finalising formal closure of the joint venture. The Group equity accounts for joint ventures.

Subsidiary undertakings Company GBP000 ------Cost 1 January 2010 125.1 Additional investment 0.8 31 December 2010 125.9 ------

13. Discontinued operations

Within the 18 month period to 30 June 2012, the Group had two discontinued operations: i) Refining & Trading; and ii) Science & Technology.

Refining & Trading

On 9 April 2008, the Group announced the decision of its Board to cease biodiesel refining and trading operations. The two refining sites at Middlesbrough and Bromborough in the UK were closed. Closure of these businesses resulted in the sites and refining equipment being reclassified from plant, property and equipment to assets held for sale. The Middlesbrough site and associated assets were sold in June 2009. On 2 July 2010, the Group sold the Bromborough site and associated prepaid insurance for GBP2.2m. At 30 June 2012, the refining and trading operation remained classified as discontinued operations.

The results of the refining and trading activities of the Group for the period are presented below:

18 month period Year ended ended 30 June 31 December 2012 2010 GBP000 GBP000 ------Other income (a) / (b) 92.6 971.1 Asset impairment - (48.1) ------Operating profit 92.6 923.0 Profit before tax from discontinued operation 92.6 923.0 ------Profit from discontinued operation 92.6 923.0 ------

(a) Settlement received in respect of a legal case.

(b) Administrative expenses in 2012 include the settlement of an outstanding liability plus the release of a contracts provision in relation to the Bromborough site.

The net cash flows incurred by the refining and trading operations

18 month period Year ended ended 30 June 31 December 2012 2010 GBP000 GBP000 ------Operating 355.6 1,451.4 Net cash inflow 355.6 1,451.4 ------

Science & Technology

In December 2010, the Group completed the disposal of the agronomy and breeding activities within the Science & Technology division with an effective financial date of 1 November 2010. The disposed entities are known as 'Quinvita'. The disposal was made on, inter alia, the following terms:

1. Retention by the Company of all agronomy and breeding intellectual property developed to 1 November 2010;

2. The Company provided Quinvita with GBP0.8m working capital;

3. Issue of GBP0.8m in redeemable preference shares by Quinvita to the Company with a 5% coupon plus future royalties on Jatropha related sales on a sliding scale over 10 years (15% to year 5; 10% years 6 - 8; 5% years 9 - 10); and

4. The Group became a member of Quinvita's agronomy and breeding platforms for a minimum of three years (subject to certain conditions) giving the Group access to ongoing jatropha developments.

In April 2012, the Group disposed of the germplasm and intellectual property relating to the Animal Feed programme previously retained, and the Preference Shares to Quinvita. The germplasm and intellectual property were sold for cash consideration of GBP300,000 and the Preference Shares for a secured loan of GBP372,000 accruing interest at 10% per annum. The loan is secured over the germplasm and intellectual property and is repayable within five years. All other rights between the parties of the December 2010 agreement have been waived, subject to compliance with the Sales Agreement.

The results of the Science & Technology division for the period are presented below:

18 month

Page 146 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. period Year ended ended 30 June 31 December 2012 2010 GBP000 GBP000 ------Revenue 13.7 228.8 Expenses (511.2) (3,307.7) ------Operating loss (497.5) (3,078.9) Finance income - 12.6 Finance costs - (1.6) ------Trading loss before tax from discontinued operation (497.5) (3,067.9) ------Tax income / (expense) - 10.2 ------Trading loss from discontinued operation (497.5) (3,057.7) ------

Profit / (loss) on disposal of Science & Technology division 750.5 (865.8)

Profit / (loss) from discontinued operation 253.0 (3,923.5) ------

The net cash flows incurred by the discontinued portion of the Science & Technology division are as follows:

18 month period Year ended ended 30 June 31 December 2012 2010 GBP000 GBP000 ------Operating (497.5) (1,756.5) Investing 352.3 (800.0) Financing ------Net cash outflow (145.2) (2,556.5) ------

Profits / (losses) and profit / (loss) per share for the discontinued operations

The losses from discontinued operations are as follows:

18 month period Year

Page 147 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. ended ended 30 June 31 December 2012 2010 GBP000 GBP000 ------Profit from discontinued Refining & Trading operations 92.6 923.0 Profit / (loss) from discontinued Science & Technology operations 253.0 (3,693.6) Total profit / (loss) from discontinued operations 345.6 (2,770.6) ------

The losses per share for the discontinued operations are as follows:

18 month period Year ended ended 30 June 31 December 2012 2010 pence pence ------Basic and diluted from discontinued operations 0.23 (2.37) ------

[ 26-10-12 0600GMT ]

14. Inventories

Group Group Company Company 2012 2010 2012 2010 GBP000 GBP000 GBP000 GBP000 ------Raw material stock 7.5 163.0 - - Finished product 346.0 48.4 ------Total 353.5 211.4 ------

15. Trade and other receivables

Group Group Company Company 2012 2010 2012 2010 GBP000 GBP000 GBP000 GBP000 ------

Page 148 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. Non-current Amounts owed by Group undertakings - - - 2,879.6 - - - 2,879.6 ------Current Trade receivables 12.8 0.9 - - Other receivables 464.1 788.4 413.6 301.6 Prepayments and accrued income 16.1 62.9 13.2 28.5 Taxation and social security 1.4 47.5 1.4 23.0 ------494.4 899.7 428.2 353.1 ------

As at 30 June 2012, there were no impairments of trade receivables (2010: nil). There were no movements in provision for the impairment of receivables in 2011-12.

Individually Collectively impaired impaired Total GBP000 GBP000 GBP000 ------At 1 January 2010 - - - At 1 January 2011 ------At 30 June 2012 ------

The Company had no impairment provisions at any time during 2011-12 or 2010.

As at 30 June 2012, the ageing of receivables is as follows:

Group at 30 June 2012

Not yet Overdue Overdue Overdue 31-60 due <30 days days >60 days Total GBP000 GBP000 GBP000 GBP000 GBP000 ------Gross trade receivables as at 30 June 2012 12.1 - 0.1 0.6 12.8 Other receivables 464.1 - - - 464.1 Impairment ------

Group at 31 December 2010

Not yet Overdue Overdue Overdue <30 31-60 >60 due days days days Total GBP000 GBP000 GBP000 GBP000 GBP000 ------Gross trade receivables as at 31 December 2010 0.9 - - - 0.9 Other receivables 408.6 - - 379.8 788.4 Impairment ------Net trade receivables as at 31 December 2010 409.5 - - 379.8 789.3 ------

Company at 30 June 2012

Not yet Overdue Overdue Overdue <30 31-60 >60 due days days days Total GBP000 GBP000 GBP000 GBP000 GBP000 ------Amounts owed by Group undertakings - - - - - Other receivables 413.6 - - - 413.6 ------Net trade receivables as at 30 June 2012 413.6 - - - 413.6 ------

Company at 31 December 2010

Not yet Overdue Overdue Overdue <30 31-60 >60 due days days days Total GBP000 GBP000 GBP000 GBP000 GBP000 ------Amounts owed by Group undertakings 2,879.6 - - - 2,879.6 Other receivables 353.1 - - - 353.1 Net trade receivables as at 31 December 2010 3,232.7 - - - 3,232.7 ------

The Company advanced funds to subsidiary companies to meet their working capital and capital expenditure funding requirements. Amounts owed by Group companies have no fixed repayment date but are repayable on demand. The Directors believe that until the business plan is proven it is prudent to impair amounts to the Company from subsidiary companies, to GBPnil. At such time the business plan shows a flow of economic benefit, appropriate reversals of previous impairments will be made.

The Group has no concerns over the credit quality of amounts which are overdue and not impaired. No receivables have been impaired. Trade receivables are non-interest bearing and on 30 day terms. The Group does not hold any collateral or other credit enhancements over these balances nor does it have a legal right to offset against any amounts owed by the Group to the counterparty. Given the small number of debtors, the Group assesses the credit risk from each debtor through scrutiny of the debtor's finances in a manner commensurate with the level of credit exposure. The Group has no specific concerns about its receivables that are neither past due nor impaired.

16. Other financial assets

Group Group Company Company 2012 2010 2012 2010 GBP000 GBP000 GBP000 GBP000 ------Euro forward deposit(a) - 90.0 - 90.0 ------90.0 - 90.0 ------

(a) In 2010, the Company deposited GBP90,000 with its foreign

17. Cash and short-term deposits

Group Group Company Company 2012 2010 2012 2010 GBP000 GBP000 GBP000 GBP000 ------Cash at bank and in hand 1,533.8 2,439.4 1,088.1 1,981.9 Short-term deposits - 1,001.1 - 1,001.1 ------1,533.8 3,440.5 1,088.1 2,983.0 ------

Cash at bank earns interest at floating rates based on daily bank deposit rates. Short-term deposits are made for varying periods up to three months depending on the immediate cash requirements of the Group and earn interest at varying short-term deposit rates. In practice these deposits are returnable on an at call basis.

18. Trade and other payables

Group Group Company Company 2012 2010 2012 2010 GBP000 GBP000 GBP000 GBP000 ------Current Trade payables 54.0 96.1 34.1 87.4 Other payables 28.5 214.4 25.4 198.9 Taxation and social security 9.9 26.2 14.4 29.6 ------92.4 336.7 73.9 315.9 ------

Trade payables are non-interest bearing and the average creditor days is 7.

19. Payments due to vendors

Group Group Company Company 2012 2010 2012 2010 GBP000 GBP000 GBP000 GBP000 ------Non-current Deferred consideration - 4.1 - 4.1 Current Deferred consideration 561.5 476.5 561.5 476.5

The deferred consideration is a payment, up to a maximum of GBP600,000, due to a vendor as part of a previous transaction. The calculation is based upon the sale of crude Jatropha oil to third parties. To the extent not already paid, the GBP600,000 consideration is payable by 31 December 2014. [ 26-10-12 0600GMT ]

20. Provisions

Group Contract Group Redundancy settlement contractual provision provision (a) (b) commitments GBP000 GBP000 GBP000 ------Current At 1 January 2011 24.0 250.0 274.0 Released in the period (24.0) - (24.0) ------At 30 June 2012 - 250.0 250.0 ------

(a) (The redundancy provision covered redundancy plans previously announced. Group restructuring has been largely complete and no further redundancies are planned.)

(b) (The contract settlement provision covers possible settlement of various contracts. The details are not disclosed as they are commercially sensitive and may influence the outcome of the matters.)

Company Contract Company Redundancy settlement contractual provision (a) Provision(b) commitments GBP000 GBP000 GBP000 ------Current At 1 January 2011 24.0 250.0 274.0 Released in the period (24.0) - (24.0) ------At 30 June 2012 - 250.0 250.0 ------

(a) The redundancy provision covered redundancy plans previously announced. Group restructuring has been largely complete and no further redundancies are planned.

(b) The contract settlement provision covers possible settlement of various contracts. The details are not disclosed as they are commercially sensitive and may influence the outcome of the matters

21. Operating lease commitments

Future minimum rentals payable under non-cancellable operating leases as at 30 June 2012 are as follows:

Group Group Group Group Land Plant Land Plant and and and and buildings equipment buildings equipment 2012 2012 2010 2010 GBP000 GBP000 GBP000 GBP000 ------Within one year 69.2 30.9 158.4 1.1 After one year but not more than five years 12.1 4.1 102.5 0.3 After more than five years - - 15.7 ------81.3 35.0 276.6 1.4 ------

The Group had entered into commercial leases on certain property and items of equipment. The equipment leases have an average duration of between one and four years. There are no restrictions placed upon the lessee by entering into these leases.

Company Company Land Land and and buildings buildings 2012 2010 GBP000 GBP000 ------Within one year 17.2 21.8 After one year but not more than five -

22. Issued share capital

Group Group Group Group and and and and Company Company Company Company 2012 2010 2012 2010 No. of No. of shares shares GBP000 GBP000 ------Called up, allotted and fully paid At 1 January 2011 126,675,219 126,675,219 1,266.8 1,266.8 Issued on placing of new shares 51,640,000 516.4 At 30 June 2012 178,315,219 126,675,219 1,783.2 1,266.8 ------

The Company has one class of ordinary shares which carry no rights to fixed income.

On 2 November 2011, the Company completed the placing of 51,640,000 new ordinary shares. The Company received cash consideration of GBP1,291,000 for this placing prior to expenses of GBP92,245.

23. Equity

Share capital

Share capital represents the nominal value of shares issued by the Company.

Share premium

Share premium represents the premium over the nominal value raised on the issue of shares by the Company.

D1 Oils Employee Benefit Trust holds 193,645 shares in the Company which were acquired at a total cost of GBP484,000. Shares held by the trust can be purchased by employees exercising options under the Group's option scheme. At 30 June 2012, the shares had a market value of GBP6,788.

Other reserve

The merger reserve arose when the Company acquired 100% of the issued share capital of D1 Oils Trading Limited in consideration for ordinary shares in the Company. The acquisition was accounted for under the rules of merger accounting as a group reorganisation with the share premium being adjusted through the merger reserve.

Share option reserve

The share option reserve arose on the Group's acquisition of BP International Limited's 50% of the D1-BP Joint Venture in July 2009. Existing share options were replaced with 24,119,088 share options with exercise prices of between 13p and 18.5p as part of the consideration for the acquisition.

Currency translation reserve

The currency translation reserve captures currency movements between the presentation currency of the Group, Pound Sterling, and the functional currencies used by the Group.

24. Related party disclosures and principal subsidiary undertakings

Intra-group loans with subsidiary companies

During the 18 month period, the Company provided net funding to subsidiary companies or received net funding from subsidiary companies within the Group as follows:

2012 2010 GBP000 GBP000 ------D1 Oils Trading Limited (24.8) (1,352.3) D1 Oils Plant Science Limited - 2,704.6 D1 (UK) Limited - (144.0) D1 Oil Subsidiary Limited (379.8) (1,256.7) Middlesbrough Oils UK Ltd 1,151.2 - PT D1 Oils Indonesia 131.7 28.6 D1 Oils Plant Science (Zambia) Limited 236.8 605.2 Fuel Crops Limited (3.0) (165.0) ------Total 1,112.1 420.4 ------

During 2010, Quinvita Plant Science Limited (formally D1 Oils Plant Science Limited) repaid GBP5,095,098 of its loan to the Company, primarily through the sale of animal feed assets to the Company. Prior to the disposal of the agronomy and breeding business, the remaining intra-group loans to D1 Oils Plant Science Limited totalling GBP412,880 were written off. D1 Oils Plant Science Limited was one of the companies sold.

At 30 June, at the period / year end, the net funding balances due to the Company from subsidiary undertakings or by the Company to subsidiary undertakings were as follows:

2012 2010 GBP000 GBP000 ------D1 Oils Trading Limited 55,420.9 55,445.7 D1 Oils Plant Science Limited - - D1 (UK) Limited 15,809.9 15,809.9 D1 Oil Subsidiary Limited 9,286.8 9,666.5 Middlesbrough Oils UK Limited (1,348.8) (2,500.0) PT Oils Indonesia 160.3 28.6 D1 Oils Plant Science (Zambia) Limited 842.0 605.2 Fuel Crops Limited (168.0) (165.0) Impairment of receivables (80,003.1) (72,326.1) ------Total - 6,564.8 ------

The Company does not anticipate any repayments being made within one year. Balances in excess of expected repayments have been impaired. The funding is not subject to any interest charge. The impairment charge in 2011-12 was GBPnil (2010: GBPnil).

Disposal of Science & Technology

Background [ 26-10-12 0600GMT ]

In December 2010, the Group disposed of its agronomy and breeding research business following the conclusion by the Board that the Group was unable to afford the ongoing costs of approximately GBP1.5m per annum in the absence of substantial revenue generation.

The agronomy and breeding business was acquired by entities controlled by three key management personnel, including Henk Joos, a director of the Company at the time, and Vincent Volckaert, a director of a subsidiary of the Company. Post disposal, the agronomy and breeding business was renamed "Quinvita".

Along with the disposal of the assets relating to the agronomy and breeding business, this business was sold with cash or an entitlement to receive cash of GBP0.8m in exchange for Redeemable Preference Shares in the head entity of the Quinvita Group. The Board estimated

Transfer of animal feed activities from D1 Oils Plant Science Limited to the Company

One of the entities disposed of to Quinvita, D1 Oils Plant Science Limited, owned and operated the Group's animal feed research activity. Prior to the disposal, all assets and agreements relating to the animal feed activity were sold by D1 Oils Plant Science Limited to the Company in exchange for a reduction in the loan owed by D1 Oils Plant Science Limited to the Company as consideration.

Disposal of animal feed activity and Redeemable Preference Shares to Quinvita

In April 2012, the Company sold the remaining animal feed business, associated intellectual property, and the Redeemable Preference Shares to Quinvita.

The animal feed business and intellectual property was sold for cash consideration of GBP300,000 and the Redeemable Preference Shares in return for a secured loan of GBP372,000 accruing interest at 10% per annum. The loan is secured over the germplasm and the animal feed business intellectual property and is repayable at any time within 5 years.

All other rights and obligations between the parties and respective Groups of the December 2010 transaction between the Company and Quinvita were (subject to various terms of the Agreement) waived.

Director remuneration

Any other related party transaction involving Directors related to remuneration and is shown in note 6.

25. Share-based payments - Group and Company

All employees share option plan

Awards are made to staff at the discretion of the Board of Directors either on appointment, at salary review time, or any other time that the Directors deem appropriate. There are specific performance criteria attached to some of the options. The criteria is defined as no part of the option shall first become exercisable until the Group's reported consolidated results for a six month period demonstrate that a pre-tax profit in excess of GBP250,000 for such six months has been achieved.

Options vest in one of two ways:

1. Options granted vest 1/3 after 12 months, 1/3 after 24 months and the remaining 1/3 after 36 months.

2. Options granted vest 1/3 after 12 months with the remaining 2/3 vesting in equal monthly instalments over the next 24 months.

Equity settlement is applied to all options, there is no cash alternative.

The expected life of the options has been assessed at 2.5 years for options which vest 1 year from grant and 4 years for options which vest after 1 year. The contractual life of the options is 10 years.

The fair value of the awards are calculated using the Black-Scholes model and subsequently adjusted for gain dependency, assessed at 15%, and forfeitures, assessed at 10% over the life of the award. A volatility adjustment considered appropriate for the sector and the age of the Group is included in the calculation. In forming the

volatility assumption, the Directors have considered the volatility of the share price since the date of listing. The volatility of companies operating in the same sector has also been reviewed. Based on these factors, volatility has been assessed at 65% for awards granted before 1 March 2007, 60% for awards granted after 1 March 2007 but before 1 January 2008, 70% for awards granted after 1 January 2008 but before 1 January 2009 and 95% for awards granted after 1 January 2009. Appropriate risk free rates (as defined by the Bank of England) between 2.1% and 5.6% have been applied to individual awards. A zero dividend yield has been assumed.

The expenditure recognised in the income statement of the Group and the Company for share-based payments in respect of employee services received during the 18 month period to 30 June 2012 is GBP39,700 (2010: GBP41,200). This expense all relates to equity-settled, share- based payment transactions.

The following table illustrates the number and weighted average exercise price (WAEP) of, and movements in, share options during the period.

2012 2012 2010 2010 Number WAEP Number WAEP ------Outstanding at 1 January 2011 5,833,178 0.79 11,419,985 0.57 Granted during the period 5,620,000 0.01 - - Forfeited during the period (5,833,178) 0.79 (5,586,807) 0.34 Outstanding at 30 June 2012 5,620,000 0.01 5,833,178 0.79 ------Exercisable at 30 June 2012 1,791,610 0.01 5,060,151 0.88 ------

The range of exercise prices for options outstanding at the end of the year was 1p - 2p. The weighted average remaining contractual life of the options in issue at 30 June 2012 is 5.7 years.

BP International Limited share options

As part of the agreement to acquire the remaining of D1 Oils Fuel Crops Limited (formerly D1-BP Fuel Crops Limited) from BP International Limited on 27 July 2009, the Company brought BP up to the 16 per cent entitlement of the issued share capital of the Company. The options are exercisable at the following prices:

Options Exercise price ------6,029,772 ordinary shares 13p per share 6,029,772 ordinary shares 14p per share 6,029,772 ordinary shares 16p per share 18.5p per 6,029,772 ordinary shares share ------

These options are exercisable at any time between 27 July 2009 and 27 July 2019.

The fair value of the awards was calculated using the Black-Scholes model. A volatility assumption of 87% was included in the calculation and considered appropriate for the sector and age of the Group. In forming the volatility assumption the Directors considered the volatility of the share price over the three years to the date of grant. An appropriate risk free rate as defined by the Bank of England of 3.75% and a zero dividend yield are applied to the calculation.

The total fair value of these options for the Group and the Company was GBP1.0m and was all recognised in equity in the year to 31 December 2009.The following table illustrates the number and weighted average exercise prices (WAEP) of, and movements in, these options during the year.

2012 2012 2010 2010 Number WAEP Number WAEP ------Outstanding at 1 January 2011 24,119,088 0.15 24,119,088 0.15 Outstanding at 30 June 2012 24,119,088 0.15 24,119,088 0.15 ------Exercisable at 30 June 2012 24,119,088 0.15 24,119,088 0.15 ------

The weighted average fair value per option of options granted to BP International Limited during the year was 15p. The range of exercise prices for options outstanding at the end of the year was 13p - 18.5p. The weighted average remaining contractual life of the options

26. Financial risk management objectives and policies

The main risks arising from the Group's 2011-12 operations were interest rate risk, liquidity risk, foreign currency translation risk and certain commodity price risks. The main risk arising from the Company's 2011-12 operations is interest rate risk.

Interest rate risk

'At call' cash

The Group and Company retain cash in 'at call' bank accounts to cover working capital requirements. Funds held 'at call' on floating interest rates at 30 June 2012 totalled GBP1,533,800 (31 December 2010: GBP2,439,400) in the Group and GBP1,088,100 (31 December 2010: GBP1,981,900) in the Company.

The following table demonstrates the sensitivity of the Group and Company's profit before tax and equity to a reasonably possible change in floating interest rates, with all other variables held constant, that may impact interest on 'at call' cash.

Increase/ Group Group Company Company Effect Effect Effect Effect decrease on loss on on loss on before before in floating tax equity tax equity interest rate GBP000 GBP000 GBP000 GBP000 ------2012 +0.5% 7.7 7.7 5.4 5.4 -0.5% (7.7) (7.7) (5.4) (5.4) ------2010 +0.5% 12.1 12.1 9.9 9.9 -0.5% (12.1) (12.1) (9.9) (9.9) ------

Fixed term deposits

The Company invests surplus funds on behalf of the Group in fixed rate term deposits. Funds held on fixed rate term deposits at 30 June 2012 totalled GBPnil (31 December 2010: GBP1,001,100). [ 26-10-12 0600GMT ]

The following table demonstrates the sensitivity of the Group's profit before tax and equity to a reasonably possible change in interest rates on term deposits, with all other variables held constant that may impact the Company and the Group following the maturity of the deposits and subsequent reinvestment of the funds.

Increase/ Effect Effect decrease on on loss in term before deposit tax equity interest rate GBP000 GBP000 ------2012 +1% - - -1% ------2010 +1% 10.0 10.0 -1% (10.0) (10.0) ------

Foreign exchange risk

The Group seeks to manage foreign exchange risk by obtaining the most favourable rates at the time sums are converted to a foreign currency.

During 2010, the Group entered into a forward contract for Euros to cover the expenditure of its Belgian and Netherlands operations. The forward contract was to purchase EUR1.0m at EUR1.1075/GBP1.00 during the year to 29 March 2011. In 2010, an expense of GBP31,800 was recognised to reflect the impact of the strengthened British Pound against the Euro in relation to the outstanding forward contract at 31 December 2010.

Liquidity risk

The Group seeks to manage financial risk to ensure sufficient liquid funds are available to meet foreseeable needs while investing cash assets safely and profitably.

The Group is almost solely financed by equity. The Group manages liquidity risk by maintaining adequate reserves to meet short-term funding requirements while investing excess funds in bank term deposits. If required, these deposits can be recalled immediately.

The table below summarises the maturity profile of the Group's financial liabilities at 30 June 2012 and 31 December 2010 based on contractual undiscounted payments. Interest rates on variable rate loans are based on the rate prevailing at the balance sheet date.

Less than 3 to 1 to On demand 3 months 12 months 5 years > 5 years Total

Page 162 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. Period ended 30 June 2012 GBP000 GBP000 GBP000 GBP000 GBP000 GBP000 ------Trade and other payables - 54.0 - - - 54.0 Payments due to vendors - - - 561.5 - 561.5 ------

Less than 3 to 1 to On demand 3 months 12 months 5 years > 5 years Total Year ended 31 December 2010 GBP000 GBP000 GBP000 GBP000 GBP000 GBP000 ------Trade and other payables - 96.1 - - - 96.1 Payments due to vendors - - 4.1 476.5 - 480.6 ------

Managing capital

The Group aims to optimise its capital structure by holding an appropriate level of debt relative to equity in order to maximise shareholder value. The appropriate level of debt is set with reference to a number of factors and financial ratios including expected operating and capital expenditure cash flows, contingent liabilities and the level of restricted cash as well as the general economic environment. The Group aims to control its capital structure by issuing new shares and raising debt finance to the extent that it is possible on commercially acceptable terms. The economic conditions currently prevailing and the Groups relatively recent entry into the non-edible vegetable oils industry have restricted the Group's ability to raise debt finance and exert any significant degree of control over its gearing ratio. As a consequence, the Group is currently financed primarily from equity.

18 month period Year ended ended 30 June 31 December 2012 2010

Page 163 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. GBP000 GBP000 ------Loans and borrowings Obligations under finance leases - - Instalments due on mortgage ------Total loans and borrowings - - Equity 460.2 2,590.1 ------Total equity and loans and borrowings 460.2 2,590.1 ------

Equity includes all capital and reserves of the Group attributable to the equity holders of the parent. The Group is primarily financed through equity and it should be noted that the equity component in the gearing ratio calculation includes the impact of retained losses.

Fair values of financial assets and financial liabilities

Set out below is a comparison by category of carrying amounts and fair values of all of the Group and Company's financial instruments that are carried in the financial statements. All of the balances included below are classified as loans and receivables in accordance with IFRS 7.8.

Book Fair Book Fair Group value value value value 2012 2012 2010 2010 GBP000 GBP000 GBP000 GBP000 ------Financial assets Cash and short-term deposits 1,533.8 1,533.8 3,440.5 3,440.5 Trade and other receivables 494.4 494.4 899.7 899.7 Long-term deposits and cash collateral - - 90.0 90.0 Financial liabilities Trade and other payables 92.4 92.4 336.7 336.7 Payments due to vendors 561.5 561.5 480.6 480.6 ------

Book Fair Book Fair Company value value value value 2012 2012 2010 2010 GBP000 GBP000 GBP000 GBP000 ------Financial assets Cash and short-term deposits 1,088.1 1,088.1 2,983.0 2,983.0 Trade and other receivables 428.2 428.2 353.1 353.1 Long-term deposits and cash collateral - - 90.0 90.0 ------

Page 164 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. The fair value of the financial assets and financial liabilities with standard terms and conditions and traded on active liquid markets are determined with reference to quoted market prices. The fair value of all the financial assets and financial liabilities above were determined on this basis.

27. Contingent assets

At 30 June 2012, the Group had no contingent assets:

28. Contingent liabilities

At 30 June 2012, the Group had one contingent liability:

As part of the sale of the Bromborough site, the lease obligations for two parcels of land adjacent to the Bromborough site were passed to the buyers. The two leases are first cancellable in 2021. If the buyer defaults on these lease obligations, the obligation may fall to the Company. The maximum exposure is GBP1.7m but various mitigations, such as sub-lets, are available. This obligation remains contingent on the buyer defaulting and the Board does not consider the risk sufficiently likely to recognise a liability.

29. Capital commitments

At the end of the period there were no capital commitments (2010: none)

30. Disposal of intellectual property relating to the Animal Feed business, and Cumulative Redeemable Preference Share to Quinvita

On 24 November 2010, the Group announced the disposal of its subsidiaries Quinvita Limited ("Quinvita") and Quinvita Plant Science Limited (formally D1 Oils Plant Science Limited) which owned and conducted substantially all of the Company's Jatropha plant science and technology activities, excluding its animal feed programme. The Group received as consideration 800,000 5 per cent. Cumulative redeemable preference shares of GBP1.00 each in Quinvita (the "Preference Shares"), which are redeemable by 1 November 2015, and an entitlement to various royalties on Jatropha revenues generated by the Quinvita group.

In April 2012, the Group entered into a conditional agreement to sell to Quinvita N.V. the germplasm and intellectual property relating to the animal feed programme previously retained by the Company for a cash consideration of GBP300,000 and the Preference Shares in return for a secured loan of GBP372,000, accruing interest at 10 per cent. per annum (the "Agreement"). The loan is to be secured over the germplasm and the animal feed programme intellectual property and is repayable within 5 years.

All other rights and obligations between the parties and members of their respective groups and associated parties, including approximately GBP60,000 of royalties due to the Group, have (subject to compliance by Quinvita with various terms of the Agreement) been

The Company has retained the right to exploit in perpetuity at nil cost the current Animal Feed programme intellectual property and, at a preferential rate, any future improvements or modifications to the current animal feed programme intellectual property.

Completion of the Agreement is conditional upon Quinvita N.V., a subsidiary of Quinvita, concluding a share issue to raise EUR1,000,000 by no later than 1 June 2012.

The balance of the loan (capital plus interest) due at 30 June 2012 was:

2012 2010 GBP000 GBP000 ------Other receivable 378.2 ------

This information is provided by RNS

The company news service from the London Stock Exchange

END

ACSZELFLLBFEFBF [ 26-10-12 0600GMT ]

CO dooil : NEOS Resources PLC

PUB The London Stock Exchange

Page 167 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. Tragedy of the Commons Revisited (II): Mining in Tribal Habitats of Araku Valley (No. of pages: 4) Economic & Political Weekly, 20 October 2012, 4060 words, N Purendra Prasad, Vamsi Vakulabharanam, K Laxminarayana,, (English) COMMENTARY october 20, 2012 vol xlviI no 42 EPW Economic & Political Weekly 14 N Purendra Prasad (purendra.prasad@gmail. com), Vamsi Vakulabharanam (vamsi.vakul@ gmail.com) and K Laxminarayana (klnss@ uohyd.ernet.in) are with the ...

HD Lipids; Researchers from Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Describe Findings in Lipids

WC 366 words

PD 19 October 2012

SN Health & Medicine Week

SC HAMW

PG 3084

LA English

LP 2012 OCT 19 (NewsRx) -- By a News Reporter-Staff News Editor at Health & Medicine Week -- Research findings on Lipids are discussed in a new report. According to news originating from Andhra Pradesh, India, by NewsRx correspondents, research stated, "Due to the renewed interest in the production of biodiesel from nonconventional oils like karanja (Pongamia glabra), huge quantity of expelled cake will be generated in near future. However, due to the presence of several antinutritional components, expelled karanja cake cannot be used as feed for poultry and livestock."

TD Our news journalists obtained a quote from the research from the Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, "It needs detoxification and the first step during detoxification is the removal of karanjin, the major bioactive constituent. The present study aimed at isolation of karanjin from expelled cake. Accordingly, a simple and scalable process was developed for the isolation of karanjin with purity in the range of 9597% from the expelled cake of karanja. Different solvents were screened by varying temperature, time, and amount of extracting solvents to extract karanjin from the expelled cake and dimethyl carbonate (DMC) was found to be the best among them."

According to the news editors, the researchers concluded: "DMC extraction of 1.0?kg of

For more information on this research see: A method for isolation of karanjin from the expelled cake of Pongamia glabra. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology, 2012;114(9):1097-1101. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology can be contacted at: Wiley-Blackwell, 111 River St, Hoboken 07030-5774, NJ, USA. (Wiley-Blackwell - www.wiley.com/; European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology - onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)1438-9312)

The news correspondents report that additional information may be obtained from R.S. Susarla, Indian Inst Chem Technol, Div Organ Chem 2, Hyderabad 500007, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Keywords for this news article include: Asia, India, Lipids, Andhra Pradesh

CO nnccty : Indian Institute of Chemical Technology

NS ghea : Health | gcat : Political/General News

PUB NewsRx.com

AN Document HAMW000020121012e8aj0028d

WC 405 words

PD 19 October 2012

SN Energy Weekly News

SC ENRGWK

PG 1822

LA English

LP 2012 OCT 19 (VerticalNews) -- By a News Reporter-Staff News Editor at Energy Weekly News -- Fresh data on Bioenergy are presented in a new report. According to news reporting originating in Brisbane, Australia, by VerticalNews journalists, research stated, "Interest in biofuels is increasing in Australia due to volatile and rising oil prices, the need to reduce GHG emissions, and the recent introduction of a price on carbon. The seeds of Pongamia (Millettia pinnata) contain oils rich in C18:1 fatty acid, making it useful for the manufacture of biodiesel and other liquid fuels."

TD The news reporters obtained a quote from the research, "Preliminary assessments of growth and seed yield in Australia have been promising. However, there is a pressing need to synthesise practical experience and existing fragmented research and to use this to underpin a well-founded and co-ordinated research strategy to support industry development, including better management of the risks associated with investment. This comprehensive review identifies opportunities for Pongamia in Australia and provides a snapshot of what is already known and the risks, uncertainties, and challenges based on published research, expert knowledge, and industry experience. We conclude that whilst there are major gaps in fundamental understanding of the limitations to growth of Pongamia in Australia, there is sufficient evidence indicating the potential of Pongamia as a feedstock for production of biofuel to warrant investment into a structured research and development program over the next decade."

According to the news reporters, the researchers concluded: "We identify ten critical research elements and propose a comprehensive research approach that links molecular level genetic research, paddock scale agronomic studies, landscape scale investigations, and new production systems and value chains into a range of aspects of sustainability."

Page 170 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. For more information on this research see: A Common View of the Opportunities, Challenges, and Research Actions for Pongamia in Australia. Bioenergy Research, 2012;5(3):778-800. Bioenergy Research can be contacted at: Springer, 233 Spring St, New York, NY 10013, USA. (Springer - www.springer.com; Bioenergy Research - www.springerlink.com/content/1939-1234/)

Our news correspondents report that additional information may be obtained by contacting H.T. Murphy, Origin Energy, Brisbane, Qld 4001, Australia.

Keywords for this news article include: Brisbane, Bioenergy, Australia and New Zealand

PUB NewsRx.com

AN Document ENRGWK0020121012e8aj0012d

HD Turning Wasteland into Bio-diesel Farm

CR Distributed by Contify.com

WC 468 words

PD 8 October 2012

SN ManagementNext

SC ATMNEX

LA English

LP How an entrepreneur and a supportive XLRI don manage to offer jobs to thousands of farmers in Bihar

Kumar Ankit, an engineer from Gaya, a management student from XLRI and an entrepreneur, inspired young MBA students during his talk at Goa Institute of Management recently. Ankit said he was deeply affected by the plight of farmers in Bihar, his home state. This motivated him to start something that would generate jobs and create a steady source of income. While exploring ideas he came across Pongamia (called Dithodi in Hindi, Karanj in Sanskrit), a biodiesel producing plant indigenous to Bihar, which grew on wastelands.

TD When he started, Bihar had 10 lakh acres of wasteland and has several thousands of jobless farmers. He thought if farmers could start planting Pongamia it would not only generate an alternative source of energy, make use of the wastelands and would become a source of income for the farmers and check migration to cities.

He started Green Leaf Energy Pvt. Ltd in June 2009, with an initial investment of under Rs 10 lakhs and guidance of Professor Prabal Sen, chairperson of XLRI's Entrepreneurship Development Centre. Green Leaf has now entered into contracts with about 700 farmers for cultivating Pongamia and about 1.25 lakh saplings have been planted already. Ankit's target is to reach one lakh acres in the next two years and 50,000 jobs.

Government support

Page 172 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. He said the process wasn't easy and required a lot of perseverance. He needed support from the Bihar government so he requested Professor Sen to write to Chief Minister Nitish Kumar. The fact that NREGA (National Rural Employment Guarantee Act) funds could also be used for cultivation in private lands of small and marginal farmers for growing crops and Pongamia is one of them.

The Pongamia sapling takes about three years to grow. During this period farmers get monetary support to the extent of Rs 12,400 from the government. After the gestation period, farmers can sell the oilseeds to Green Leaf. Green Leaf will extract bio-diesel, and in turn sell it to oil companies such as Bharat Petroleum. Farmer can get up to Rs 20,000-25,000 per acre annually by selling the seeds to Green Leaf. Their next phase is to have a nursery of 13 lakh Pongamia saplings on 500 acres.

The company has got joint venture offers from Indian Oil and BPCL to set up biodiesel value chain in Bihar. His innovation has earned him an invitation to take part in the 7th Asia Clean Energy Forum, a segment in the Asian Development Bank (ADB) Energy for All Investor Forum 2012 at the ADB headquarters in Manila, Philippines.

Images, graphs or charts, if any, have been removed

AN Document ATMNEX0020121008e8a800034

HD The hazardous trend

BY Staff Reporter

WC 843 words

PD 6 October 2012

SN Weekly Cutting Edge

SC PMCUTE

LA English

LP Karachi: The heedless rush towards cultivating biofuel crops in Pakistan is quite liable to exacerbate malnutrition levels which, according to a recent World Food Programme report, have already reach the staggering figure of 21-23 per cent in rural Sindh, figures six to nine per cent above the internationally recognised emergency point of 15 per cent. It is higher than in the vast majority of African countries where globally recognised charities work around the clock struggling to alleviate horrendous nutritional shortcomings.

Malnutrition in Pakistan is not restricted to the millions of flood affected people throughout the country but is also clearly evident, and on the increase, amongst many millions of people with low or negligible incomes for both urban and rural dwellers alike.

TD According to the oft repeated mantra of the ministry of agriculture ‘there is no shortage of food’ in the country yet. Be this as it may, it is also true that a high percentage of the population can no longer, thanks to rampant inflation, afford to purchase the food on offer. However, this does not automatically give the government, along with indigenous and foreign investors and existing agricultural concerns, the right to switch over from cultivating food crops to crops solely intended for what is currently perceived as a lucrative biofuel market.

The ongoing energy crisis, further fuelled by the lure of carbon credit trading and dreams of profiting from funding promised to ventures intended to combat global warming, is encouraging Pakistani agriculturalists, often working hand in hand with corporate interests and government departments, to stop growing food which is a dangerous trend indeed.

The most talked about biofuel material at present is that of a tropical American plant called

Page 174 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. Jatropha curcas which is being planted, often illegally by using smuggled seed, by growers in Sindh, Balochistan and in the agricultural heartland of the Punjab with even Pakistan State Oil having jumped on the Jatropha bandwagon by setting up an experimental plantation outside Karachi in recent years.

Entrepreneurs claim that cultivating Jatropha does not infringe of food production in any way as it can be cultivated on marginal, waste and arid land of which, they claim, there is over 80 million acres in the country. What they do not say, quite naturally, is that there are vast numbers of people eking out some kind of living from these lands which are utilised in the production of subsistence crops and for the grazing of livestock. Neither do they publicise the hard fact that whilst Jatropha is claimed to have the ability to produce 10 times for oil than corn, this has not yet been proven on a commercial scale plus, even though it is drought tolerant once established, (this means irrigation is required for young plantations).

Moreover, it needs, according to a Dutch study, five times more water to produce a unit of energy than do either sugarcane or corn and 10 times more water than sugar beet making it, in fact, a rather thirsty crop which, if it doesn’t get adequate moisture, does not produce the anticipated oil for use in biofuels. Thus, it goes without saying, if water was available to be diverted to these 80 million acres of ‘waste’ land, it could be used for increased food production on all levels including that of meat and dairy which are often in short supplies.

There has even been talk of growing Jatropha with financial inputs from South Korea with the crop intended for export and processing there not here which is of no benefit to Pakistan, other than financially, whatsoever. The name ‘Jatropha’ may be familiar to some gardeners as members of this genus, dangerous attractive to mealie bugs which could spread on to other crops, were introduced as ornamentals many years ago.

Second on the booming biofuel cultivation list in Pakistan is the legumus tree Pongamia pinnata, an arid zone, drought tolerant species indigenous to tropical and temperate Asia and from which ‘hongo oil’ has been extracted for thousands of years. But, as with Jatropha, it is necessary to wait a number of years until harvesting can begin which is where other, ‘edible’ dangers arise.

The government is already evaluating the use of sugarcane as a biofuel and if this becomes a reality then sugar prices will surge as availability declines. Other important food crops with important biofuel potential include: canola, soy, rape seed, mustard, palm oil, wheat, corn, sugar beet and sunflower although as perennial grasses are also being examined; livestock and dairy production could also be adversely affected in the long term.

With global food prices at their highest ever, the price of American corn has increased by 79

Page 175 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. per cent over the last year as a direct result of much of the crop is now destined for biofuel refineries, the immediate affect has been ‘to push another estimated 44 million people in low and middle-income brackets into poverty’ says the World Bank which is extremely concerned about the potential impact of biofuel production on world food stocks.。

CO wfoop : World Food Programme

NS c21 : Output/Production | ccat : Corporate/Industrial News

AN Document PMCUTE0020121006e8a60001b

PD 3 October 2012

SN Journal of Engineering

SC JOENG

PG 4898

LA English

LP 2012 OCT 3 (VerticalNews) -- By a News Reporter-Staff News Editor at Journal of Engineering -- APPTEC, Inc. (Cranbury, NJ) has been issued patent number 8268368, according to news reporting originating out of Alexandria, Virginia, by VerticalNews editors.

The patent's inventors are Reddy, N. B. Baktha (Kelambakkam, IN); Reddy, Vilambi NRK (Trichy, IN); Torgalkar, Anil M. (Cranbury, NJ).

TD This patent was filed on October 26, 2010 and was cleared and issued on September 18, 2012.

From the background information supplied by the inventors, news correspondents obtained the following quote: "Field of the Invention

"The present invention relates to herbal formulations that are suitable for the management of skin wounds, such as chronic skin ulcers, as, for example, diabetic ulcers and pressure ulcers, and for providing bleeding control for cuts and wounds.

"The present invention relates to the discovery that extracts of two or more of Pongamia pinnata, Lawsonia alba, Datura alba and Cocos nucifera, when used in the compositions of this invention, produce unexpectedly effective results in the management of skin wounds, such as chronic ulcers.

"The herbal compositions are low in cost to prepare, require fewer dressings than the current state of the art treatments, and are clinically proven to be safe and extremely effective."

Page 177 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. Supplementing the background information on this patent, VerticalNews reporters also obtained the inventors' summary information for this patent: "An object of the invention is to provide ointment, cream, and oil formulations comprising herbal compositions that, when used topically in an effective amount, provide a treatment for chronic ulcers. The herbal compositions comprise an effective amount of at least two of the herbal extracts: Pongamia pinnata, Lawsonia alba, Datura alba and Cocos nucifera, and one or more pharmaceutically or cosmetically acceptable excipients suitable for topical use.

"Another object of the invention is to provide a method of healing chronic wounds, such as chronic ulcers, including diabetic ulcers, by using the ointment, cream, and oil formulations described above."

For the URL and additional information on this patent, see: Reddy, N. B. Baktha; Reddy, Vilambi NRK; Torgalkar, Anil M.. Herbal Formulations for the Management of Chronic Ulcers and Wounds. U.S. Patent Number 8268368, filed October 26, 2010, and issued September 18, 2012. Patent URL: http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph- Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&p=83&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch- bool.html&r=4141&f=G&l=50&co1=AND&d=PTXT&s1=20120918.PD.&OS=ISD/20120918&R S=ISD/20120918

Keywords for this news article include: APPTEC Inc.

IPD Expanded Reporting | 0062 | APPTEC | APPTEC Inc

PUB NewsRx.com

AN Document JOENG00020120928e8a3001vz

WC 405 words

PD 26 September 2012

SN Biotech Week

SC BIWK

PG 320

LA English

LP 2012 SEP 26 (NewsRx) -- By a News Reporter-Staff News Editor at Biotech Week -- Investigators discuss new findings in Bioenergy. According to news reporting originating in Gauhati, India, by NewsRx journalists, research stated, "In the present study regeneration efficiency and genetic clonality are the two major aspects for in vitro propagation of candidate plus tree of Pongamia pinnata, a versatile biodiesel legume. Woody Plant Medium (WP) and Murashige and Skoog's medium (MS) supplemented with different concentrations and combinations of plant growth regulators were screened for high frequency regeneration using nodal segment culture and axenically grown seedlings of elite genotype of P. pinnata."

TD The news reporters obtained a quote from the research from the Indian Institute of Technology, "Percentage response from field-grown mature nodal segments of P. pinnata were highly dependant on the season, with greater than 68% of culture developing adventitious shoots during spring. Woody Plant Medium supplemented with benzyladenine (5.0 mg L (1)) and kinetin (0.5 mg L (1)) gave the greatest response to initiation and multiplication. The multiplication rate of 11 shoots per explants with an average shoot length of 3.0 cm was observed. Multiplied shoots started to produce roots in the multiplication medium itself containing BA and NAA but subsequent establishment was poor. The rooting response was enhanced in half-strength MS media with indole-3-butyric acid (0.5 mg L (1)). Rooted plants were hardened successfully in glass house with 70% survivability."

According to the news reporters, the researchers concluded: "RAPD and ISSR markers were employed to determine the genetic fidelity of in vitro raised plantlets."

For more information on this research see: High frequency direct organogenesis and evaluation of genetic stability for in vitro regenerated Pongamia pinnata, a valuable biodiesel plant. Biomass & Bioenergy, 2012;44():23-32. Biomass & Bioenergy can be contacted at:

Page 179 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, England. (Elsevier - www.elsevier.com; Biomass & Bioenergy - www.elsevier.com/wps/product/cws_home/986)

Our news correspondents report that additional information may be obtained by contacting V. Kesari, Indian Inst Technol, Dept. of Biotechnol, Gauhati 781039, Assam, India.

Keywords for this news article include: Asia, Biotechnology, India, Gauhati, Biodiesel, Bioenergy, Oil and Gas, Bioengineering

CO iaitdh : Indian Institute of Technology Delhi

NS gsci : Sciences/Technologies | gcat : Political/General News

AN Document BIWK000020120921e89q0004x

HD US Patent Issued to APPTEC on Sept. 18 for "Herbal Formulations for the Management of Chronic Ulcers and Wounds" (Indian, American Inventors) WC 235 words

PD 20 September 2012

SN US Fed News

SC INDFED

LA English

LP ALEXANDRIA, Va., Sept. 20 -- United States Patent no. 8,268,368, issued on Sept. 18, was assigned to APPTEC Inc. (Cranbury, N.J.).

"Herbal Formulations for the Management of Chronic Ulcers and Wounds" was invented by N. B. Baktha Reddy (Kelambakkam, India), Vilambi NRK Reddy (Trichy, India) and Anil M. Torgalkar (Cranbury, N.J.).

TD According to the abstract released by the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "The invention describes ointments, creams and oils formulated from herbal compositions that are suitable for the management of skin wounds, such as chronic skin ulcers, as, for example, diabetic ulcers and pressure ulcers, and for providing bleeding control for cuts and wounds. The compositions contain extracts of two or more of Pongamia pinnata, Lawsonia alba, Datura alba and Cocos nucifera."

The patent was filed on Oct. 26, 2010, under Application No. 12/925,647.

For further information please visit: http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph- Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch- bool.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&co1=AND&d=PTXT&s1=8268368&OS=8268368&RS=8268368

IPD Patent

PUB HT Media Limited

AN Document INDFED0020120920e89k001in

HD Food production: The hazardous trend

BY Staff Reporter

WC 845 words

PD 8 September 2012

SN Weekly Cutting Edge

SC PMCUTE

LA English

The most talked about biofuel material at present is that of a tropical American plant called

Page 183 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. Jatropha curcas which is being planted, often illegally by using smuggled seed, by growers in Sindh, Balochistan and in the agricultural heartland of the Punjab with even Pakistan State Oil having jumped on the Jatropha bandwagon by setting up an experimental plantation outside Karachi in recent years.

With global food prices at their highest ever, the price of American corn has increased by 79

Page 184 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. per cent over the last year as a direct result of much of the crop is now destined for biofuel refineries, the immediate affect has been ‘to push another estimated 44 million people in low and middle-income brackets into poverty’ says the World Bank which is extremely concerned about the potential impact of biofuel production on world food stocks.。

CO wfoop : World Food Programme

NS c21 : Output/Production | ccat : Corporate/Industrial News

AN Document PMCUTE0020120908e8980000d

HD Food production: The hazardous trend

BY Staff Reporter

WC 845 words

PD 1 September 2012

SN Weekly Cutting Edge

SC PMCUTE

LA English

The most talked about biofuel material at present is that of a tropical American plant called

Page 186 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. Jatropha curcas which is being planted, often illegally by using smuggled seed, by growers in Sindh, Balochistan and in the agricultural heartland of the Punjab with even Pakistan State Oil having jumped on the Jatropha bandwagon by setting up an experimental plantation outside Karachi in recent years.

With global food prices at their highest ever, the price of American corn has increased by 79

Page 187 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. per cent over the last year as a direct result of much of the crop is now destined for biofuel refineries, the immediate affect has been ‘to push another estimated 44 million people in low and middle-income brackets into poverty’ says the World Bank which is extremely concerned about the potential impact of biofuel production on world food stocks.

CO wfoop : World Food Programme

NS c21 : Output/Production | ccat : Corporate/Industrial News

AN Document PMCUTE0020120901e89100014

PD 17 August 2012

SN Chemicals & Chemistry

SC CHEMEC

PG 2830

LA English

LP 2012 AUG 17 (VerticalNews) -- By a News Reporter-Staff News Editor at Chemicals & Chemistry -- Investigators publish new report on General Chemistry. According to news reporting originating from Beijing, People's Republic of China, by VerticalNews correspondents, research stated, "Bioassay-guided isolation of a fungal strain Nigrospora sp. MA75, an endophytic fungus obtained from the marine semi-mangrove plant Pongamia pinnata, which was fermented on three different culture media, resulted in the isolation and identification of seven known compounds, 2, 3, and 59, from a medium containing 3.5% NaCl, while a new compound, 2,3-didehydro-19a-hydroxy-14-epicochlioquinone B (10) was obtained from the medium containing 3.5% NaI."

TD Our news editors obtained a quote from the research from Graduate School, "In addition, two new griseofulvin derivatives, 6-O-desmethyldechlorogriseofulvin (1) and 6'-hydroxygriseofulvin (4), were isolated and identified from the rice solid medium. Dechlorogriseofulvin (2) and griseofulvin (3) were the major components in fermentation extracts of all these culture media, while compounds 1 and 4, 5 and 6, and 10 were only present in the extract of respective culture medium. The structures of these compounds were elucidated by detailed spectroscopic analysis, and the absolute configuration of 1 was determined by CD measurement. Compounds 9 and 10 exhibited antibacterial activities toward five tested bacterial strains, while compounds 5, 6, and 8 selectively inhibited MRSA, E. coli, and S. epidermidis, and compound 3 showed moderate activity against V. mali and S. solani."

According to the news editors, the researchers concluded: "Moreover, compound 10 potently inhibited the growth of MCF-7, SW1990, and SMMC7721 tumor cell lines with IC50 values of 4, 5, and 7 mu g/ml, respectively."

Page 189 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. For more information on this research see: Diverse Secondary Metabolites Produced by Marine-Derived Fungus Nigrospora sp MA75 on Various Culture Media. Chemistry & Biodiversity, 2012;9(7):1338-1348. Chemistry & Biodiversity can be contacted at: Wiley-V C H Verlag Gmbh, Boschstrasse 12, D-69469 Weinheim, Germany. (Wiley-Blackwell - www.wiley.com/; Chemistry & Biodiversity - onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)1612-1880)

The news editors report that additional information may be obtained by contacting Z. Shang, Chinese Academy Sci, Grad Sch, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China.

Keywords for this news article include: Asia, Beijing, General Chemistry, People's Republic of China

IN i25 : Chemicals

NS gsci : Sciences/Technologies | gcat : Political/General News

PUB NewsRx.com

AN Document CHEMEC0020120810e88h001lk

WC 4,540 words

PD 14 August 2012

ET 06:00 GMT

SN Regulatory News Service

SC RNS

LA English

LP TIDMLEG

RNS Number : 9320J

TD Legendary Investments PLC

14 August 2012

Legendary Investments Plc

("Legendary" or the "Company")

RESULTS FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 MARCH 2012

Legendary investments are pleased to announce its results for the year ended 31 March 2012. The year under review has been one of building on the foundations laid last year. Progress was made with investee companies, several new investments were made and the balance sheet was strengthened. Post the balance sheet date, an investee company generated a return of more than 150 per cent and more investments were made.

In April 2011, an intellectual property licence and service agreement for the supply of elite pongamia scions and grafts to Bosques Energeticos EBE S.A. de C.V. ("Bosques") was entered into. Following this agreement, and in light of the progress made by Bosques, an investment was made in Bosques thereby obtaining a 15.4% stake. In late 2011, Bosques

Page 191 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. shipped and rooted elite pongamia scions in Mexico. This allowed the creation of the first elite Pongamia mother garden in Mexico. This is believed to be the first reported instance of elite pongamia scions successfully transported from India and rooted in Mexico for commercial use. Accordingly, Legendary increased its stake in Bosques to 30.8%. Bosques' strategy has now been further developed to cultivate large areas of bio diesel producing plantations. A number of parties have shown interest in Bosques and suitable partners to cultivate large plantations are being sought.

In May 2011, Legendary negotiated a 42.5% stake in Undrawn Reality Limited ("UR") (previously Raw Games Limited), a company specialising in the development of computer games on several platforms. Legendary assisted UR in developing a business plan with milestones. In July 2011, the first such milestone was hit and the principals of UR earned back 2.0% of the equity of UR. Legendary then assisted UR in UR's discussions with international games publishers. Progress continued during the course of 2011.

While earlier this year, Legendary reported that UR was progressing, it subsequently became evident that advances with game development and associated discussions had slowed dramatically. From talks with UR, it became clear that the timeframe to develop the game had extended considerably. Post the balance sheet date, Legendary concluded that it would not receive a return on UR in the foreseeable future and wrote its investment down to zero. While disappointing, the investment in UR was nominal (GBP2,000), and writing the investment to zero made available more time for Legendary to focus on more promising investments.

In May 2011, Legendary invested EUR30,000 in Terra Energy Limited ("Terra"), an oil and gas company. Post the balance sheet date, in June 2012, Terra listed as Fastnet Oil & Gas Plc ("Fastnet") on AIM and the Enterprise Securities Market of the Irish Stock Exchange, following a reverse takeover of Sterling Green Group plc. Legendary continues to hold its stake in Fastnet. Based on the closing price on 10 August 2012 the value of this stake was in excess of 250% on the original investment. The investment demonstrated both the potential of Legendary's strategy of looking for asymmetric returns and Legendary's ability to source and take positions in companies that have a near to medium term catalyst to increase value.

In July 2011, Legendary invested GBP50,000 in MedGold Resources Limited ("Medgold"). MedGold focuses on the discovery and development of gold and precious metal deposits. Medgold continues to make progress and is expected to seek admission to a public market later in 2012.

In December 2011, Legendary raised GBP615,000 (before expenses), by way of a placing of 615,000,000 ordinary shares thus significantly strengthening Legendary's balance sheet and providing Legendary with resources to make further investments. Over the following months,

During the year under review, Legendary changed some of its advisers: Marriott Harrison were appointed as the Company's legal advisers, Grant Thornton were appointed as the Company's nominated adviser and Simple Investments Limited were appointed as the Company's broker.

Post the balance sheet date, in July 2012, Legendary invested GBP50,000 in a pre-IPO funding round for Sula Iron and Gold plc ("Sula"). Sula holds a 153sq km licence in Sierra Leone, which is considered highly prospective for gold and iron ore. The resource is of particular interest as Sula's territory runs contiguous to the licence containing African Minerals' 12.8 billion tonne Tonkolili mine. Sula is expected to be admitted to a public market before the end of 2012. Legendary's investment is by way of a convertible loan, and if admission to a public market is achieved, Legendary will receive a half-warrant for every share held.

In July 2012 Legendary invested GBP50,000 in Regency Mines plc ("Regency"). Regency is a mineral exploration and development company focusing on nickel and cobalt in Papua New Guinea (alongside JV partner Direct Nickel) and gold, flake graphite and base metals in Australia. Regency has the potential, for example, with equity leverage to Direct Nickel's potentially revolutionary laterite nickel processing technology, to generate asymmetric returns.

Also in July 2012, Legendary invested GBP100,000 in cash into Kyrgyzstan based Manas Minerals LLC ("Manas Minerals"). Manas Minerals owns the Padsha Ata Licence to mine for coal in the Chatkal Ridge in the Asksy region of Jalal-Abad, Kyrgyzstan. Soviet surveys suggest that the region contains 182 million tonnes of coal reserves of which 116 million are in the P1 and P2 categories according to the Russian standard for resource reporting. A programme of works is being carried out on this which includes confirmation of the Soviet surveys by an internationally recognised firm of consultants, profiling, trenching, drilling and the improvement of site access. This programme is expected to be completed later this year. The results of qualitative studies conducted to date indicate the coal to be of high calorific value, with energy values in excess of 25 MJ/kg and low ash and sulphur content. Manas Minerals intends to seek further licences in the region, certain of which have already been identified, and combine them into a single entity. Jalal-Abad is strategically located within 200 km of the Chinese border.

Page 193 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. result in Legendary having an additional 0.5% stake in Manas Minerals. Value crystallisation is expected through Manas Minerals being admitted to trading on a public market.

As with Fastnet, Medgold, Sula and Regency, the Directors believe that the Company's investment in Manas Minerals has the potential for generating asymmetric returns.

During the year under review, Legendary made neither a gain nor a loss on investments (2011: net loss of GBP10,000). Administrative costs were GBP189,000 (2011: GBP170,000). The GBP189,000 included the non-cash expense of GBP19,000 in respect of share based payment charge (2011: GBP62,000). This left the cash costs of GBP170,000 (2011: GBP108,000) which included GBP31,000 of costs associated with the GBP615,000 of equity raised. The remaining GBP139,000 increased over last year's GBP108,000 for several reasons. Total fees paid to our auditors were higher than in the previous year at GBP36,000 (2011: GBP18,000) due to various items of one off work. These fees are expected to return to lower levels going forward. Other professional fees were higher at GBP70,000 (2011: GBP52,000). Again there were one off items related to changing advisers and updating articles. Additional printing costs associated with updating articles were also incurred. Travel & entertaining increased to GBP13,000 (2011: GBP8,000).

With the policy of directors remuneration being success based aligned with shareholder returns, the cash element of director remuneration was only GBP300 (2011: GBP7,300). The non-cash share option charge of GBP19,000 (2011: GBP62,000) related to the options granted to the Directors in May 2011 and January 2012.

Overall operating loss was GBP189,000 (2011: GBP92,000). Last year benefitted from the exceptional cancellation of a loan of GBP88,000. There were nil finance charges (2011: GBP21,000).

Overall, Legendary made a net loss of GBP189,000 (2011: GBP113,000).

Legendary ended the period with GBP143,000 of investments and GBP534,000 cash in bank.

Post the balance sheet date, and as at the date of these accounts Legendary had, conservatively valued at historic cost price, and in the case of Fastnet and Regency, at the market price, investments of GBP373,000.

OUTLOOK

In the last year, Legendary has built upon the foundations laid in the prior period. It has executed on its investment strategy, with its first investment exhibiting a multiple return. It has

Page 194 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. strengthened its balance sheet and negotiated and made investments with similar potential. Costs have been kept to a minimum with directors' remuneration linked directly to the performance of the Company.

The Board looks confidently to building on the current momentum. [ 14-08-12 0600GMT ]

Extracts of the audited results appear below and a full version will be available on the Company's website www.legendaryinvestments.co.uk

Contact: Legendary InvestmentsZafar Karim / Rajesh Plc Rai / Thomas Reuner 020 8201 3536 Grant Thornton Corporate Colin Aaronson/ Melanie Finance Frean/Jen Clarke 020 7383 5100 Nick Emerson/ Andrew Simple Investments Thacker 01483 413500

Profit and Loss Account 2012 2011 Note Audited Audited GBP'000 GBP'000 Net loss on investments held for trading - (10)

Net administrative expenses (189) (170) Exceptional cancellation of loan 2 - 88

Administrative expenses (189) (82)

Operating loss (189) (92)

Interest payable and similar charges 4 - (21)

Loss on ordinary activities before taxation 1 (189) (113) Tax on loss on ordinary activities 5 - -

Loss for the financial year 16 (189) (113)

Loss per share - basic and fully diluted (pence) 6 (0.01)p (0.02)p

A separate statement of recognised gains and losses has not been prepared as the Company has no recognised gains or losses in the current or prior period other than the loss noted above.

2012 2011 Balance Sheet Audited Audited Notes GBP'000 GBP'000

FIXED aSSETS Tangible Assets 7 5 - Investments 8 66 -

71 -

cURRENT aSSETS Debtors due within one year 10 6 242 Investments 9 77 - Cash at bank and in hand 534 -

617 242 CREDITORS: amounts falling due within one year 11 (36) (35)

NET CURRENT ASSETS 581 207

CREDITORS: Amounts falling due after more than one year 12 (30) (30)

NET ASSETS 622 177

Capital and reserves Called up share capital 13 1,575 960 Share premium account 14 8,309 8,309 Share warrant and option reserve 15 156 137 Profit and loss account - deficit 16 (9,418) (9,229)

Equity Shareholders' FUNDS 17 622 177

2012 2011 GBP'000 GBP'000 Cash Flow Statement Notes Audited Audited Net cash INFLOW/(outflow) from operating activities 18 98 (304)

CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES Purchase of office equipment (5) - Investments made during the year (143) -

Net cash used in Investing activities (148) - Financing Increase in debt - 30

INCREASE IN CASH IN THE YEAR 534 -

Notes:

1 LOSS ON ORDINARY ACTIVITIES BEFORE TAX 2012 2011 GBP'000 GBP'000 Loss on ordinary activities before tax for the year is stated after charging:

Auditor's remuneration - statutory audit 30 18 - Services relating to taxation 5 5 - Other services 1 5

2 EXCEPTIONAL ITEM 2012 2011 GBP'000 GBP'000

Exceptional cancellation of loan - 88

A loan of GBP88,379 which was interest free and had no repayment terms was cancelled during the prior year.

2012 2011 3 DIRECTORS Number Number Number of employees The average monthly number of employees including directors, during the year was: 3 2

GBP'000 GBP'000 Directors' emoluments Directors' fees - 7

Page 197 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. Other than the director's fees of GBP300 (2011: GBP7,300) accrued in the year there were no staff costs paid during the year (2011: GBPNil). With respect to directors' share based payments, see note 15.

4 INTEREST PAYABLE AND SIMILAR CHARGES

There was no non-cash finance charge for the year ended 31 March 2012 (2011: GBP21,000).

2012 2011 5 TAX ON LOSS ON ORDINARY ACTIVITIES GBP'000 GBP'000 Analysis of charge in the year: Current tax - - Deferred tax - -

- -

2012 2011 5 TAX ON LOSS ON ORDINARY ACTIVITIES (continued) GBP'000 GBP'000

Loss on ordinary activities before tax (189) (113)

Loss on ordinary activities multiplied by standard rate of corporation tax in the UK 26% (2011: 28%) (49) (32) Expenses not deductible for tax purposes 19 17 Tax losses unutilised 30 15

Current tax charge for year - -

As at 31 March 2012 the Company had losses of approximately GBP6m (2011: GBP5.8m) available to carry forward against future income. No deferred tax asset is recognised in respect of these losses due to the uncertainty as to the utilisation of the losses in the foreseeable future.

Future tax charges will be dependent on the split of profits for tax purposes as between revenue and capital items, and the utilisation of losses incurred to date.

2012 2011 6 LOSS PER ORDINARY SHARE GBP'000 GBP'000 Loss for the financial year (189) (113)

Average number of ordinary shares in issue (basic) ('000) 1,113,917 727,251

Basic and diluted loss per share (pence) (0.01)p (0.02)p

Average potential number of ordinary shares in issue (fully diluted) ('000) 1,575,167 1,392,251

The loss attributable to ordinary shareholders and weighted average number of ordinary shares for the purposes of calculating the diluted loss per share are identical to those used for basic loss per ordinary share. This is because the exercise of share options and other benefits would have the effect of reducing loss per share and is therefore not dilutive under the terms of FRS 22 Earnings Per Share.

7 TANGIBLE FIXED ASSETS 2012 Office Equipment GBP'000

COST At 1 April 2011 - Additions 5

At 31 March 2012 5

DEPRECIATION - At 1 April 2011 - Charge for the year -

At 31 March 2012 5

NET BOOK VALUE - At 31 March 2012 5

At 31 March 2011 -

8 FIXED ASSET INVESTMENTS Other Investments Shares

COST At 1 April 2011 - Additions 66

At 31 March 2012 66

Provisions for impairment At 1 April 2011 and 31 March 2012. -

NET BOOK VALUE - At 31 March 2012 66

At 31 March 2011 -

All investments are initially recognised at cost, being the fair value of the consideration given. For un-listed investments, fair value is determined by reference to the latest transaction (if any) in that investment and the directors' judgement of the repeatability or otherwise of such transaction. There can be no certainty that fair value thus ascribed may be realised in a short period, or at all. For listed investments, fair value is determined by reference to the price of the investment on the relevant public market.

The company holds more than 20% of the equity (and no other

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share or loan capital) of the following undertakings:- Class of Proportion Nature of Business holding directly held Other Participating Interest: Undrawn Reality Limited Ordinary 40.5% Software Development Bosques Energeticos EBE Ordinary 30.8% Development and cultivation SA DE CV of renewable energy

crops Undrawn Reality Limited and Bosques Energiticos EBE SA DE CV in which the Company has more than 20% interest, are not treated as an associated undertakings. All investments in investee companies are regarded as simple investments for the purposes of FRS9 as all investments made are with the aim of realising capital gain on the investment, which may take less than or more than one year, and the Company does not have on-going participating interests or significant influence in the investments.

9 CURRENT ASSET INVESTMENTS 2012 2011 GBP'000 GBP'000

Unlisted investments 77 - 77 -

As at the balance sheet date neither Terra Energy Limited nor Medgold Resources Limited were listed on a public stock exchange. Post the balance sheet date, Terra Energy Limited listed as Fastnet Oil & Gas PLC on the AIM and ESM markets. As at the date of these accounts, Legendary's holding in Fastnet Oil & Gas Plc was valued at GBP68,000.

10 Debtors: amounts due within one year 2012 2011 GBP'000 GBP'000

Prepayments 6 - Other Debtors - 242

6 242

11 CREDITORS: amounts falling due within one 2012 2011 year GBP'000 GBP'000

Trade creditors 17 17 Accruals 18 18 Other creditors 1 -

36 35

Trade creditors represent the company's financial liabilities measured at amortised cost. Due to their short term nature, carrying value approximates to fair value.

12 CREDITORS: amount falling due more than 2012 2011 a year GBP'000 GBP'000

Loan 30 30

The loan represents the funding of GBP30,000 that was raised in August 2011 by way of a loan facility. The facility bears no interest and has no fixed date for repayment. The loan is not expected to be paid in the foreseeable future and therefore has been classified as due in more than one year as the directors believe this most appropriately reflects the period over which the loan will be repaid. As part of the terms of the loan, Legendary granted 260,000,000

2012 2011 13 CALLED UP SHARE CAPITAL GBP'000 GBP'000 AUTHORISED 3,000,000,000 ordinary shares of GBP0.001 each 3,000 3,000

ALLOTTED, ISSUED AND FULLY PAID 1,575,167,198 (2011: 960,167,198) ordinary shares of GBP0.001 each 1,575 960

On 29 December 2011, the company placed 615,000,000 ordinary shares of nominal value 0.10p per share at par. The aggregate consideration received was GBP615,000. Transaction costs amounting to GBP30,750 were deducted from the consideration and charged to the profit and loss account.

2012 2011 14 SHARE PREMIUM GBP'000 GBP'000 At start of the year 8,309 8,338 Premium on Ordinary Shares Issued of 0.1pence each - 20 Share issue costs - (49)

At end of the year 8,309 8,309

Transaction costs amounting to GBPnil (2011: GBP49,000) in regard to issue of shares were deducted from equity and charged against the share premium account.

15 SHARE BASED PAYMENT

The Company has unapproved and approved share option schemes in which the directors participate.

Under the Company's approved share option plan, the Company grants options and shares to certain directors and employees of the Company. If the options remain unexercised for a period after 10 years from the date of grant, the options lapse. The options are exercisable immediately on grant.

31 March 2012 31 March 2011 Exercise Exercise Price Price per share Number per share Number

Zafarullah Karim 0.20p 72,000,000 0.20p 55,000,000 Rajesh Rai 0.20p 32,000,000 0.20p 25,000,000 Thomas Reuner 0.35p 5,000,000 - - Thomas Reuner 0.20p 11,000,000 - -

Movements in ordinary share options outstanding

31 March 31 March

2012 2011

Weighted Weighted average exercise average exercise

price price Number pence Number pence At start of the year 90,000,000 0.20p 250,000,000 0.40p Granted during the year 35,000,000 0.20p 90,000,000 0.20p Granted during the year 5,000,000 0.35p Cancelled in the year - (250,000,000) 0.40p

At end of the year 130,000,000 0.20p 90,000,000 0.20p

All options were exercisable at the end of the year.

15 SHARE BASED PAYMENT (continued)

Fair value

The fair value of the options is estimated at the date of grant using a Black-Scholes option pricing model that uses assumptions noted in the table below. No performance conditions were included in the fair value calculations.

Expected life of options (years) 5 Exercise price 0.20p -

0.35p Share price at grant date 0.10p- 0.28p Risk free rate 0.95% 2.25% Expected share price volatility 50%-65% Expected dividend yield 0.00% Estimate of % of options vesting 100% Assumed staff attrition 0% Fair value of options 0.038p- 0.110p

The Company uses historical data to estimate option exercise and employee termination within the valuation model. Expected volatilities are based on implied volatilities as determined by simple average of a sample of listed companies base in similar sectors. The risk free rate for the period within the contractual life of the option is based on the UK gilt yield curve at the time of the grant.

The share based payment charged for the year was GBP19,000 (2011: GBP62,000).

Other than the employee share options set out above, warrants have been granted with exercise prices and dates shown in the table below.

Last date when Exercise Granted No. Lapsed Exercised

2012

5 August 2015 0.10p 260,000,000 - - 260,000,000 6 August 2015 0.20p 10,000,000 - - 10,000,000 24 November 2015 0.15p 25,000,000 - - 25,000,000 25 November 2013 0.15p 30,000,000 - - 30,000,000 29 November 2015 0.20p 20,000,000 - - 20,000,000 7 March 2014 0.16p 225,000,000 - - 225,000,000 ------570,000,000 570,000,000

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The fair value of warrants granted in the year was GBPNil (2011: GBP75,400).

15 SHARE BASED PAYMENT (continued)

Fair value

The fair value of the warrants is estimated at the date of grant using a Black-Scholes option pricing model that uses assumptions noted in the table below. No performance conditions were included in the fair value calculations.

Expected life of warrants (years) 3 - 5 Exercise price 0.10p - 0.20p Share price at grant date 0.08p - 0.16p Risk free rate 0.78% - 2.19% Expected share price volatility 40% - 60% Expected dividend yield 0.00% Estimate of % of options vesting 100% Assumed staff attrition 0%

Other Information

The market price of the Company's ordinary shares ranged from a high of 0.335p to a low of 0.0875p during the year.

2012 2011 16 PROFIT AND LOSS ACCOUNT GBP'000 GBP'000 At the start of the year (9,229) (9,239) Loss for the financial year (189) (113) Equity share based payment reserve movement - 123

At the end of the year (9,418) (9,229)

17 RECONCILIATION OF MOVEMENTS IN SHAREHOLDERS' 2012 2011 FUNDS/(DEFICIT) GBP'000 GBP'000 Opening shareholders' funds/(deficit) 177 (83) Loss for the financial year (189) (113) Share issue 615 285 Share warrant and option charge 19 137 Expenses on shares issued (Note 13) - (49)

Closing shareholders' funds 622 177

18 RECONCILIATION OF OPERATING LOSS TO NET 2012 2011 CASH INFLOW/(OUTFLOW) FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES GBP'000 GBP'000 Operating loss (189) (92) Share option/warrant charge 19 78 Share issue costs 31 - Cancellation of loan - (88) Increase in creditors 1 1 Decrease/(increase) in debtors 236 (203)

Net cash inflow/(outflow) from operating activities 98 (304)

19 ANALYSIS OF NET DEBT At 31 March Non-cash At 31 March 2011 Movements Cash flows 2012 GBP'000 GBP'000 GBP'000

(30) - 677 647

20 RECONCILIATION OF NET CASH FLOW TO MOVEMENT 2012 2011 IN NET DEBT GBP'000 GBP'000 Increase in cash in the year 534 - Cash outflow from financing activities - (30) Cancellation of loan - 88 Cash used to increase liquid resources 143 -

677 58

Net debt at start of year (30) (88)

Net funds/(debt) at end of year 647 (30)

21 FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS

Interest rate risk

The Company had no floating rate financial liabilities at 31 March 2012 and 31 March 2011.

Borrowing facilities

At the year end the Company had no overdraft facility (2011: GBPNil).

Capital Management

The Company is financed primarily with equity capital, which is then utilised to meeting operating expenses and make investments. Investments are financed primarily from equity capital, though debt may be utilised where it is felt that it is prudent to do so.

21 FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS (continued)

Currency risk

The Company makes investments in both UK and foreign companies. In addition, the companies in which the Company invests may or may not have exposure to foreign currency exposure. In this regard the Company has foreign currency exposure. Currency exposure is one the factors considered when making investments, and as such it is implicitly managed at the point of investment.

Liquidity risk

The Company makes investments in unlisted and listed entities. Consequently the Company is exposed to the liquidity risk to the extent that it may not be able to find buyers for its unlisted investments and liquidity in its listed investments may be low. Therefore there can be no certainty that the Company would be able to exit its investments.

Market risk

The Company monitors its investments on a regular basis, and takes action when it deems appropriate.

22 POST BALANCE SHEET EVENTS

Post the balance sheet date, in July 2012, Legendary invested GBP50,000 in a pre-IPO funding round for Sula Iron and Gold plc ("Sula"). Sula is expected to be admitted to a public market, before the end of 2012. Legendary's investment is by way of a convertible loan, and if admission to a public market is achieved, the Legendary will receive a half-warrant for every share held.

In July 2012, Legendary invested GBP50,000 in Regency Mines plc ("Regency"). Regency is a mineral exploration and development company focusing on nickel and cobalt in Papua New Guinea (alongside JV partner Direct Nickel) and gold, flake graphite and base metals in Australia.

Legendary's investment is by way of a convertible loan note which when converted is expected to result in Legendary having a 1.0% stake in Manas Minerals. In addition, Legendary has an option with an exercise price of GBP50,000 which upon exercise would result in Legendary having an additional 0.5% stake in Manas Minerals or equivalent thereof in any successor entity. Value crystallisation is expected through Manas Minerals being admitted to trading on a public market.

This information is provided by RNS

The company news service from the London Stock Exchange

END

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IN i81502 : Trusts/Funds/Financial Vehicles | iinv : Investing/Securities

PUB The London Stock Exchange

AN Document RNS0000020120814e88e0001c

SE Mysore

HD Mysore ponders on biofuel message

WC 239 words

PD 12 August 2012

SN The Times of India

SC TOI

LA English

LP MYSORE: Petroleum sources are diminishing with time and bio-diesel can be one of the alternative to fossil fuels like diesel opined president, The National Institute of Engineering Subbarao.

He was speaking during World Biofuel Day celebration organized at The National Institute of Engineering centre for renewable energy and sustainable technologies (NIE-CREST) and Eicher centre for automotive technologies (NECAT). Mysore district biofuel information and demonstration centre organized the event.

TD Biofuel production can be a boon to farmers who are suffering from drought in the state. Crude oil import from foreign countries reduced through alternative arrangement of fuel he emphasized. There exists no energy security to replace crude oil and the fossil fuels are responsible for major carbon emissions said director, NIE-CREST S Shamsundar.

Speaking about biodiesel production he said, the alternative to the diesel fuel in Transportation can be any Non edible Bio oil after transesterification. The oil extracted from NON EDIBLE seeds like pongamia (Honge), Simaruba, Neem, surahonne, naga sampige, caster, jatropha etc. can be used as biodiesel after transesterification. These oils can be used in blend with diesel up to 40% by volume.

The Karnataka state Biofuel Development Board is establishing the biofuel centres at every district of the state. The centres have been already established in seventeen districts. Hassan has taken step further by introducing bio-diesel in the government vehicles on Friday.

For Reprint Rights: timescontent.com

NS gcat : Political/General News

AN Document TOI0000020120811e88c00091

SE CITY-BANGALORE

HD Govt to consider VAT relief on biofuel

BY DNA Correspondent

WC 340 words

PD 11 August 2012

SN DNA - Daily News & Analysis

SC DNADAI

LA English

LP Chief minister Jagadish Shettar has assured that the government will consider reducing value added tax (VAT) on biofuel to 5% from the existing rate of 14%. Inaugurating the Biofuel Mela 2012 in the city on Friday, he said, "I will consult with various departments and see whether we can reduce the VAT to 5%."

The three-day mela is being organised by the Karnataka State Biofuel Development Board (KSBDB) and will feature several cultural programmes, exhibitions as well as discussions. The inaugural day of the mela also coincided with the International Biodiesel Day, celebrated worldwide on August 10.

TD Shettar lauded the initiatives of KSBDB and said that such events were necessary to increase the profile and awareness of bio-energy among the general public. "More awareness should exist about bio-energy, because we all need to look at the day when conventional sources of energy might run out. We need to increase the use of biodiesel," he added.

The chief minister also said that he will consider giving the KSBDB an additional `14 crore to carry on their activities involving farmers. He also announced that a first of its kind bio-energy bunk would be set up in the state. "Currently, nearly 2,000 KSRTC buses are running on blended petrol. For the first time in the country, there will be a bio-diesel outlet in the state," he added.

Page 212 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. Shettar also spoke about the prevailing drought in the state and encouraged farmers to take up crops such as neem and millets like pongamia in the dry areas.

The mela features stalls exhibiting the work done by KSBDB, as well as those put up by private companies working on alternative energy sectors such as solar and wind energy. Students from the National Institute of Engineering have also put up stalls, highlighting the projects they have done on biomass technology.

The final day, on Sunday, will feature a walkathon from Chitrakala Parishad, the venue of the mela, to Vidhana Soudha.

NS e211 : Government Taxation/Revenue | e21 : Government Finance | ecat : Economic News

AN Document DNADAI0020120811e88b0000l

SE KARNATAKA

HD High school students raise awareness about biofuels

BY Staff Correspondent

WC 264 words

PD 11 August 2012

SN The Hindu

SC THINDU

LA English

LP MYSORE,KARNATAKA With the increasing thrust on reducing dependence on imported fossil fuel and carbon emissions, schoolchildren have joined the campaign for the promotion and development of biofuels such as biodiesel on the occasion of International Biodiesel Day, here on Friday.

Students of the Government High School (Sharada Vilas), Kanakagiri, Vidyaranyapura, conducted an awareness programme on biodiesel on their school campus. During the programme, which was supported by their teachers, the importance of tapping biofuels from non-edible oil-yielding seeds was highlighted.

TD Support

The government had asked the high schools to celebrate International Biodiesel Day through the Eco Clubs set up in their institutions, a note distributed at the awareness programme said. It said the day would be observed by 250 Eco Clubs in schools in Mysore district.

The Karnataka State Biofuel Development Board, which functions under the Department of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj, distributed pamphlets in high schools and listed out the activities, including planting of biofuel-yielding plants, to be carried out on International Biodiesel Day.

Besides promoting biofuel under the Suvarna Bhoomi project, the board has set up information and demonstration centres on biofuel in some parts of the State. Training and awareness programmes, workshops, and interaction programmes with farmers, who are the key players in the production of biofuels, are among the activities conducted by these centres.

Five biofuel yielding plant varieties — honge, simarouba, hippe, neem and jatropha — are grown in the State. Pongamia [honge] is one of the prime sources for the production of biodiesel.

NS gscho : School | gcat : Political/General News | gedu : Education

AN Document THINDU0020120811e88b000cz

HD ‘Will Study Cut on Biofuel VAT’

WC 315 words

PD 10 August 2012

SN New Indian Express

SC NIEXPR

LA English

LP ‘Will Study Cut on Biofuel VAT’

Express News Service

TD Bangalore: Chief Minister Jagadish Shettar on Friday announced that efforts would be made to consider the demand of reducing Value Added Tax on Biodiesel from 14 per cent to five per cent as proposed by the Karnataka State Biofuel Development Board (KSBDB). Inaugurating the threeday biofuel mela at Karnataka Chitrakala Parishat here to mark International Biodiesel Day, Shettar also announced that the first biofuel petrol station would be opened near Hassan in tie up with Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited. “There isn’t enough awareness about the importance of biofuel. The board should take all efforts to encourage farmers to grow pongamia, jatropa and neem to help them reap the benefit during the drought days,” he said. Currently it is estimated that around 70 per cent of India’s crude oil requirement is imported and is expected to increase to 90 per cent by 2030. In this regard, National Biofuel Policy has mandated that 20 per cent of all diesel and petrol demand to be met by using plantbased rather than fossilbased diesel by 2017. Also, from Friday vehicles attached to the offices of the Hassan Zilla Panchayat and other government departments would run on biodiesel produced at the Biofuel Park located at Madenur near Hassan. Y B Ramakrishna, executive chairperson of KSBDB, said the Board aimed to sow 12 crore seedlings of biofuel yielding plants in three lakh hectares by 2017 and has identified 130 species of region- specific, non-edible oilyielding species. Karnataka has set a target to achieve 10 per cent blending of biofuel by 2017. Deputy Chief Minister and Minister for Home and Transport R Ashoka noted that, over 2,000 buses are running on B-20 biodiesel blend and 7.7 per cent blending of Ethanol saving up to `12 crore per month for the department.

IN i1 : Energy | i14 : Petroleum/Coal Products | i14001 : Petroleum Refining

AN Document NIEXPR0020120811e88a0006r

SE Features

HD Junking empty green symbolism

WC 380 words

PD 3 August 2012

SN The Australian

SC AUSTLN

ED 1 - All-round Country

PG 13

LA English

LP Indigenous landowners deserve the right to earn a living

QUEENSLAND Premier Campbell Newman's move to scrap the state's stifling wild river preservation laws is a win for common sense. The laws, which were introduced under former Labor premier Peter Beattie and extended under Anna Bligh, forced impoverished Cape York indigenous communities to foot the bill for Labor appeasing city-based Greens and picking up their preferences. The 1km buffers that precluded building, mining and agriculture around the Archer, Wenlock, Lockhart and Stewart rivers will be replaced with a new regional plan designed to fast-track development while designating some areas for preservation.

TD Traditional owners were looking after the pristine rivers and their surrounds on Cape York long before white settlement. Twenty years after the passing of the Native Title Act, they are entitled to continue protecting their lands while building an economic future that will help break their dependence on welfare. This is why Cape York Aboriginal leader Noel Pearson led a long and passionate campaign against the laws, which consigned his people to poverty and disadvantage as economic opportunities such as diesel production from pongamia trees, an ideal niche industry for the area, were stymied. Repeal of the laws will also open the way for employment in potential mining ventures including Cape Alumina's $1.2 billion Pisolite Hills bauxite project and possibly Chinese aluminium producer Chalco's bid to develop bauxite

As The Australian has argued for five years, there was little point urging remote indigenous communities to become self-supporting if government deprived them of the chance to develop and manage projects in their local environments. Widespread consultation with communities must be central to the new approach under the Liberal National Party, which offers an important chance to strike the right balance between environmental protection of exotic wilderness areas and economic growth and jobs.

As Mr Pearson wrote on these pages two years ago, the wild rivers imbroglio has been ``a wasteful and unwanted diversion'' that forced Aborigines to ``fight a rear-guard action to preserve the land rights of our people from dispossession at the hands of the new green rednecks.'' The opportunity for a fresh start must not be wasted.

NS gcat : Political/General News

RE queensl : Queensland | apacz : Asia Pacific | ausnz : Australia/Oceania | austr : Australia

PUB News Ltd.

AN Document AUSTLN0020120802e883000fq

SE KARNATAKA

HD MNREGA helps green Bidar district

BY Staff Correspondent

WC 421 words

PD 2 August 2012

SN The Hindu

SC THINDU

LA English

LP Bidar,KARNATAKA Forest Department has raised 30 lakh seedlings for distribution The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MNREGA) has come as a boon to efforts at greening the district.

Over the course of seven years, the Forest Department has raised 30 lakh seedlings using funds available from the State’s drought-mitigation scheme under the MNREGA. The saplings have been distributed to gram panchayats.

TD They will be planted in public places like schools, government offices, footpaths, road medians, and in grazing lands and bunds.

The seedlings raised include evergreens, biofuel plants and green manure plants, among others. Bidar was among the four districts in the State in which the Union government started the Food for Work programme, which included long-term measures to prevent drought, such as afforestation and development of watersheds.

“We broke down the process into growing saplings of hardy species and evergreen fodder crops, digging pits for the saplings, and building check-dams and earthen bunds with community participation,” said zilla panchayat president Baburao Karbari, adding that the panchayat has planted nearly six lakh saplings in several villages in Aurad, the driest taluk in the district. The Forest Department has planted saplings in vast tracks of degraded land in

Maintenance

“This year alone, we have raised over 3.5 lakh saplings under the MNREGA in several nurseries across the district. Nearly one lakh saplings have already been distributed to gram panchayats,” said M. Daulat Hussein, Deputy Conservator of Forests (Social Forestry). “The department will take care of the saplings for the first three years, after which they will be maintained by village or tanda residents, he said.

Variety

Neem is the most sought-after plant, and also well-suited to the district’s climate, along with Pongamia and Jatropha, which can be used to manufacture biofuel; Gliricidia, as green manure; vegetable- and fruit-bearing plants like drumstick and mango, and popular plants like kadu badami.

The department has also grown high-value saplings like teak and sandalwood. According to Mr. Hussein, over 10,000 sandalwood saplings are being raised and will be distributed to the public next year, while teak saplings are available in all nurseries in the district. He added that all the saplings will be distributed free of cost.

Zilla panchayat has already planted six lakh saplings in Aurad taluk

10,000 sandalwood saplings are being raised and will be distributed next year

AN Document THINDU0020120802e882000f3

Page 221 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. HD Influences of re-entrant combustion chamber geometry on the performance of Pongamia biodiesel in a di diesel engine BY Jaichandar S.; Annamalai K.

CR Dept. of Automobile Engineering, Sree Sastha Institute of Engineering and Technology, Anna University; Dept. of Automobile Engineering, Madras Institute of Technology, Anna University WC 277 words

PD 1 August 2012

SN Ei EnCompass: Automotive

SC APAU

LA English

LP In this experimental study, the influences of re-entrant combustion chamber geometry on a diesel engine emission, performance and on the combustion were investigated using Pongamia Oil Methyl Ester (POME).

For this purpose, the pistons with Toroidal Re-entrant Combustion Chamber (TRCC) and Shallow Depth Re-entrant Combustion Chamber having the same volume as that of the baseline Hemispherical open Combustion Chamber were tested in a four stroke, single cylinder, DI diesel engine.

TD Two fuels namely, 20 percent POME blend (20% POME) with petroleum based diesel fuel (PBDF) and PBDF were used for this study.

The test results for re-entrant type combustion chambers fuelled with 20% POME and PBDF were compared with baseline engine having hemispherical open type combustion chamber operated with PBDF and 20% POME blend.

The test results showed that substantially higher brake thermal efficiency and lower specific fuel consumption for TRCC compared to baseline engine fuelled with 20% POME.

Sharp reduction of particulates, CO and UBHC were observed for TRCC compared to the other two.

However oxides of nitrogen (NO(sub)x) were higher for TRCC.

3 tables, spectra, graph, 2 diagrams, and 3 photographs

RF Energy (ISSN 0360-5442) 44/1 633-640 (August 2012)

AN Document APAU000020120821e88100003

SE Flora & Fauna

HD Neem rules again in Gujarat

WC 309 words

PD 23 July 2012

SN The Times of India

SC TOI

LA English

LP AHMEDABAD: Neem, scientific name Azadirachta Indica, has once again emerged as the favourite tree in the eight municipal corporations of the state. It is followed by asopalav trees. The tree census revealed that of the 33 lakh trees in the eight municipal corporations, neem constitutes good 13.17, with asopalav trees contributing 7.1 per cent.

Ahmedabad city alone has nearly 34 per cent of the neem and asopalav trees. Asopalav or Pendula is a common species in the garden and private compound as they occupy less space but attain a good height.

TD Gando baval has invaded in some areas, especially in the fringes of the cities and along rivers and streams. Deshi baval is a common species and its presence is good in majority of the cities and towns.

Pipado or Ficus Tsila, is another important species, which though not found in great numbers in Gujarat, appears dominant in some cities due its canopy dimension.

A few exotic species like Prosopis chilensis, Eucalyptus, Su-baval, Israeli baval and Saptapari are among the twenty trees in the urban areas. Pipal (30,890) and Vad or banyan tree (24,830) do not appear in the list of twenty main species but their presence is felt.

Over 240 tree species were encountered during the enumeration in urban areas of Gujarat. The main tree species in order of their number are: Neem (Azadirachta Indica), asopalav (Pollyalthia Longifolia), deshi baval (Acacia Nilotica), gando baval (Prosopis Chilensis),

Page 224 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. amaltas or garmalo (Casia Fistula), peltrofurum (Peltroforum Ferruginieum), kasid (Casia Siamea), sirus (Albizia Lebbek), gulmohar (Delonix regia), ardusa (Ailanthus Excels), saptparni (Alstonia Scholaris), pendula (Polyalthia Pendula), Eucalyptus, Prosopis chilensis, kanji (Pongamia pinnata), and mango (Mangifera indica). The number of Ficus species - Vad (Ficus Benghalensis), pipado (Ficus Tsiela) and peepal (Ficus Religiosa) are noticeable too.

For Reprint Rights: timescontent.com

NS gcat : Political/General News

AN Document TOI0000020120722e87n0007n

SE Flora & Fauna

HD Neem rules again in Gujarat

WC 309 words

PD 23 July 2012

SN The Economic Times

SC ECTIM

LA English

Pipado or Ficus Tsila, is another important species, which though not found in great numbers in Gujarat, appears dominant in some cities due its canopy dimension.

Page 226 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. amaltas or garmalo (Casia Fistula), peltrofurum (Peltroforum Ferruginieum), kasid (Casia Siamea), sirus (Albizia Lebbek), gulmohar (Delonix regia), ardusa (Ailanthus Excels), saptparni (Alstonia Scholaris), pendula (Polyalthia Pendula), Eucalyptus, Prosopis chilensis, kanji (Pongamia pinnata), and mango (Mangifera indica). The number of Ficus species - Vad (Ficus Benghalensis), pipado (Ficus Tsiela) and peepal (Ficus Religiosa) are noticeable too.

For Reprint Rights: timescontent.com

AN Document ECTIM00020120722e87n00006

WC 442 words

PD 23 July 2012

SN Biotech Business Week

SC BTBW

PG 10

LA English

LP 2012 JUL 23 (NewsRx) -- By a News Reporter-Staff News Editor at Biotech Business Week -- AliphaJet, Inc. (www.AliphaJet.com) announced that the company has joined the Advanced Biofuels Association (ABFA) (www.advancedbiofuelsassociation.com). Having successfully demonstrated its cost-effective catalytic process for making jet fuel, diesel and high-octane gasoline from renewable plant oils or animal fats, AliphaJet is beginning its commercial scale- up program.

"The ABFA is the premier industry advocacy organization for companies ready to commercialize the next generation of advanced biofuels", said Jack Oswald, CEO of AliphaJet. "As we begin the commercial scale-up phase we chose to join the most effective organization representing our industry's interests and working to make sure we have a sound national energy policy that includes advanced biofuels".

TD The company has launched a program to build a demonstration scale facility with annual capacity of 500,000 gallons per year to be completed and operational during the next twelve months. The demonstration facility will produce renewable jet fuel, diesel or high octane gasoline from renewable oils. Following this phase, AliphaJet will begin construction of a full commercial scale production facility.

AliphaJet is now raising $4-5M to build and operate its demonstration plant.

"AliphaJet has made quick progress since the company's introduction in 2011", said Michael McAdams, President of the Advanced Biofuels Association. "We are thrilled to be representing another great company that will be producing large volumes of drop-in renewable advanced biofuels within the next two years."

Page 228 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. AliphaJet's BoxCar(TM) catalytic de-oxygenation process (a.k.a. decarboxylation) converts renewable oils and fats into "drop-in" advanced biofuels by removing oxygen to create true hydrocarbon fuels. "Drop-In" Fuels: AliphaJet's proprietary technology converts renewable oils and fats into true diesel, jet fuel, or high-octane gasoline. Cost Competitive: AliphaJet offers the lowest-cost and simplest approach to converting oils and fats into drop-in fuels by not requiring large amounts of hydrogen. Demonstrated Technology: AliphaJet's diesel and jet fuel meet ASTM specifications. Feedstock Flexible: AliphaJet can use vegetable oil or animal fat: soy, palm, waste cooking oil, beef tallow; non-food oil: camelina (GenEx, BioJet), jatropha (SG Biofuels), Pongamia (Terviva), pennycress (Arvens), algae (Sapphire, Solazyme, General Atomics), GMO (Amyris, LS9, Genomatica). Distributed Production: AliphaJet's small scale facilities are located where renewable oils are produced, avoiding co-location with oil refineries and reducing transportation costs.

Keywords for this news article include: Energy, Oil and Gas, SG Biofuels, AliphaJet Inc., Bioengineering, Biotechnology Companies.

IN i2569 : Biotechnology

RE usa : United States | namz : North America

AN Document BTBW000020120720e87n00001

Page 229 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. HD Fuel Research; Researchers from Department of Chemistry Report Details of New Studies and Findings in the Area of Fuel Research WC 327 words

PD 18 July 2012

SN Biotech Week

SC BIWK

PG 325

LA English

LP 2012 JUL 18 (NewsRx) -- By a News Reporter-Staff News Editor at Biotech Week -- A new study on Fuel Research is now available. According to news reporting originating in Tamil Nadu, India, by NewsRx journalists, researchers stated "We report the production of a biodiesel fuel by acid-catalyzed esterification of high free fatty acid (FFA) karanja oil (KO). Pretreated KO was converted to biodiesel by a process of alkaline catalyzed transesterification."

The news reporters obtained a quote from the research by the authors from the Department of Chemistry, "Optimum acid-catalyzed esterification was achieved using 1% Sulfated Zirconia (SZ) as a solid acid catalyst with a methanol-to-oil ratio of 9:1, temperature at 60 degrees C and reaction time of 2 h. During this process, FFA were converted into fatty acid methyl esters. The acid value of karanja oil was reduced to 1.3 mg KOH/g from 12.27 mg KOH/g, which confirmed the conversion."

TD According to the news reporters, the researchers concluded: "Consequently, this pretreatment reduces the overall complexity of the process and reduces the cost of producing biodiesel fuel."

For more information on this research see: Acid-catalyzed esterification of karanja (Pongamia pinnata) oil with high free fatty acids for biodiesel production. Fuel, 2012;98():1-4. Fuel can be contacted at: Elsevier Sci Ltd, The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, Oxon, England. (Elsevier - www.elsevier.com; Fuel - www.elsevier.com/wps/product/cws_home/30420)

Our news correspondents report that additional information may be obtained by contacting

Keywords for this news article include: Asia, Biotechnology, India, Energy, Biodiesel, Tamil Nadu, Oil and Gas, Fuel Research, Bioengineering

AN Document BIWK000020120713e87i0005m

PD 18 July 2012

SN Biotech Week

SC BIWK

PG 143

LA English

LP 2012 JUL 18 (NewsRx) -- By a News Reporter-Staff News Editor at Biotech Week -- Current study results on Fuel Research have been published. According to news originating from Tamil Nadu, India, by NewsRx correspondents, researchers stated "The present work investigates the effect of varying the combustion chamber geometry on the performance of a diesel engine using biodiesel in terms of brake specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency as well as exhaust emissions and combustion characteristics. Engine tests have been carried out using a blend of 20% Pongamia Oil Methyl Ester (POME) with standard diesel as fuel and with three types of combustion chambers namely Hemispherical combustion chamber, Toroidal combustion chamber and Shallow depth combustion chamber without altering the compression ratio of the engine."

TD Our news journalists obtained a quote from the research by the authors from the Institute of Technology, "The test results showed that brake thermal efficiency for toroidal combustion chamber is higher than for the other two types of combustion chambers. Significant improvement in reduction of particulates, carbon monoxide and unburnt hydrocarbons is observed for toroidal combustion chamber compared to the other two. However oxides of nitrogen were slightly higher for toroidal combustion chamber."

According to the news editors, the researchers concluded: "The combustion analysis shows improved characteristics for toroidal combustion chamber compared to baseline engine at all loads of operation."

For more information on this research see: Effects of open combustion chamber geometries on the performance of pongamia biodiesel in a DI diesel engine. Fuel, 2012;98():272-279. Fuel can be contacted at: Elsevier Sci Ltd, The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford

The news correspondents report that additional information may be obtained from S. Jaichandar, Madras Inst Technol, Dept. of Automobile Engn, Madras 600044, Tamil Nadu, India.

Keywords for this news article include: Asia, Biotechnology, India, Energy, Biodiesel, Tamil Nadu, Oil and Gas, Fuel Research, Bioengineering

NS gsci : Science/Technology | gcat : Political/General News

AN Document BIWK000020120713e87i00026

PD 17 July 2012

SN Journal of India

SC JOUIND

PG 37

LA English

LP 2012 JUL 17 (VerticalNews) -- By a News Reporter-Staff News Editor at Journal of India -- A new study on Agricultural Science is now available. According to news reporting originating from Andhra Pradesh, India, by VerticalNews correspondents, researchers stated "A total of 123 germplasm accessions of Pongamia pinnata were collected from peninsular India. Majority, i e 64 accessions (52%) were collected from an altitudinal gradient of 0 to 250 m with oil content ranging from 15.0 to 46.0% and only 0.8% of accessions collected from altitude more than 1 000 m have exhibited modest oil percent of 27.7%."

TD Our news editors obtained a quote from the research by the authors from the National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, "Using DIVA-GIS software, grid maps indicating diversity for oil content and 100- seed weight were generated for these accessions. Highly variant lines for oil content were observed in Prakasam and Srikakulam districts of Andhra Pradesh. However, high diversity index for 100-seed weight was observed in Srikakulam and Chittoor districts of Andhra Pradesh. Rayagad district of Odisha was a potential region for diverse lines of Pongamia germplasm for various seed traits including oil content. High regions of diversity within the surveyed districts have been identified."

According to the news editors, the researchers concluded: "The present study enabled us to find out suitable attitudinal gradient and diversity rich pockets from Peninsular India."

For more information on this research see: Identification of areas of diversity and distribution of Pongamia based on altitude and seed traits. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2012;82(6):489-493. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences can be contacted at: Indian Counc Agricultural Res, Icar Bhawan Pusa, New Delhi 110 012, India.

Page 234 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. The news editors report that additional information may be obtained by contacting N. Sunil, Natl Bur Plant Genet Resources, Reg Stn, Directorate Rice Res, Hyderabad 500030, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Keywords for this news article include: Asia, Andhra Pradesh, Agricultural Science

PUB NewsRx.com

AN Document JOUIND0020120713e87h0000y

HD Biofuels Association Welcomes AliphaJet

WC 408 words

PD 16 July 2012

SN Professional Services Close-Up

SC PSVCLU

LA English

LP AliphaJet, Inc. announced that the company has joined the Advanced Biofuels Association (ABFA).

Having successfully demonstrated its catalytic process for making jet fuel, diesel and high- octane gasoline from renewable plant oils or animal fats, AliphaJet is beginning its commercial scale-up program.

TD "The ABFA is the premier industry advocacy organization for companies ready to commercialize the next generation of advanced biofuels", said Jack Oswald, CEO of AliphaJet. "As we begin the commercial scale-up phase we chose to join the most effective organization representing our industry's interests and working to make sure we have a sound national energy policy that includes advanced biofuels".

In a release, the company noted that the company has launched a program to build a demonstration scale facility with annual capacity of 500,000 gallons per year to be completed and operational during the next twelve months. The demonstration facility will produce renewable jet fuel, diesel or high octane gasoline from renewable oils. Following this phase, AliphaJet will begin construction of a full commercial scale production facility.

AliphaJet is now raising $4-5M to build and operate its demonstration plant.

AliphaJet's BoxCar catalytic de-oxygenation process (a.k.a. decarboxylation) converts renewable oils and fats into "drop-in" biofuels by removing oxygen to create true hydrocarbon fuels.

"Drop-In" Fuels: AliphaJet's proprietary technology converts renewable oils and fats into true diesel, jet fuel, or high-octane gasoline.

Cost Competitive: AliphaJet offers the lowest-cost and simplest approach to converting oils and fats into drop-in fuels by not requiring large amounts of hydrogen.

Demonstrated Technology: AliphaJet's diesel and jet fuel meet ASTM specifications.

Feedstock Flexible: AliphaJet can use vegetable oil or animal fat: soy, palm, waste cooking oil, beef tallow; non-food oil: camelina (GenEx, BioJet), jatropha (SG Biofuels), Pongamia (Terviva), pennycress (Arvens), algae (Sapphire, Solazyme, General Atomics), GMO (Amyris, LS9, Genomatica).

Distributed Production: AliphaJet's small scale facilities are located where renewable oils are produced, avoiding co-location with oil refineries and reducing transportation costs.

More Information:

http://www.AliphaJet.com

http://www.advancedbiofuelsassociation.com

((Comments on this story may be sent to [email protected]))

RE usa : United States | namz : North America

PUB Close-Up Media, Inc.

AN Document PSVCLU0020120715e87g00094

WC 325 words

PD 12 July 2012

SN News Bites - United Kingdom

SC NBUKNB

LA English

LP NEWS BITES - UNITED KINGDOM

[News Story]

TD The Directors of NEOS, the processor of non edible oil seed complexes in India, are pleased to announce an update in respect of the 18 month period ended 30 June 2012.

During the period, NEOS, which has traditionally processed crude Jatropha oil ("CJO"), successfully trialled the procurement and processing in India of the non edible oil seeds Castor, Neem, Pongamia and Mahua. As a result, NEOS commenced in the period the procurement, processing and sale of oil derived from Castor, Neem and Pongamia. NEOS is currently discussing the sale of very significant quantities of CJO to several major European businesses. As a result of these discussions, the Board decided in April 2012 to reduce its ongoing processing of CJO, so that NEOS would be able to fulfil the potential supply requirements of these European businesses.

Source: London Stock Exchange

To open our Securities Dashboard on NEOS Resources, giving access to full details, trends, fundamentals and prices, please click here

To download our One-page Research Report (PDF), giving selected trading and background information on NEOS Resources, updated daily, please click here

To download our Full Research Report (PDF), giving comprehensive trading and background information on NEOS Resources, updated daily, please click here

NEOS Resources (NEOS.L) MCap is GBP1.2 million (US$1.8 million) at the last price of 0.65 GBX. The value of GBX1,000 invested one year ago is GBP325 [vs GBX964 for the FTSE 100 index], for a capital loss of GBP675. The total return to shareholders for 1 year is -67.5%.

Currency Conversion: Pence Sterling GBX1= US$0.0155 [or US$1= GBX64.52]; Against the US$ the GBX was unchanged for the day; declined 0.6% for the week; declined 1.9% for the month; fell 5.5% in the past year. Great Britain Pound [GBP] 1 = GBX100.

Source: www.BuySellSignals.com

CO dooil : NEOS Resources PLC

IN i1 : Energy | ialtful : Alternative Fuels | ibioful : Biofuels

AN Document NBUKNB0020120712e87c0015s

HD Biofuels Association Welcomes AliphaJet

WC 408 words

PD 12 July 2012

SN Manufacturing Close-Up

SC MFGCLU

LA English

LP AliphaJet, Inc. announced that the company has joined the Advanced Biofuels Association (ABFA).

AliphaJet is now raising $4-5M to build and operate its demonstration plant.

AliphaJet's BoxCar catalytic de-oxygenation process (a.k.a. decarboxylation) converts renewable oils and fats into "drop-in" biofuels by removing oxygen to create true hydrocarbon fuels.

"Drop-In" Fuels: AliphaJet's proprietary technology converts renewable oils and fats into true diesel, jet fuel, or high-octane gasoline.

Cost Competitive: AliphaJet offers the lowest-cost and simplest approach to converting oils and fats into drop-in fuels by not requiring large amounts of hydrogen.

Demonstrated Technology: AliphaJet's diesel and jet fuel meet ASTM specifications.

Distributed Production: AliphaJet's small scale facilities are located where renewable oils are produced, avoiding co-location with oil refineries and reducing transportation costs.

More Information:

http://www.AliphaJet.com

http://www.advancedbiofuelsassociation.com

((Comments on this story may be sent to [email protected]))

RE usa : United States | namz : North America

PUB Close-Up Media, Inc.

AN Document MFGCLU0020120712e87c00099

WC 540 words

PD 11 July 2012

ET 06:00 GMT

SN Regulatory News Service

SC RNS

LA English

LP TIDMNEOS

RNS Number : 3693H

TD Neos Resources PLC

11 July 2012

NEOS Resources plc ("NEOS" or the "Company")

End of period update

The Directors of NEOS, the processor of non edible oil seed complexes in India, are pleased to announce an update in respect of the 18 month period ended 30 June 2012.

NEOS is currently discussing the sale of very significant quantities of CJO to several major European businesses. As a result of these discussions, the Board decided in April 2012 to reduce its ongoing processing of CJO, so that NEOS would be able to fulfil the potential supply requirements of these European businesses.

The table below sets out, for the principal categories of seed, the volumes of oil processed

Seed Tonnage of Raw material Total processing Tonnage of Average oil produced cost per cost per oil sold price per tonne of tonne of tonne (ex oil oil works) Jatropha 257 $658 $947 256 $1,071 ------Castor 659 $1,332 $1,478 280 $1,393 ------Pongamia 100 $846 $1,220 64 $1,068 ------

During the period, the mill utilisation rate was approximately 32 per cent. The Board believes that achieving a target mill utilisation of 90% will significantly reduce the average processing per tonne.

NEOS announced on 13 March 2012 that central costs had been reduced to approximately GBP90,000 per month. The Board is pleased to announce that this rate was maintained for the remainder of the period to 30 June 2012 and that it expects that the rate will decline further to GBP75,000 per month with effect from July 2012.

NEOS' cash and cash equivalents and term deposits at 30 June 2012 amounted to GBP1.53 million.

The Company expects to issue its preliminary results for the eighteen months ended 30 June 2012 by no later than 31 October 2012.

Commenting on the update, Steven Rudofsky, Executive Chairman of NEOS, stated: "The Board is delighted with the progress achieved by the Company. Although, as explained in the end of period update, we restricted processing of CJO in the latter stages of the period, NEOS now has sufficient working capital and crushing capacity to process significantly increased quantities of non edible seed oil. In addition there are significant supplies of feedstock available in the market.

The Board is now confident that the Indian operations will trade profitably in the year ending 30 June 2013, which, in view of the reduced overhead base, will lead to a significant improvement in the group's overall performance".

Enquiries:

NEOS Resources plc

Steven Rudofsky +44 (0) 20 7499 5626

WH Ireland

Chris Fielding +44 (0) 20 7220 1666

This information is provided by RNS

The company news service from the London Stock Exchange

END

TSTGGURPMUPPGQU [ 11-07-12 0600GMT ]

CO dooil : NEOS Resources PLC

IN i1 : Energy | ialtful : Alternative Fuels | ibioful : Biofuels

NS ccat : Corporate/Industrial News | npress : Press Release | ncat : Content Types

PUB The London Stock Exchange

AN Document RNS0000020120711e87b00010

HD AliphaJet Joins Advanced Biofuels Association

WC 440 words

PD 9 July 2012

ET 13:55 GMT

SN Business Wire

SC BWR

LA English

LP Breakthrough Process for Making Renewable Jet Fuel, Diesel and Gasoline at Costs Competitive to Fossil Fuels Is Ready to Begin Commercial Scale-up Phase

SAN FRANCISCO--(BUSINESS WIRE)--July 09, 2012--

TD AliphaJet, Inc. (www.AliphaJet.com) announced that the company has joined the Advanced Biofuels Association (ABFA) (www.advancedbiofuelsassociation.com). Having successfully demonstrated its cost-effective catalytic process for making jet fuel, diesel and high-octane gasoline from renewable plant oils or animal fats, AliphaJet is beginning its commercial scale- up program.

The company has launched a program to build a demonstration scale facility with annual capacity of 500,000 gallons per year to be completed and operational during the next twelve months. The demonstration facility will produce renewable jet fuel, diesel or high octane gasoline from renewable oils. Following this phase, AliphaJet will begin construction of a full commercial scale production facility.

AliphaJet is now raising $4-5M to build and operate its demonstration plant.

AliphaJet's BoxCar(TM) catalytic de-oxygenation process (a.k.a. decarboxylation) converts renewable oils and fats into "drop-in" advanced biofuels by removing oxygen to create true hydrocarbon fuels.

"Drop-In" Fuels: AliphaJet's proprietary technology converts renewable oils and fats into true diesel, jet fuel, or high-octane gasoline.

Cost Competitive: AliphaJet offers the lowest-cost and simplest approach to converting oils and fats into drop-in fuels by not requiring large amounts of hydrogen.

Demonstrated Technology: AliphaJet's diesel and jet fuel meet ASTM specifications.

Distributed Production: AliphaJet's small scale facilities are located where renewable oils are produced, avoiding co-location with oil refineries and reducing transportation costs.

RE usa : United States | namz : North America

IPC TAP | NND | TPX

PUB Business Wire

AN Document BWR0000020120709e879000aj

SE Times Nation

HD Hassan highway to house biofuel outlet

BY Saswati Mukherjee B TNN

WC 311 words

PD 9 July 2012

SN The Times of India - Bangalore Edition

SC TOIBAN

LA English

LP Villagers To Grow Green Fuel Crops

Bangalore: Giving the green movement a new dimension is a green fuel retail outlet, to come up on Hassan-Bangalore Highway (National Highway-48 ).

TD Partnered by Bharat Petroleum Corporation Ltd, this outlet will sell diesel blended with oil supplied by farmers of 2,000 villages in Hassan district.

The outlet may be operational in three months.

Funded by the Karnataka State Biofuel Development Board (KSBDB ), farmers will be encouraged to plant pongamia, neem and simarouba (oil trees ), among others, to manufacture oil for supply to this outlet.

An initiative in community involvement, villagers have been roped in to grow bio-fuel suitable crops.

Currently, there are 75,000 hectares of plantation under bio-fuel crops and soon another 50,000-60,000 hectares across the state, primarily Hassan, will be added.

Drought conditions are suitable for the growth of biofuel crops, experts said.

KSBDB officials said such environment friendly initiatives are important keeping in mind that available fossil fuels are a finite commodity which, besides draining the country of foreign exchange, adds heavily to pollution levels.

"To begin with, vehicles starting to use biofuel might face clogging in the engine.

This needs to be cleared up and after a while the vehicle will get adjusted to the fuel on its own.

Emission levels of nitrogen and sulphur into the air will also come down," said AK Monappa, managing director, KSBDB.

CHECK THE MELA

There's a Biofuel Mela at Karnataka Chitrakala Parishat on August 10-12 which is to coincide with International Biofuel Day on August 10 Mela will have a range of events, information and demonstrations, exhibitions, films, stalls put up by stakeholders and cultural events Art competition on July 12 and an essay and poetry competition for students on July 30

CO bhpet : Bharat Petroleum Corp Ltd

IN i1 : Energy | i14 : Petroleum/Coal Products | i14001 : Petroleum Refining

AN Document TOIBAN0020120709e8790000k

SE JHARKHAND

HD XLRI boy's green thumb

WC 370 words

PD 4 July 2012

SN The Telegraph

SC ABPTEL

LA English

LP Jharkhand may soon turn over a new leaf in plantation, courtesy the efforts of a 24-year-old XLRI alumnus.

Pongamia (Dithodi in Hindi, Karanj in Sanskrit) ' a biodiesel producing plant growing on wasteland that has solved the unemployment problems of thousands of farmers in Bihar ' may soon sprout out of the state's soil if Kumar Ankit is able to replicate his hugely successful plantation model here.

TD Ankit, the co-founder of Gaya-based Green Leaf Energy Solutions, and his team of three are said to have recently proposed the idea of growing the plant in Jharkhand to deputy chief minister Sudesh Mahto. Sources said Mahto was very "impressed".

"We were highly successful in Bihar, where the government lent us enormous support. We have drawn up a similar plan for Jharkhand, wherein the farmers will get a chance to plant Pongamia, rear them and then get money under MGNREGS," Ankit said.

If the model is implemented, Green Leaf Energy Solutions will directly earn revenue from the state government by selling saplings of Pongamia at Rs 11 each. "The scheme is community based and has its own rules. If 90 per cent of saplings given to villagers survive, they get their full payment under MGNREGS. If the survival per cent is 75, then villagers get half payment and nothing if it dips below it. This way, everyone is kept interested," he said.

Citing an example from Bihar's success story, Ankit said that four families were given the task

Page 249 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. to take care of 200 saplings. Since MGNREGS guarantees 100 days of work but Pongamia blooms only in five years, the farmers kept earning throughout the year. He claimed that three kilos of Pongamia seeds could produce one litre biodiesel. The residue with a high content of nitrogen is used as fertiliser.

Deputy chief minister Mahto said that he had met Jain a couple of times and was looking into his proposal. "I have asked a team of officials to formulate a plan wherein the project can be implemented. The scheme was successful in Bihar. Since monsoon is here, we would like to implement it as soon as possible to reap maximum benefits," Mahto said.

NS gcat : Political/General News

AN Document ABPTEL0020120704e8740001w

WC 669 words

PD 4 July 2012

ET 10:16 GMT

SN Regulatory News Service

SC RNS

LA English

LP TIDMLEG

RNS Number : 8985G

TD Legendary Investments PLC

04 July 2012

4 July 2012

Legendary Investments Plc

("Legendary" or the "Company")

Investee Updates and New Investments

Progress continues to be made at Bosques Energeticos EBE S.A. de C.V. ("Bosques"). In late 2011, Bosques shipped and rooted elite Pongamia scions in Mexico. This allowed the creation of the first elite Pongamia mother garden in Mexico. Accordingly, Legendary increased its stake in Bosques from 15.4% to 30.8%. Bosques' strategy has now been further developed to cultivate large areas of bio diesel producing plantations. A number of parties have shown interest in Bosques and management intends to find suitable partners to cultivate large plantations. The Board of Legendary remains excited about the real and potential value creation that Bosques offers.

Following completion of the publisher demo by Undrawn Reality Limited ("UR") (formerly Raw

Page 251 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. Games Limited), further game development continued and preliminary discussions with publishers were also held. While earlier this year, we were in a position to report that the business was progressing, it subsequently became evident that advances with game development and associated discussions had slowed dramatically. From talks with UR, it is now clear that the timeframe to develop the game has extended considerably and it is no longer considered justifiable for Legendary to devote management resources to UR. Legendary has concluded that it will not receive a return on UR in the foreseeable future and has written its investment down to zero. While a disappointing outcome, Legendary's initial cash investment was nominal and the decision has freed-up time for the Directors to pursue other investment opportunities.

The Company is pleased to announce that it has invested GBP50,000 in cash in a pre-IPO funding round for Sula Iron and Gold plc ("Sula"). Sula holds a 153sq km licence in Sierra Leone, which is considered highly prospective for gold and iron ore. The latter resource is of particular interest, given that Sula's territory runs contiguous to the licence containing African Minerals' 12.8 billion tonne Tonkolili mine. The next step for Sula is to establish JORC- compliant resources and funding to undertake associated exploration is likely to be sought through admission to a public market, perhaps before the end of 2012. Legendary's investment is by way of a convertible loan, and if admission to a public market is achieved, the Legendary will receive a half-warrant for every share held.

Legendary has also invested GBP50,000 in cash in Regency Mines plc (AIM: RGM; "Regency"). Regency is a mineral exploration and development company focusing on nickel and cobalt in Papua New Guinea (alongside JV partner Direct Nickel) and gold, flake graphite and base metals in Australia. Regency focuses on selected projects which have the potential to develop into world class assets, diversifying the risk by maintaining a transactional and mining investment business. For example, with equity leverage to Direct Nickel's potentially revolutionary laterite nickel processing technology, the strategy has the potential to generate asymmetric returns. Legendary invested at a price of 1.25 pence per share.

Although we are disappointed to report our withdrawal from Undrawn Reality, we are encouraged by progress elsewhere, including our investments in Fastnet Oil & Gas plc (formerly Terra Energy) and MedGold Resources, which we understand remains on-track for its own admission to a public market.

With the funds raised in late 2011, Legendary has a stronger balance sheet and is now able to invest more meaningful amounts, so we are pleased to present these latest portfolio additions to shareholders. The Board looks forward with confidence to continuing to build shareholder value at Legendary.

Contact: Legendary Investments Zafar Karim / Rajesh Plc Rai / Thomas Reuner 020 8201 3536 Grant Thornton Corporate Colin Aaronson/ Melanie Finance Frean 020 7383 5100 Nick Emerson/ Andrew Simple Investments Thacker 01483 413500

This information is provided by RNS

The company news service from the London Stock Exchange

END

MSCBGGDRSBGBGDS [ 04-07-12 1016GMT ]

CO lgendi : Legendary Investments PLC

IN i81502 : Trusts/Funds/Financial Vehicles | iinv : Investing/Securities

NS ccat : Corporate/Industrial News | npress : Press Release | ncat : Content Types

PUB The London Stock Exchange

AN Document RNS0000020120704e874000fq

HD The biofuel grind

BY Surinder Sud

WC 724 words

PD 3 July 2012

SN Business Standard

SC BSTN

PG 10

LA English

LP Or why India’s 20% blending target will remain impossible to achieve

The biofuel development programme has made little headway despite liberal sops by way of subsidies and access to land. The target of 10 per cent blending of petrol and diesel with biofuels by 2011-12 has already been missed. And the goal of 20 per cent blending by 2016- 17, mooted in the National Biofuel Policy of 2009, seems wholly unattainable.

TD There are several reasons for this. Producing adequate ethanol from sugarcane molasses for 20 per cent blending seems impractical — for, it will require a major expansion of the area under sugarcane cultivation. It is also deemed commercially unviable. On the other hand, producing biodiesel from jatropha – a tree-borne, non-edible oilseed – is beset with innumerable problems and risks that deter farmers from growing this plant and investors from setting up oil extraction and processing units.

Various studies on jatropha have indicated that this biofuel crop is neither profitable nor pro- poor. Nor is it possible to raise healthy jatropha plantations on uncultivable or degraded land without irrigation and fertilisers. Most of the available strains of jatropha are low yielders. Besides, the technology and agronomic practices for jatropha cultivation have not yet been perfected. Technologies for efficient post-harvest management and processing of jatropha seeds, too, require some fine-tuning. Moreover, the long gestation period of three to six years for getting returns from these plantations is a formidable disincentive. It is also feared that the

Most of these concerns have been borne out by a recent systematic study on the biofuels sector conducted by the New Delhi-based National Centre for Agricultural Economics and Policy Research (NCAP), with the participation of experts from the global farm policy think- tank, the International Food Policy Research institute (IFPRI). Published by NCAP as a policy paper (No 27), the report does not mince words and states that sugarcane-based ethanol production is “absolutely unsustainable in India”. On jatropha, this report cautions that the government must keep in view the bitter experience of its cultivation in Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu before promoting it on a national scale.

In Andhra Pradesh, unconvinced about the viability of jatropha plantations, farmers diverted a bulk of the subsidy given by the government for jatropha to other crops. The state is now looking at pongamia (another tree-borne, non-edible oilseed) to use for biofuel production. In Tamil Nadu, jatropha seedlings – offered free of cost by the government – found few takers.

Nevertheless, the Union government remains upbeat about promoting biofuels in the hope of strengthening energy security. A National Biofuel Mission was launched in 2003 for this purpose. But no more than 0.5 million hectares have come under jatropha plantations so far.

This is far lower than the 3.45 million hectares that the NCAP study reckons will be needed to achieve even a five per cent blending level. The target of 20 per cent admixing will require jatropha to be planted over a massive 26.50 million hectares, an area almost equivalent to that under wheat. Sparing so much land for jatropha is unthinkable given that even vital industrial and infrastructural projects find it hard to access land.

Similarly, in the case of ethanol, the NCAP study estimates that the sugarcane acreage will need to be more than doubled from the current level to produce the projected 736.5 million tonnes of molasses-based ethanol for 10 per cent doping with petrol. This, again, is impractical as also unadvisable, considering that sugarcane requires fertile land and copious water to grow. In fact, the study has found that the production of ethanol from sweet-sorghum, a multi-utility food, fodder and sugar crop, may be a relatively better option for producing ethanol. Compared to sugarcane, this crop needs far less water.

Clearly, any policy for sourcing biofuels from land-based feedstock like sugarcane or jatropha is unlikely to work in a country in which land and water are scarce. Thankfully, the use of agricultural land for biofuel production is strictly prohibited. However, a large diversion of even non-farmed land for this purpose seems ill-advised. There is, therefore, a need to revisit biofuel promotion policies.

NS c21 : Output/Production | ccat : Corporate/Industrial News

AN Document BSTN000020120702e8730000y

HD India's Karnataka state offers financing for biofuel plantations

WC 143 words

PD 2 July 2012

SN SeeNews Renewables

SC ADPREN

LA English

LP (SeeNews) - Jul 2, 2012 - The government of India's Karnataka state is ready to provide as much as INR 10,000 (USD 180/EUR 142.4) in subsidies to farmers willing to grow biofuel crop plantations, The Times of India said Saturday.

Applications will be accepted till July 6. Biofuel-focused voluntary organisation Spoorthy is to provide information and consult farmers on the project, the newspaper said.

TD According to the government, Pongamia, Neem, Simaroba and other biofuel plants can bring good revenues to domestic farmers.

Late last week, The Hindu quoted Karnataka's Forest Minister as saying that the state Forest Department was planning to grow bamboo on wastelands for biomass power generation, seeking to cut its power shortage.

(INR 100 = USD 1.799/EUR 1.424)

Source: (TT/TT/TT)

IN ibioful : Biofuels | i1 : Energy | ialtful : Alternative Fuels

AN Document ADPREN0020120702e872001gt

SE Mysore

HD Financial aid for bio-fuel plantation

WC 118 words

PD 30 June 2012

SN The Times of India

SC TOI

LA English

LP Davanagere: The state government is providing financial assistance of up to Rs 10,000 to the farmers who are interested in the plantation of bio-fuels.

An official release said that small-scale farmers can avail applications, free of cost, from the nearest Raitha Samparka Kendras and submit the same along with relevant documents on or before July 6.

TD Bio-fuel plants like Pongamia (Honge), neem (bevu), hippe, simaroba etc can earn good revenue for the farmers, the release said.

Spoorthy, a voluntary organization, for the bio-fuel project will provide necessary information to the farmers. Contact 8867 2658 87/9448 9769 10 for more details.

For Reprint Rights: timescontent.com

AN Document TOI0000020120629e86u000fv

HD Medicinal Plants Used in Folk Recipes by the Inhabitants of Himalayan Region Poonch Valley Azad Kashmir (Pakistan) BY Muhammad Azam Khan, Mir Ajab Khan and Mazhar Hussain

WC 7,427 words

PD 30 June 2012

SN Pakistan Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences

SC ASBASC

VOL 8

LA English

LP Abstract

Plants with medicinal properties were held in the highest esteem in indigenous medicine systems all over the world. All indigenous remedies, whether traditional or modern, have originated directly or indirectly from folklore, rituals and folk medicinal knowledge. The objective of this study was to collect the information about how the local people used the plants of their area to cure a wide variety of ailments in human and livestock. Extensive surveys were carried out during the field work; interviews were conducted with the local inhabitants, the herbalists ‘Hakims’ (local physicians). About fifty informants were interviewed on random basis. The ethnobotanical data obtained was checked and compared with the existing literature and was analysed both qualitatively and quantitatively. In total 68 species of plants belonging to 44 families were recorded as used medicinally for preparations of folk recipes of 68 ailments.

TD During the field study, it was found that the indigenous knowledge related to medicinal uses comes from women age between 30-50 years, whereas the folk medicinal use comes from men. This survey indicated that 72% source of indigenous knowledge related to the medicinal use of plants comes from people between age of 50 years, while 28% of it comes from people between age 30 and 50 years. The survey also indicated that men especially old one’s are more informative of folk knowledge of medicinal plants than women in the area. It was also indicated that about 60% of the homemade drugs were used by people above the age of 50

Page 261 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. years, 30% by children below age of 15 years especially infants. While remaining 10% of the traditional medicines of plant origin were utilized by people between ages of 15-50 years.

Keywords: Medicinal plants, ethnobotany, traditional medicines, folk knowledge, and folk recipes.

INTRODUCTION

Study Area

The area is situated between 33º– 36º North latitude and 73º – 75º East longitude, guarded by occupied Poonch district of central Kashmir on the east, Rawalpindi city on the west, Tatta Pani and Kotli on the south and Suddhen Gali Muzaffarabad on the north. The total area is 8500 hectares and from administrative point of view, it covers Poonch, Sudhnoti and part of Bagh districts respectively. The region has got an average height of 1750 – 2500 meter from mean sea level, sloping from south north to north east.

The average annual rainfall of the area is about 1600mm. the southwest monsoon advances into the area in the later half of June with 93 % of the annual rainfall during July-September. The climate of the area is of temperate having three seasons namely: winter – October to mid March, summer – from mid March to June and rainy season from July to September.

The mean maximum humidity is 95.16% and the means minimum humidity is 56.75 %. Cold season starts by mid October and lasts up to mid March, December and January being the coldest months. The average minimum and maximum temperature during the year varies from 3C° to 26 C°. During the summer months temperature rises to as high as 40C° to 45 C°, with the onset of monsoon there is an appreciable drop in temperature. There is heavy snow fall during December to February and is approximately 30 to 90 cm deep and completely covers the area. The vast portion of the area is made up of sandy clay soils capable to retain moisture, helping in good growth of forest. It is followed by loamy soils. River Poonch flows in the east boarder of the investigated area. There are many springs and small streams and nullahs.

Medicinal Plants

Medicinal plants possess active chemical constituent in any of its part like roots, stems, leaves, barks and seeds. These produce a definite curing physiological response in the treatment of various ailments in human and other animals. The various chemicals work together to produce gentle progressive healing within the body tissue. The major hindrance in the amalgamation of herbal medicines into modern medical practices is the lack of scientific

Page 262 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. and clinical data, and better understanding of efficacy and safety of the herbal products. A simple illustration of synthetic drug verse plant extract is with aspirin and the bark of Salix alba (white willow). Saliein, a phenoid glycoside found in the bark of Salix alba, was first synthesized in 1899 [1] and formed the basis for making aspirin (Acetyl salicylic acid). In many people, aspirin tends to cause stomach irritation as a side effect because the drug is absorbed in the acidic environment of the stomach.

By using an extract of Salix alba bark, stomach irritation is avoided, as the preparation is absorbed in the alkaline environment of the duodenum, due to its astringent tannin content [2].

The traditional practitioners (herbal doctors) are playing an important role in providing health coverage to 75% of the population residing in villages and rural areas. A variety of herbal products have been used by the herbal doctors for the treatments of various diseases common in the area. The elder people of the area, even in these days, use local plant resources to cure many common diseases of children especially. The knowledge and experience of these elderly people (Men and Women) is a precious wealth of the area.

Siddiqui et al. reported that medicinal plants were pharmacologically screened for their cardiac activity on isolated rabbit heart palpitation [3]. Out of these 7 plants showed significant positive cardio tonic activity, along with the effects on the heart rate and coronary flow. In this research crude ethanol and aqueous fractions were used.

Farooq reviewed the medicinal plants of Pakistan [4]. Fifty-two species of indigenous medicinal plants from 25 families of angiosperms were dealt with in accordance to their importance in the traditional medicine of Pakistan and India. In addition to their usages in oriental medicine, a description was given of their applications as drugs in European, American and African countries.

Leporatti and Lattanzi studied 27 medicinal plants ethnobotanically in Makran (Southern Pakistan). They reported and discussed their traditional medicinal uses [5].

Haq and Hussain surveyed the medicinal plants of Palandri, District Poonch and revealed that there were 47 such plants in the area [6]. The local names in Pehari, Urdu, Punjabi and Pashto were given. The local uses of the plants were enquired from the local people and medicinal uses of the plants were also discussed in detail.

Qureshi and Khan conducted the study in Kahuta, Rawalpindi to list the medicinal plants there. In total 25 species of herbs belonging to 18 families were being used medicinally by inhabitants of the area. Some of the most interesting and representative plants of the area

Page 263 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. were Cyperus rotundas L., mainly used for cholera, dyspepsia and fever. The oil of Pongamia pinnata (L.) Merill was applied to cure herpes and eczema. Boerhaavia diffusa L. was useful for jaundice and other liver complaints.

Zaman and Khan described hundred medicinal plants of West Pakistan with their family, botanical name, distribution, description, constituents and uses [8].

Khan carried out another survey and reported that 95 species were used by Hakims and the annual consumption of medicinal plants was more than 5.65 million kg which valued approximately up to Rs. 36 million [9].

Haq surveyed Mansehra District and collected 53 wild and 17 cultivated medicinal plants [10]. He enlists these plants with botanical, English and vernacular names, families, parts used, distribution, constituents, medicinal and local uses.

Hundreds of ethnic groups inhabit the huge mountain region of the world with unique cultural traditions in the use of biological resources of their environment. This indigenous knowledge and its material base are now under high pressure and danger of disappearing forever [11].

Therefore, there is pressing need for documentation of this precious knowledge of local informants. The present investigation has been undertaken to collect the information about how the local people use the pants to cure a wide variety of ailments. Various plants have been effectively used by the people to cure the disease prevailing in the area using drugs prepared by folk recipes of their own.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Ethnobotanical information was obtained through general conversation with local inhabitants of Poonch Valley. A number of locals belonging to different age and ethnic groups were interviewed during the field work regarding traditional folk uses of plants. Three questionnaires were used during the survey for information about the plant resources, qualities used, rate of consumption, availability and percentage of plant species found and their utilization by the people (Appendix: 1 and 2).

The ethnobotanical data obtained was checked and compared with the herbalists, hakeems (local

Table 1: Shows Some Important Folk Recipes Used in Poonch Valley S/No 1. Botanical Name, 2. Local Name, 3. Common Name, 4. Folk Recipes Family, 5. Part Used. 6. Flowering Period 1 1 Adhatoda vesica. Nees, 2. Bahker, The aqueous extract of leaves and roots used

Page 264 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. for curing asthema. 3. Adhatoda. 4. Acanthaceae, 5. Leaves and roots 6. About 20m1. of extract is used on each occasion. March-April. 2 1. Dicliptera roxburghiana Nees. 2 Powder of roots is sprinkled over wounds thrice in a day. Churu. 4. Acanthaceae. 5. Root 6. Whole year. 3 1, Barleria cristata Linn. 2, Churu. 4, Acanthaceae 5, Roots The extract of root and stem is mixed with juice of onion bulbs and is and Leaves 6 July-August. used on snake bite. 4 1, Achyranthus aspera Linn. 2 Puth Kunda., 3 Prickly chaff The decoction of both leaves and roots are used in toothache and flower 4 Amaranthaceae, 5 Whole plant., 6 March- abdominal pain. The juice of the herb is given in dyscentery, November. rheumatism and skin diseases. The paste of the fresh leaves is applied over insect bite. The ash of the plant is mixed with honey is used in cough and asthema. Leaves mixed with ripen fruits of Rubus fruticosa are crushed and juice is applied in eye diseases. 5 1. Pistacia integrrima J.L. Sewed ex. Brandis, 2. Kakara., 3. The powder of galls is mixed with Ginger (Zingiber officinale) and Pistacia galls. 4. Anacardiaceae, 5. Fruit galls. 6. April- honey and is given in dyspepsia and disorder of the digestive September. system. A mixture of galls powder and honey is taken thrice a day to recover from asthma and pneumonia. A mixture prepared with the powder of the galls, iodine salt, Opium (Papaversomnifera), Ginger and peppermint is given thrice a day in skin diseases. A cream paste of gall powder is given twice a day to cure dyscentery. 6 1. Nerium indicum Mill. 2 Kanair3. Oleander. 4. A paste of bark of root is used for a day to cure arthritis. Leaves are Apocynaceae. 5. Root, Stem and Leaves 6. Mar-Jun. extremely poisonous 7 1. Carissa caranta Linn., 2. Garanda., 3. Karanda (U.), 4. The root paste mixed in 200 ml skimmed milk is given in jaundice. Apocynaceae, 5. Root, 6. March-April The root paste is massaged to reduce muscle strains, twice a day, for two days. 8 1. Ca/otropisprocera(Willd.) R. Br., 2. Ak, 3. Mudak. 4. 10 grams of latex is boiled with 100 grams of Curcuma in half kg Asclepiadaceae, 5. Bar latex and flower., 6. March-April. water till complete evaporation of water. One gram of this dried mixture of latex and Curcuma is given thrice a day to cure tuberculosis. The latex is applied for reducing swelling caused by scorpion bite. The powdered flowers are used in cold, cough and asthma. 9 1. Ceterach dalhousiae (Hk) C. Chr., 2. Alfhadna., Male The aqueous extract of the fronds is given thrice a day for three days shield fern 4. Aspleniaceae, 5. Frond, 6. March-May. in snake bite. It is also used as antihelmintic and vermifuge. 10 1. Achillea millefolium Linn., 2. Kungi., 3. Devils nettles 4. Aqueous extract is used to cure urinary tract infection and also given Asteraceae, 5. Whole plant. 6. March-April for the release of kidney stone. The 20m1. of decoction is advised twice a day for 3 or 4 days to control the disorder of menstruation in females. It is also an active febrifuge. 11 1. Calendula officinalis L. 2. Sadberga. 3. Marigold. 4. The extract of young branches is used to relieve Asteraceae 5. Whole plant 6. Jun-Aug. kidney pain and release of kidney stones. 12 1. Cichorium intybus L. 2. Kasni. 3. Chicory. 4 Asteraceae 5. The roots are boiled in water and the extraction after cooling is used Whole plant. 6. Jul-Aug for curing fever and vomiting. 13 1. Sonchus asper(L) Hill 2. Hundh. . 3. Dodak (U). . 4 Leaves are cooked and used for abdominal pain. Asteraceae 5. Leaves 6. Jul-Aug. 14 1. Artemisia roxburghiana Wall ex. Besser, 2. Jangli ajwan., The decoction of the leaves is given for treatment of liver

Page 265 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. and 3. Worm wood. 4. Asteraceae, 5. Leaves and stomach disorder. The poultice of inflorescence is used as inflorescence., 6. July-October. antihelmintic particularly for children. 15 1 Berberis lyceum Royle , 2 Kali sumbali., 3. Berbery 4. The powder of the dry bark is sprinkled on wound even because of Berbaridaceae., 5. Bark of roots., 6 March- April. cancer for quick healing. The powder of the roots is used for intestinal colic and for the treatment of pharyngitis. It is also a cooling agent .The bark is astringent used for healing internal wounds, cracks of bones, urine burning and also used as tonic in pregnancy. The bark powdered is mixed with desi ghee and given for the treatment of hidden wounds. 16 1. Trichodesma indicum (Linn.) R. Br., 2. Handusi, 3. Aqueous extract of the plant is mixed with wheat flour and sugar and Trichodesma, 4 Boraginaceae., 5. Root and Stem, 6. May - cooked in desi ghee and given for the treatment of abdominal pain. June. Curry is prepared by roots and the stem of plant, a cup of it is advised thrice a day for the treatment of backache. Aqueous extract of the root is given for the release of kidney stone. It is also used as tonic and febrifuge. 17 1. Cannabis sativa.Linn. 2. Bhang 3. Hemp. 4. The crushed leaves are mixed with onion and used for poils in the Cannabinaceae 5. Leaves. 6 June- August. form of poultice. It is used as refrigerant. It is smoked to relive pain. 18 1. Dioscorea deltoidea Wall.ex Kunth. 2. Kala ganda The powder (5g.) of the dry rhizome along with 20 black pepper is 3.Potato yam 4. Dioscoreaceae, 5. Root (rhizome) 6. July- taken thrice a day as antipruritic and blood purifier. It is used as October. carminative agent. The powder (5g) is taken for treatment of toxemia and many diseases of children. 19 1. Mallotus philippensis (Lam) Muell 2. Kamella. . 3 Rauni Loc The red powder obtained The red powder obtained from the (U).4 . Euphorbiaceae 5. Fruits and stem 6.Apr -Sep. surface of the fruits is used to cure mumps and measeals in children 20 1. Ricinus communis Linn. 2. Harnoli 3. Castor-oil plant. 4. The powder of the seed is used as purgative for children. The hot Euphorbiaceae 5. Fruit (Seed) and leaves. 6. April-May. leaves are applied over abdomen of children to relieve flatulence. The leaves are also made into poultice and used on poils. The dry seeds are crushed for extracting oil. The oil is given to children for checking constipation. 21 1. Fumaria indica (Hausskn) H.N. Pugsley. 2. Papara 3. The aqueous extract (20m1) of the fresh leaves and the stem of the Fumikory 4. Fumariaceae 5. Whole plant. 6. March-April. plant is given twice a day as antipruritic. It is used as blood purifier and cooling agent. 22 1. Swertia chirayita (Wall) C.B.CI The decoction of the plant (2OmI) is given twice a day for a week for 2. Chirayita. 3.Chirtta.4. Gentianaceae. the treatment of boils. It is used as tonic, antihelmintic and laxative. 5. Whole Plant 6. July-August. 23 1. Geranium wallichianum 0. Don ex Sweet. 2. Ratanjo 3. The aqueous extract of the roots (50m1) is takes twice a day to Alkanet 4. Geraniaceae 5. Root (Rhizome) 6. June- recover from rheumatism. It is also used as aphrodisiac and for the September. treatment of sexual disability. The rhizome powder is taken to recover from general weakness. 24 1. Julans regia Linn. 2. Khor 3. Walnut 4. Juglandaceae 5. The mixture of nut pericarp Gram seeds and Almond (in equal Nuts 6. March-April. amount) is fried in Desi Ghee and given for the treatment of asthema and bronchitis. Nuts are used as aphrodisiac and also for checking high blood pressure. 25 1. Mentha viridis (Linn.) Huds. The part of fresh

Page 266 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. leaves mixed in the egg and fried with sugar and is 2. Kala Pudina 3. Horse mint 4. Lamiaceae, 5. Leaves 6. used as stomachache and carminative. The powder of leaves is June-August. used with green tea to control vomiting and diarrhea. 26 1. Elsholtzia fruticosa (D.Don) Rehder, 2. Mushk buti 3. The dry leaves (Sgrams) along with tobacco are smoked for three or Elsholtzia 4. Lamiaceae, 5. Leaves, 6. July-September five days to cure cough and cold. The fumes of fresh leaves are respired for release of mucus from the respiratory tract in lung infection. 27 1. A/hum humile Kunth 2. Jangli Thom. 3. Rosy Garlic 4. Fresh bulbs are roasted with ginger in Desi Ghee and used as Liliaceae carminative and gastric stimulant. Fresh bulbs are consumed to 5. Bulbs 6. April-Jul . recover from rheumatism. 28 1. Asparagus filicinus Ham 2. Kandiali 3.Asparagus 4. The aqueous extract of roots (lOOmI) is taken orally, twice a day for Liliaceae 5. Root 6. September-October. two to three days to recover from general weakness due to prolonged illness. The powder of the dry bark of the root is taken with milk as aphrodisiac. 29 1. Colchicum luteum Baker 2. Kamba. 3. Meadow saffron 4. The powder of dry rhizome mixed with powder of ginger and pepper Liliaceae 5. Bulb 6. February-June. in equal amounts is given to the persons suffering from joint pain. It is also used as aphrodisiac. The powder of rhizome is taken as carminative and laxative. 30 1. Jasminum humihe L. 2. Chamba zard. A decoction of roots is used for curing ringworm. 3. Yellow Jasmine . 4. Oleaceae 5. Root. 6.Jul -Sep 31 1. Olea ferruginea Royle. 2. Kuhu. The decoction of the leaves is given for treatment of toothache. It is 3.Wild Olive 4. Oleaceae. 5. Leaves. 6. March-September. also used as astringent and antiseptic. Fresh leaves are chewed to cure stomachache and sore throat. 32 1. Oxalis latifolia H.B. and K. 2. Jandoro. 3. Garden Pink Sorrel The aqueous extract of plant is taken as drink for stomach problem 4. Oxalidaceae. 5. Whole plant. 6. March-June. and as cooling agent. The extract of the leaves is used for reducing the swelling and redness of eyes and to relieve the pain. The paste of the fresh leaves is used to stop bleeding from wound. 33 1. Papaversomniferum.Linn, 2. Postt,. 3. Opium poppi, 4. The dried empty capsules are roasted and crushed into powder and Papavaraceae., 5. The capsules, latex. 6. March-April. mixed in sugar. This mixture is given for the treatment of pneumonia, dirrhoea, dysentery and some forms of cough in children. It is used as the best hypnotic and sedative drug, frequently used to relieve pain and calm excitement. The coagulated latex obtained from the incisions of the green capsule is used as hypnotic, sedative, astringent, expectorant, diaphoretic and antispasmodic. 34 1. Argyrolobium roseum (Camb.) Jaub and Spach 2. Mukhan The aqueous extract of the plant is taken orally once a day in the Butti. 4. Papilionaceae, 5. Whole plant, 6. March-April. morning in empty stomach as aphrodisiac, diuretic and sedative for a week continuously. It is believed that the juice of the plant is an effective sex stimulant and remedy of sexual disability. It is used as a cooling agent. 35 1. Desmodium podocarpum DC. The aqueous extract of the roots is given to the children suffering 2. Sukhy-ni-Jari. 4. Papilionaceae, 5. Roots. 6. July- from weakness and stunted growth. The drug is taken once in a September. morning for twenty one days. The drug is believed to cure the weakness and make the children more energetic. 36 1. Abies pindrow Royle. 2. Tung. The powder of the inner flesh red bark is mixed with

Page 267 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. honey. The 3.West l-Iamalayan.Silveo Fir, 4. Pinaceae. 5. Bark 6. April- mixture so made is given twice a day to cure cough and chronic June. asthema. 37 1. Polygala abyssinica R. Br. ex. Fresen. 2. Zair-ni-buti. 3. It is said that if rhizome is kept in the mouth and juice sucked Milkwort 4. Polygalaceae. 5. Rhizome 6. June-August. immediately after the snake bite, the poison from the place of bite can not spread further. 38 1. Polygonum amplexicaulis D.Don. 2. Masloon. 3. 4. Dried rhizome is used for making (Masloon) tea.This tea is used as Polygalaceae. 5. Rhizome 6. July-August. tonic. The decoction (50m1) of the rhizome is taken once a day in the evening for treatment of rheumatic pain, bachache and gout. 39 1. Rumex hastatus D. Don. 2. Khatimal. 3.Yellow soak 4. A mixture prepared with the aqueous extract of leaves and vinegar in Polygalaceae 5. Leaves, dried and fresh 6. March-June. equal quantity is given thrice a day to cure jaundice and stone in kidney. The powder of dry leaves is used as refrigerant, diuretic and antiscorbutic. A mixture of fresh leaves and seeds of Pun/ca granatum equal quantity is given as a treatment of sunstroke. 40 1. Punica granatum Linn. 2. Daruna. 3. Pomegranate 4. The powder of dry rind of fruit (Sgms) is mixed with sugar and used Punicaceae. 5. Fruit, rind of fruit, bark, leaves and flower. 6. three times a day for treatment of epidemic diseases such as March-May. diarrhoea and dyscentery. The bark powder is given stomachic, antiemetic and antihelmintic. Powder of dry flower (Sgms) is given thrice a day with water for the treatment of all types of leucorrhoea in women. It is also given to cure vomiting due to pregnancy and diarrhoea. 41 1. Aconitum heterophylum Wall. 2. Atish. 3. Ranunculaceae. The extract of the shoot is use for curing laprosy 4. Rhizone. 5. Mar-April. 42 1. Thalictrum cultratum BI 2. Marcir. 3. Common meadow- The juice and extract yield a fluid called "mamira". It is used in drops rue. 4. Ranunculaceae. 5. Stem and leaves. 6. July- August. (2 o r3) thrice a day to cure opthalmia and other eye troubles. 43 1. Zizyphus oxyphylla Lamb. 2.Tukbari. 3. Rhamnaceae. 4. Root bark is used to cure hypertension Root. 5. Jul-Sep. 44 1. Ziziphus oxyphylla Edgew. 2. Tuckbari. 3. Root 4. Aqueous extract of root bark is mixed with extract of Citrus med/ca Rhamnaceae. 5. Root bark 6. July-September. (lemon) in equal quantity and given twice a day to cure hypertension. 45 1. Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. 2. Jand ber. 3. Ber (U), 4. Leaves are crushed and mixed with ghur (Desi sugar) and soap and Rhamnaceae. 5. Leaves and bark 6. July-September. applied as poultice on boil. Decoction of leaves and bark is used in dysentery. 46 1. Zizyphus nummularia (Burm.f), Weight and Am. 2. Locally the fruit are used as emollient expectorant and blood purifier. Brnehi. 3. Unab 4. Rhamnaceae. 5. Fruit Decoction of dry fruit is taken thrice a day as a treatment of 6. Jul -Se tember. bronchitis and influenza. 47 1 .Agrimonia pilosa L. 2.Agrimony . 3.Rosaceae. 4. Root. 5. The liquid axtract of roots used as astringent, tonic, diuretic and is Apr- May very good for blood diseases 48 1. Rosa brunonii L. 2. Tarnari. 3. Rose. 4. Rosaceae. 5. The powder of flowers sprinkled over skin infections. The extract of Root and flower. 6. Mar-Apr. roots uses to care eczemia. 49 1. Fragaria nubicola Lindi. Ex Lacaita. 2. Good meiva. 3. The aqueous extract of leaves is used as laxative diuretic and Wild strawberry 4. Rosaceae. 5. Whole plant 6. March-April. astringent. The berries are of great benefit for rheumatic gout. Sunburn could be relieved by rubbing a cut strawberry over a

Page 268 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. freshly washed face. Decoction of leaves and roots are used to stop diarrhoea and dysentery. 1. Galiurn elegans Wall. 2. Jan Pneumonia. 3. Yellow bed- The aqueous extract of roots (5m1) given thrice a day for treatment of straw 4. Rubiaceae. 5. Roots 6. March-April. pneumonia in children. 51 1. Bergenia ciliata (Haw) Sternb. 2. Butpio 3. Yeo. 4. The dried rhizomes are used for making tea. It is used as tonic and Saxifragaceae 5. Rhizome 6. March- August. relief of muscular pain. The powder of rhizome is used to cure fever and diarrhea. 52 1. Solanurn nigrurn Linn. 2. Kachmach 3. Black night shade. The aqueous extract of the plant (20m1) is given thrice a day for 4. Solanaceae, 5. Whole plant. 6. March-May. treatment of chronic enlargement of liver, in bleeding piles and dysentery. The fruits are used to cure fever, diarrhoea, eye diseases and hydrophobia. 53. 1 Solanurn surattense Shord and Wendl. 2. Mohkri 3. Mamoli The fruits are used for the preparation of curry. This curry (50m1) is 4. Solanaceae 5. Roots, leaves and fruits. 6. March- April. given for the treatment of backache and fever. The aqueous extract of the bark of roots (2OmI) is given for the treatment of kidney stone and backache. It is also used to cure cough and asthma. A decoction of leaves is used for the treatment of rheumatism. 54 1. Daphne papyracea Wall. ex Steud. 2.--3. Wild pepper. 4. The bark and leaves are crushed and converted into paste. This Thymeliaceae 5. The bark of root, stem and leaves. 6. paste is used as poultice for tumor and swellings. An ointment of the November-April. bark of stem and root is used to promote discharge from indolent ulcers, and it is also used for snake and other venomous bites. It is taken internally for chronic rheumatism. The tincture is used to ease neuralgic pain and toothache. 55 1. Debregeasia longifolia (Don) Rendle 2. Sandari. 3. The decoction of the young leaves is taken for the treatment of Debregeasia. 4. Urticaceae 5. Leaves 6. March-April. stomaches. 56 1. Caryopteris odorata (Ham) B. L. Robinson. 2. Bahata jan. The powder of dry leaves and bark is sprinkled on the wounds 2-3 3. Caryopteris. 4. Verbenaceae 5. Leaves and bark 6. times a day. The application of the drug speedily cures the wounds. February-March. It is said that drug is highly effective on cancerous tumors. 57 1. Verbascurn thapsus Linn. 2. Gidar tomaku. 3. Donkey, s The dried leaves are smoked to remove irritation of the mucous ears 4. Verbenaceae 5. The leaves. 6. June-September. membrane, the cough associated with bronchitis, asthma, whooping and spasmodic coughs in general. It can also be good for diarrhoea, inflammation of the urinary system. After placing bruised mullein leaves in olive oil and leaving it for a period, the oil can be used for relieving pain of earache. 58 1. Vitex negundo (Linn.) Hausskn The juice obtained by squeezing the young leaves is given for the 2. Bana. 3. Chinese Chase tree 4. Verbenaceae 5. Leaves treatment of gum diseases. It is also used to cure sore throat and 6. June-September. diseases. Fresh leaves are used as bandage for pain in chest and back. 59 1. Viola biflora Linn. 2. Banafsha. The infusion of the fresh leaves is used as antiseptic, expectorant 3. Sweet Violet. 4. Violaceae 5. The dried Leaves and and laxative. The aqueous extract of the herb (30m1) is used thrice a flowers and whole plant when fresh, 6. March-April. day to cure jaundice and fever. The decoction of the dried plant is given as blood purifier refrigerant, purgative and diuretic. The flower possesses expectorant properties and used to treat coughs. 60 1. Lepidiurn sativum L2. Haleon Seeds

Page 269 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. are soaked in water and used as eye cleaner. 3.GardenCress.4.Brassicaceae 5.Leaves, 6.Mar-Apr. 61 1. Buxus papiosa C.K.Schn. 2. Kangi 3. Box . 4 Buxaceae The stem is used for toothbrush and is a remedy for toothache. 5. Stem and Leaves 6. May-Aug 62 1. Diospyros lotus Linn 2. Amlock. 3. Black Ebony. 4 Fruits are used as purgative and laxative agent. Ebenaceae 5. Fruits 6.May -Aug. 63 1. Elaegnus paivifolia Wall 2. Kankoli . 3. Oleander 4. Fruit is considered a good for cancer patient. Leaves infusion is used Elaeagnaceae 5. Whole plant 6.Apr -Jun as diuretic 64 1. Quercus dilatata Lindle.ex Royle 2. Rianh.. 3), Moru 4 Seeds are edible, astringent Seeds are edible, astringent and Fagaceae . 5. Nuts. 6.Apr -Sep. diuretic, used in diarrhoea, indigestion and asthema. 65 1. Melia azedarach Him. 2. Dharek. 3. Pride of India . 4. Roots are bitter and used as antihelmintic. A decoction of leaves is Meliaceae 5. Wood and nuts. 6.Apr -Sep said to be astringent and stomachic. 66 1. Zanthoxylum alatum Roxb. 2. Timber. 3. Kababe. 4. Rind of fruit is converted into powder and used to cure diarrhea. Rutaceae. 5. Fruit and seed. 6. Apr-May Seeds are carminative 67 1. Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn.de Fruct. 2. Raintha. 3. Soap Extract of fruit skin is used for the treatment of piles. Powder of the nut. 4. sapindaceae. 5. Fruit. 6. Apr-May. soap nut is used as aphrodisiac. 68 1 .Onoclea sensibilis .L.2.Bamchar 3. Fern, 4. Woodsiaceae The aqueous extract of plant is a tonic and sedative. 5. Whole plant 6. Whole year

physicians) quantitatively and qualitatively. The indigenous knowledge about plant resources and cultural aspects were also documented [12, 13]. The collected plant material was labeled, identified and preserved at ISL herbarium of Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad.

RESULTS

A large proportion of the population of the valley living in the far-flung areas still relies on medicinal plants for curing different aliments. The people of these areas depend on the local medicinal plants because no medicinal facilities are available in these areas. Medicinal plant collectors are usually poor villagers. Plant collections are their part time activity besides farming and live stock rearing.

The collectors included men, women, children, gipsy and professional quacks. The woman and children collect plants while on their way to work in the fields and surrounding area of their work place. The women and children of gipsy families collect medicinal plants while grazing their livestock.

The men collectors are mostly the quacks and ‘hakims’ of the area. They are selective in their collection and collect only those plants, which are profitable and can be sold easily in the local markets.

Present study includes 68 medicinal plants. Which make 40.23 % of the total plant species

Page 270 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. used in area for folk recipes (Table 1). Some important medicinal plants were collected and used in the area are Galium elegans, Bergenia ciliata, Dioscoria deltoidea, Viola biflora, Trichodesma indicum, Pistacia integerrima, Podophyllum emodi, Polygonum amplexicaule, Geranium wallichianum, Achillea millefolium, Desmodium podocarpum, Melia azedarach, Onoclea vecunifolium, Punica granatum, Rumex hirsuta, Zanthoxylum alatum and Micromeria biflora.

A survey was conducted in order to see the source of indigenous knowledge about medical uses of plants in the research area. The data revealed that 72% of folk medicinal knowledge comes from people above the age of 50 years while 28% of it comes from people between ages of 30 and 50. Gender wise, men especially old ones are more informative of traditional knowledge of medicinal plants than women in the area. The survey also indicated that about 45 % of the local population is dependent on medical plants for curing different aliments. The dependency on medicinal plants dropped over the last five year as the area was ramified by link roads and shops of allopathic drugs were opened. It was also observed that about 60 % of the home made drugs were used by people above the age of 50 years, 30 % by children below age of 15 years especially infants. While remaining 10% of the traditional medicines of plants origin are utilized by people between age of 15 and 50 years Figure 2.

Some Folk Preservation Techniques

During the survey it was observed that people adopted local methods to preserved plant parts for future use. Some of these techniques for preservation of commonly used plants are:

Dioscoria Deltoidea

The corm of the plant is dug out from the soil. The rough and hairy skin of the corm is peeled off and converted into very thin slices. These slices are beaded into a necklace and dried under the sun. These dried slices are stored as such or converted into powered form and stored in the jars.

Bergenia ciliata, Geranium wallichianum and Trichodesma indicum

The rhizome of these plants are cleaned with warm water and dried under the sun. The rhizomes are then stored in bags in the store rooms for 3 to 4 months.

Berberis lyceum and Ziziphus oxyphylla

The roots of these plants are dug out, cleaned and the bark is peeled off. The barks then dried and stored.

Caryopteris odorata, Rumex hirsuta and Daphne papyracea

The leaves of these plants are dried under the sun. The leaves then converted into powder and stored in bottles.

Mallotus philippensis

The fruit of these plants are naturally coated with a reddish material (Kaisar) collected in large amount during the month of November. The red coat of the fruit is removed by washing with warm water in a container. The excess water is removed and red material is dried under the sun and stored in bottles.

Common Folk Recipes of Poonch Valley

Medicinal plants are used by humans for curing different ailments in almost all parts of the world. The trends of its usage have drastically decreased with the introduction of allopathic drugs but still they provide bulk of medicine in developing countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America. Medicinal plants play an important role as it, not only provide crude drugs for curing different ailments but also support the weaker economy of the area. During the present study, frequently used recipes were also documented. Some important folk recipes used in Poonch valley are given in Table 1.

DISCUSSION

Majority of the world population currently depends on tradition medicine for their primary health and needs. The world market for herbal products based on traditional knowledge is now estimated to be worth US $ 60 million [14]. A growing awareness of this new contributor to the foreign exchange reserves of several national treasuries is beginning to emerge. To satisfy growing market demands, surveys are being conducted to unearth new plant sources of herbal remedies and medicines [15].

Hamalayas, for example, has an extraordinary diversity of plant species and has been regarded as a treasured groove of medicinal plants. The study area of Poonch valley was also gifted with a variety of herbs and medicinal plant resources. Medicinal plants had continued to be used extensively as a major source of drugs for the treatment of many ailments.

The people of Poonch valley like most other native people had dependent upon plant resources for their medicinal requirements and in this way a traditional system of folk recipes had evolved in the area over a period of time. As discovered in present research, people used

Page 272 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. 68 plant species for curing different ailments and more than 50% of the local population is dependent on medicinal plant for primary health care.

People utilize different parts of the plant for medicinal purposes. For instance, the powder of leaves and bark of Caryopteris odorata is sprinkled on the wounds for speedy cures. The drug is highly effective on cancerous tumors. Similarly the paste of bark and leaves of Daphne papyracea is used as poultice for tumor and swellings. An ointment of the bark of stem and root is used to promote discharge from indolent ulcers, and it is also used for snake and other venomous bites. It is taken internally for chronic rheumatism. The tincture is used to cure neuralgic pain and toothache. Hamayun et al. reported that medicinal plants collected in district Buner (Pakistan) are used by the inhabitants to cure various ailments [16]. For instance leaves decoction of Ajuga bracteosa used for the treatment of jaundice, hypertension and sore throat. Root of Justicea adhatoda is used in rheumatism, pneumonia and cough, while leaves are used as antiseptic, expectorant, antispasmodic and demulcent.

As pointed out by local people the roots of Adhatoda vesica emerged as the excellent remedy for rheumatism. Further research is required on this aspect. Gum of Acacia modesta is used as tonic and stimulant. Leaves of Datura innoxia is used in toothache, headache and epilepsy. The seeds are antipyretic and narcotic. Similar reports were also documented from other parts of Pakistan [17-19].

The majority of medicine preparations were drawn from mixture of different species for the treatment of a single ailment. Various methods of medicine preparations were apparent in this study. However, the most frequently used methods were aqueous extract followed by powdering as well as decoction. Similar result was reported by Shinwari [17].

In conclusion it is necessary to point out that what remains of folk uses of medicinal plants survives and still plays a role in public health of the study area must be preserved and documented.

Suggestions and Recommendations

The folk knowledge on medicinal plants from this area will contribute for the efforts as already being initiated for the documentation of ethnobotanical knowledge from all parts of Pakistan.

For sustainable and long term of the valley natural resources there is a need to actively involve acquiescence of local people in maintenance of biodiversity monitoring and documentation of ethnobotanical knowledge. There is also a need to develop awareness among the people of the area that they should fulfill their requirements keeping in mind that biodiversity of the local area may not be exploited.

Efforts are needed to identify endemic, endangered, threatened medicinal plants of the area and to point out ways and means for conservation of endangered medicinal plants.

The following suggestions and recommendations are proposed for further research in the area.

1. Sustainable use of natural resources is crucial for the well being of local communities. The resources are being exploited in a very unsustainable manner. In order to develop an effective strategy it is necessary to deal with the following points:

i. Information on cultivation techniques should be made available to people interested in cultivating medicinal plant species that have been shown to be an economic importance.

ii. Cultivation of threatened medicinal plants should be encouraged by the local community in order to relieve pressure on these plants

2. Chemical analysis and screening of medicinal plants needs to be done to determine a co- relation between the chemical constituents and the disorders treated by the herbalists. This information is not available in the area.

This study explored in detail the traditional folk uses of the medicinal plants of the area. There is, however, still a need and scope to enlighten the unexplored aspects of folk uses of medicinal plants in relation with their constituents and ailments. A more comprehensive research work is needed to explore the folk knowledge about medicinal plants of the area. It is hoped that this study will provide useful information about ethnopharmacology of the medicinal pants of the area.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Authors are grateful for the traditional medical practitioners of the study area for their dedicated contribution in sharing their accumulated indigenous knowledge. Special thanks are due to Abdul Rehman Farooqi and other elder men and women from Sarari for their hospitality and help during field work.

APPENDIX -1

Questionnaire for Ethno Botanical Survey (General)

Date:

Name: Age: Gender: Education: Locality:

Information about Potential Plant Species used in the Area

Local name of the species: Locality: Uses in the Area:

Quantities harvested each year:

Who collected the plant? (Women/ Men/Children) Why collected?

Which part is collected? How the plant is collected:

Is it sold? To whom it is sold:

Whether the plant material is stored: Why? For how long it is stored and why?

Local price per Kg. (Rs.) Quantity sold each year:

Availability status of the plant in last 10 years: (Increased/Decreased)

Any conservation effort on the part of locals: Others Observations:

APPENDIX -2

Questionnaire for Medicinal Plants Used by the Practionners (Hakims)

Date: Name of Informant: Experience

Q.1. How many patients have investigated by you so far? Q.2. What type of ailments you have observed in the local population?

Q.3. Name the ailments you have dealt with? Q.4. What was the result of your treatment? Q.5. Description of the medicinal plant:

Local name: Botanical Name: Time of harvesting:

Why plant is medicinal?

Q.6. How the plant is converted into drug? Q.7. How the plant is stored?

Q.8.What is the dosage and forms used? Q.9. Methods of external use?

Q.10. Methods of internal use?

Q.11. Therapeutic indications if any?

REFERENCES

[1] Chevallier A. 1998. Materia Medica. Middlesex University, USA.

[2] Shinwari ZK, Gilani SS. Sustainable harvest of medicinal plants at Bulashbar Nullah, Astore, Northern Pakistan. J Ethnopharm 2003; 84: 289-98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378- 8741(02)00333-1

[3] Siddiqui KM, Khan A. Proceeding of workshop on “Promotion of medicinal plants”. PFI, Peshawar 1991; 46-53.

[4] Farooq S. A review of medicinal plants of Pakistan. Sci Khyber 1990; 3(1): 123-31.

[5] Leporatti ML, Lattanzi E. Traditional phytotherapy on coastal areas of Makaran (Sout- hern Pakistan). Fitoterpia 1994; 65(2): 158-61.

[6] Haq I, Hussain Z. Medicinal plants of Palandri, District Poonch (Azad Kashmir). Pak J Sci 1995; 1(1): 115-26.

[7] Qureshi SJ, Khan MA. Ethnobotanical study of Kahuta from Rawalpindi District Pakistan. J Biol Sci 2001; 1(1): 27-30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/jbs.2001.27.30

[8] Zaman MB, Khan MS. Hundred drug plants of West Pakistan. Medicinal plants branch, PFI, Peshawer 1970; 5-8.

[9] Khan AA. Suvey of crude drug markets in Pakistan. Biol. Sci. Research Division, Bulletin 7, Pakistan Forest Institute, Peshawer 1985.

[10] Haq I. Medicinal plants of Mansehera Dirtrict NWFP, Pakistan. Ham Med 1993; 34(3): 51- 6.

[11] Warren DM. Indigenous Knowledge and Development- (Revised Vers., Dec; 1990). Background Paper for Seminar Session Sociology. Nat Resource Manage Agri Dev The

[12] Jain SK, Ed. A Manual of Ethnobotany. Scientific Publishers; Jodhpur, India 1995.

[13] Martin JG, Ed. Ethnobotany, ‘A People and Plant Conservation Manual’. Chapman and Hall, New York 1995.

[14] WHO. 2002. World Health Organization Traditional Medicine Sttrategy 2002- 2005.Geneva.

[15] Hoareau L, Da silva EJ. Medicinal plants: A re-emerging health aid. Elect J Biotech 1999; 2.

[16] Hamayun, M. Ethnobotanical studies of some useful shrubs and trees of District Buner, NWFP, Pakistan. J. Ethnobotanical Leaflets 2003; (http://www.siu.edu/~ebl/)

[17] Shinwari ZK, Gilani SS, Akhlas M. Sustainable harvest of medicinalplants at Bar and Shinaki Valleys, Gilgit (Northern Pakistan). Consultancy Report: WWF-P, Gilgit 2002.

[18] Sadaqat. Medicinal plants of family Cucurbitaceae (Part-2). Hamd Med 1995; 34: 91-1.

[19] Ahmad H, Khan S, Khan A, Hamayun M. Ethnobotanical resources of Manikhel forests, Orakzai Tirah, Pakistan. J Ethnobotanical Leaflets 2004; (http://www.siu.edu/~ebl/)

1Department of Botany Government Boys Degree College Hajira Azad Kashmir, Pakistan, 2Department of Plant Sciences Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan, Address corresponding to this author at the Government Boys Degree College Hajira, Post Office and Tehsil Hajira District, Poonch Azad Kashmir, Pakistan; Tel: +925824462512; Mobile: +923229495933; E-mail: [email protected], Received on 28-01-2012, Accepted on 12-02-2012m, Published on 17-02-2012, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/1927 窶・129.2012.08.01.21, © 2012 Khan et al.; Licensee Lifescience Global., This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non- commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited.

NS gsci : Science/Technology | gcat : Political/General News

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LP 2012 JUN 22 (VerticalNews) -- By a News Reporter-Staff News Editor at Energy Weekly News -- Current study results on Antioxidants have been published. According to news reporting originating in Coimbatore, India, by VerticalNews journalists, researchers stated "This study investigates the impact of various synthetic phenolic antioxidants on the oxidation stability and storage stability of Pongamia (karanja) biodiesel (PBD)."

TD The news reporters obtained a quote from the research by the authors from the Department of Chemistry, "The results of Rancimat experiments show that the induction point (IP) increased substantially on adding certain antioxidants to the Pongamia biodiesel. The study reveals pyrogallol (PY) to be the best antioxidant to show the best improvement in the oxidative stability of PBD, the induction time being enhanced to 34.35 h at a PY concentration of 3000 ppm at 110 degrees C. The storage stability studies were carried out according to the ASTM standard procedures 1) ASTM D4625 at 30 degrees C/50 weeks and 2) ASTM D4625 at 43 degrees C/12 weeks by adding different antioxidants like BHT, BHA, PY, GA and TBHQ."

According to the news reporters, the researchers concluded: "The effectiveness of these five antioxidants on PBD was examined at varying loading levels during the storage period."

For more information on this research see: Studies on the effect of antioxidants on the long- term storage and oxidation stability of Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre biodiesel. Fuel Processing Technology, 2012;99():56-63. Fuel Processing Technology can be contacted at: Elsevier Science Bv, PO Box 211, 1000 Ae Amsterdam, Netherlands. (Elsevier - www.elsevier.com; Fuel Processing Technology - www.elsevier.com/wps/product/cws_home/502685)

Page 279 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. Our news correspondents report that additional information may be obtained by contacting A. Obadiah, Govt Arts Coll Autonomous, Dept. of Chem, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.

Keywords for this news article include: Asia, Antioxidants, Biotechnology, India, Energy, Biodiesel, Coimbatore, Oil and Gas, Bioengineering, Protective Agents

IN i1 : Energy

NS gsci : Science/Technology | gcat : Political/General News

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LP 2012 JUN 22 (VerticalNews) -- By a News Reporter-Staff News Editor at Energy Weekly News -- Current study results on Fuel Research have been published. According to news reporting originating from Tamil Nadu, India, by VerticalNews correspondents, researchers stated "We present results of high pressure spray characterization of Straight Vegetable Oils (SVOs) which are potential diesel fuel substitutes. SVO sprays are visualized at high injection pressures (up to 1600 bar) to study their atomization characteristics."

Our news editors obtained a quote from the research by the authors from the Indian Institute of Technology, "Spray structure studies are reported for the first time for Jatropha and Pongamia vegetable oils, under atmospheric conditions. Jatropha and Pongamia SVO sprays are found to be poorly atomized and intact liquid cores are observed even at an injection pressure of 1600 bar."

TD According to the news editors, the researchers concluded: "Non-Newtonian behavior of Jatropha and Pongamia oil is shown to be the reason for observed spray structure."

For more information on this research see: Spray characterization of straight vegetable oils at high injection pressures. Fuel, 2012;97():879-883. Fuel can be contacted at: Elsevier Sci Ltd, The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, Oxon, England. (Elsevier - www.elsevier.com; Fuel - www.elsevier.com/wps/product/cws_home/30420)

The news editors report that additional information may be obtained by contacting D. Deshmukh, Indian Inst Technol, Dept. of Mech Engn, Madras 600036, Tamil Nadu, India.

Keywords for this news article include: Asia, India, Tamil Nadu, Fuel Research

CO iaitdh : Indian Institute of Technology Delhi

PUB NewsRx.com

AN Document ENRGWK0020120615e86m0004f

WC 484 words

PD 19 June 2012

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LP 2012 JUN 19 (NewsRx) -- By a News Reporter-Staff News Editor at Life Science Weekly -- Investigators publish new report on Urea. According to news reporting out of Tiruchirappalli, India, by NewsRx editors, researchers stated "The growth, yield, and carbon content of eight- month old seedlings of Pongamia pinnata were compared under water and urea supplementation. One set of plants were subjected to water stress condition (WS), whereas the other supplied with 2 g of urea (WS+U) under WS."

TD Our news journalists obtained a quote from the research by the authors from the College of the Holy Cross, "Both the experimental set ups were exposed to varying treatment levels which include full irrigation (100%, control) followed by 75% (T1), 50% (T2), 25% (T3) and 12.5% (T4). The growth, leaf area and relative water content were maximum under WS when compared to WS+U (p <0.001). The maximum biomass was produced in the seedlings under WS in control (1.68 g) followed by T1 (1.38g), T2 (1.53 g), T3 (0.93 g) and T4 (0.73 g). A significant (p <0.001) reduction in biomass production was observed in WS+U in control (1.28 g), T1 (0.66 g), T2 (1.139) and T3 (0.44 g). T4 of WS+U showed similar biomass (0.739) as that of T4 of WS. Under WS, the highest biomass allocation was recorded in shoots followed by leaves and roots. Similar trend was observed in WS+U. However, the percentage of allocation was more in the roots of WS+U (27.2 %) when compared to WS (22.24 %). The highest amount of carbon content was observed in control plants treated under WS (9.59 g) followed by control plants of WS+U (7.31 g) (p <0.001)."

According to the news editors, the researchers concluded: "The results of the preliminary study clearly indicated that P. pinnata seedlings were able to cope-up with water stress conditions without urea application and can perform well in 50% water availability and is best suited for the plantation programs in the semi-arid ecosystems."

Page 283 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. For more information on this research see: Comparative study on growth, yield and carbon content in Pongamia pinnata under water stress and urea supplementation. Journal of Environmental Biology, 2012;33(3):579-584. Journal of Environmental Biology can be contacted at: Triveni Enterprises, C, O Kiran Dalela, 1, 206 Vikas Nagar, Kursi Rd, Lucknow 226 022, India.

Our news journalists report that additional information may be obtained by contacting S.G. Saraswathi, Coll Holy Cross, Dept. of Bot, Tiruchchirappalli 620002, Tamil Nadu, India.

Keywords for this news article include: Asia, Urea, India, Carbon, Tiruchirappalli, Organic Chemicals

IN i25 : Chemicals

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AN Document LFSW000020120615e86j000hg

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WC 227 words

PD 15 June 2012

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PG 12

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LP CLONAL Solutions Australia and Yuruga Nursery is supplying large quantities of pongamia seedlings for newly established plantations nation-wide.

Director Peter Radke spoke of renewable energy at the 2012 Economic Forum last week and the extensive research and development program of the pongamia pinnata tree, also known as the oil tree or diesel tree, and is a bio-fuel producer, largely used in India.

TD He said while nation-wide pongamia occurred naturally from Mackay to Cape York Peninsula and the top end of the Northern Territory, it was also visible on the Tableland.

"In our local area it is common along the Mitchell River and it is one of the beach-front trees which survived the onslaught of Cyclone Yasi at Cardwell," Mr Radke said.

Mr Radke said pongamia was a new industry in Australia.

"There is no established best practice model for plantation layout and plantations are being established for a variety of reasons," he said.

"The industry is still in its infancy in Australia. There are a lot of unknowns and a lot of development work to do." But he said the crop had a "real future".

Clonal Solutions Australia is at the fore-front of innovative research into the propagation and

RE austr : Australia | queensl : Queensland | apacz : Asia Pacific | ausnz : Australia/Oceania

PUB News Ltd.

AN Document NLTBLA0020120615e86f0000n

SE KARNATAKA

HD Western Ghats is home to several herbs that can heal, says expert

BY Special Correspondent

WC 286 words

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SN The Hindu

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LP MANGALORE,KARNATAKA The ‘nagalingapushpa' (or the cannonball tree), which has its origin in the West Indies, has medicinal properties. A tree that grew in the compound of University College was about to be cut down due to road widening some years ago. However, authorities concerned were told about its uses and the tree was allowed to remain, said M Dinesh Nayak, Adviser (Green Belt), Mangalore Special Economic Zone (MSEZ).

He was speaking on ‘Biodiveristy in the Western Ghats', organised by the Institution of Engineers (I), Mangalore Local Centre and Institution of Valuers, Mangalore Branch, in the city on Tuesday.

TD He showed photos of several plants and trees that grow in the Western Ghats and explained to the audience that they could be used as medicine. Of them, many are on the verge of extinction, he said.

He said that bale honne (or ‘shiri ponne' in Tulu) could be used for H1N1 and that amruthaballi could be used in chikungunya to reduce fever. ‘Brahmi' is good for the intellect and ‘nerlehannu' for diabetes and backache.

Qualities

Mr. Nayak described the qualities of plants such as the fig tree, the yellow silk cotton

Page 287 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. (‘boorga'), ‘karkata', which was used in olden days for setting bones by paediatricians and about the medicinal uses of ‘swarnapushpi' or Indian Laburnum, which is Kerala's state flower. Pongamia (‘honge') is being used as an input for biodiesel after research was done on it in the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore. The fruits of ‘Terminalia chebula', a tree that grows in the Western Ghats, is used for indelible ink. It has no adverse effect on the skin, he said.

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LP Kochi, June 5 -- The Citizen Watches India, in association with Eco Watch,planted 200 different saplings of Neem, Jack fruit, Pongamia,Basavanapada, Singapore Cherry variety at Hoskote AIR campus. The watch-making company had also introduced the 'Eco-Drive' watches that use Light as a source of energy to power the watch and stop the battery wastage. Speaking on the occasion, Katsusuke Tokura, Managing Director, Citizen Watches India said 'I hope that environment day is not only followed on this day. Let us build a sustainable environment to ensure a better future.' In the main function, the Department of Forest, Ecology and Environment and Karnataka State Pollution Control Board organised an Environmental Awareness Walkathon and presented awards to the selected persons who had contributed for protection and creating awareness on Environment. UNI XR MSP AKM AK1637 NNNNPublished by HT Syndication with permission from United News of India.

AN Document UNNIND0020120606e8650000w

HD Origin partners with TSHS

BY Kate Dodd [email protected]

WC 184 words

PD 2 June 2012

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LP Program launched

TOOWOOMBA State High School Wilsonton campus year 12 student Emily Brassington braved the cold and miserable weather yesterday to plant pongamia trees.

TD She was joined by other agricultural science class students, who have been researching renewable energy resources after the school took up a new partnership with coal seam gas producer Origin.

The partnership will see students travelling out to Origin's Spring Gully field north-east of Roma which is home to a 300 hectare pongamia plantation.

Material will also be woven into the agricultural curriculum which will enable students to gain a better understanding of renewable energy, agricultural diversification, sustainability and the links between the agricultural and energy sectors.

Land, environment and stakeholder manager Rebecca Pickering said the company was committed to sustainable development and was pleased to share its knowledge with students in the field.

She said Origin would lead a mentoring program to support the transition of students into further study or apprenticeships.

NS gcat : Political/General News

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IPD Community - People | Human interest | Traditional Family

PUB APN Newspapers Pty Ltd

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LP 2012 JUN 1 (VerticalNews) -- By a News Reporter-Staff News Editor at Energy Weekly News -- New research on Alkanes is the subject of a report. According to news reporting originating from New Delhi, India, by VerticalNews correspondents, researchers stated "The experimental study was carried out on anaerobic digestion of jatropha (Jatropha curcas) and pongamia (Pongamia pinnata) oil seed cakes in a 20 m(3)/d capacity floating drum biogas plant under mesophilic temperature condition. The average specific methane production potential of jatropha oil seed cake was observed as 0.394 m(3)/kg TS and 0.422 m(3)/kg VS."

TD Our news editors obtained a quote from the research by the authors from the Indian Institute of Technology, "The average content of methane and carbon dioxide in the produced biogas over 30 days of retention time period was found as 66.6% and 31.3%, respectively. Cumulative methane yield over 30 days of retention time period was found as 131.258 m(3) with a 259.2 kg of input volatile solids, with an average total volatile solids mass removal efficiency of 59.6%. However, in case of pongamia oil seed cake average specific methane production was observed as 0.427 m(3)/kg IS and 0.448 m(3)/kg VS. The average value of methane and carbon dioxide content in the produced biogas over 30 days of retention was found as 62.5% and 33.5%, respectively."

According to the news editors, the researchers concluded: "Cumulative methane yield over 30 days of retention time period was found as 147.605 m(3) with a 255.9 kg of input volatile solids, with an average total volatile solids mass removal efficiency of 74.9%."

For more information on this research see: Production of methane from anaerobic digestion of jatropha and pongamia oil cakes. Applied Energy, 2012;93():148-159. Applied Energy can be contacted at: Elsevier Sci Ltd, The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB,

The news editors report that additional information may be obtained by contacting R. Chandra, Indian Inst Technol Delhi, Dept. of Mech Engn, New Delhi 110016, India.

Keywords for this news article include: Asia, India, Alkanes, Methane, New Delhi, Chemicals, Chemistry, Carbon Dioxide

CO iaitdh : Indian Institute of Technology Delhi

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LP 2012 MAY 25 - (VerticalNews.com) -- "Methyl esters were synthesized from crude karanj oil (CKO) by single step esterification with methanol using sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and phosphoric acid (H3PO4) as catalysts in a homogeneous batch process," scientists writing in the journal Bioresource Technology report.

"H3PO4 was less active than H2SO4 during the process as it presented very low ester yields (<20%) for the various molar ratios of fatty acid to alcohol studied. With H2SO4 as catalyst, the yield was as high as 89.8% at 65 degrees C after 5 h. The fatty acids profile of the oil (palmitic acid: similar to 12%; stearic acid: similar to 8%; oleic acid: similar to 52% and linolenic acid of 17%) and the different reactivities of the acids were responsible for the observed differences in conversion to methyl esters," wrote M.S. Khayoon and colleagues, University of Technology.

TD The researchers concluded: "The findings attained with this study might contribute to the economic utilization of a non-edible feedstock."

Khayoon and colleagues published their study in Bioresource Technology (Utilization of crude karanj (Pongamia pinnata) oil as a potential feedstock for the synthesis of fatty acid methyl esters. Bioresource Technology, 2012;111():175-179).

Additional information can be obtained by contacting M.S. Khayoon, Univ Technol Baghdad, Dept. of Chem Engn, Baghdad, Iraq.

The publisher of the journal Bioresource Technology can be contacted at: Elsevier Sci Ltd, The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, Oxon, England.

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HD Now, biodiesel from Mexican Poppy

BY Staff Reporter

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LP HYDERABAD,ANDHRA PRADESH A team of chemistry professors from the Government City College, in collaboration with another team from Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University (SRTMU)'s School of Chemical Sciences, have developed a process through which biodiesel can be produced using seeds of the weed Argemone Mexicana known as Mexican Poppy.

Called ‘Brahmadandi' in Telugu, the weed grows profusely in rural areas, the seeds of which contain 40 per cent oil, informed Y.Rajeshwar Rao, the Principal Investigator of the UGC sponsored research project, at a press conference here on Wednesday.

TD The process of producing bio-fuel involves extraction of oil from the seeds, and transesterification of the oil using crystalline ash-coloured manganese carbonate as catalyst. With the flash point at 130 degrees Celsius, the oil can be transported, and used variedly in transport, agricultural pump-sets and power generation too, with or without blend, Dr. Rao said. A paper about the process has been published in Polish Journal of Chemical Technology. When tested on Mahindra Jeep in a blend of 25:75 with diesel, the fuel gave a mileage of 12 km per litre, he said. The present cost of the fuel is calculated at Rs.35 per litre.

Elaborating on the advantages of using Argemone mexicana, Dr. Reddy said the seeds are non-edible and poisonous, hence do not attract browsing cattle. They grow in hardy conditions, and do not need special attention. Compared to the long gestation periods of

Page 296 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. Pongamia and Jatropha, the plant yield in just four to six months' duration. Others include Narender J. Reddy from the Government City College and P.K. Zubaidha from SRTMU. UGC has sanctioned Rs.9 lakh for the project, principal of the Government City College C.S.N. Sharma informed.

City college professors develop a process through which biodiesel can be produced using its seed

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BY Staff Reporter

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Page 298 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. Pongamia and Jatropha, the plant yield in just four to six months' duration. Others include Narender J. Reddy from the Government City College and P.K. Zubaidha from SRTMU. UGC has sanctioned Rs.9 lakh for the project, principal of the Government City College C.S.N. Sharma informed.

City college professors develop a process through which biodiesel can be produced using its seed

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LP To Company Announcements Office Facsimile 1300 135 638 Company ASX Limited Date 17 May 2012 From Helen Hardy Pages 33 Subject SUSTAINABILITY REPORT

In accordance with Listing Rule 3.17 please find attached the 2011 Sustainability Report which is being sent to Origin Energy shareholders who have elected to receive it. Regards Helen Hardy Company Secretary 02 8345 5023 – [email protected] Origin Energy Limited ABN 30 000 051 696 • Level 45 Australia Square, 264-278 George Street, Sydney NSW 2000 GPO Box 5376, Sydney NSW 2001 • Telephone (02) 8345 5000 • Facsimile (02) 9252 1566 • www.originenergy.com.au Aspiring always to lead strategy performance growth Sustainability Report 2011

TD Scope of report

Employees completing Origin’s defensive driver training course

CONTENTS Welcome to Origin’s 10th Sustainability Report. Since 2001, we 1 Our Compass have been reporting voluntarily on our success in meeting the 2 Managing Director’s Message 4 Company Profile commitments we make to our key stakeholders. 7 Our 5-Year Sustainability Objectives In this year’s Sustainability Report we once Our online Sustainability Report discloses our 8 Our Customers again report on how we are tracking against performance consistent with previous years

Page 300 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. 12 Our Communities the 5-Year Strategies we set out in our 2007 and is compiled using the Global Reporting 18 Our Employees report. A small number of case studies bring Initiative’s (GRI) G3 guidelines. It can be 23 Our Investors to life some of what we do each day. viewed at http://reports.originenergy.com.au 26 Origin Foundation and Community We have not set forward targets in this Unless otherwise stated, this document reports Investment year’s report as 2012 will be the final year on the sustainability performance of the 28 About this Report of reporting against our current 5-Year activities and assets operated by Origin for 29 Glossary of Terms Strategies. In the 2012 report we will the 12 months to 30 June 2011 and monetary communicate the next phase of Origin’s amounts are in Australian dollars. sustainability journey.

ORIGIN ENERGY LIMITED Cover: Ronald Thompson, Origin Land Management Supervisor at his property in the ABN 30 000 051 696 Queensland gasfields

b Our Compass What sets us apart at Origin is not what we do but how we do it. The Purpose, Principles, Values and Commitments contained in our Compass guide our actions and help us make better choices that appropriately balance the interests of all of our stakeholders. OUR PURPOSE We aspire always to lead. We deliver today’s energy needs; and we search and innovate to create tomorrow’s energy solutions. We honour our principles and values, and they are evident in all we do. We live our commitments to our shareholders, to our customers, to our people, to our communities and to our business partners.

OUR PRINCIPLES OUR VALUES OUR COMMITMENTS Origin’s Principles provide guidance for making Origin’s Values describe good behaviour: Origin’s Commitments define the outcomes the right decisions: Caring. We care about our impact on that we strive to achieve for key stakeholders. – We conduct ourselves and our business customers, colleagues, the community, We commit to: with due care and in accordance with environment and shareholders. – Deliver market leading performance for relevant laws and regulations. We have an Listening. We listen to the needs of others, shareholders by identifying, developing overriding duty to ensure the health and knowing that an

Page 301 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. unfulfilled need creates operating and growing value- creating safety of our employees, and to minimise the best opportunities. businesses. the health, safety and environmental Learning. We constantly learn and implement – Create value for our customers, by impacts on our customers and the new and better ways, sharing information understanding their needs and delivering communities in which we operate. and ideas effectively. relevant and competitive energy solutions – We will add value to the resources that to meet those needs both today and into come under our control. Delivering. We deliver on the commitments

the future. made in all areas of performance. – The value we create will be distributed to – Create a rewarding workplace for our stakeholders recognising the need to ensure people by valuing everyone’s contribution, the sustainability of our business, and its encouraging personal development, impact on the environment and the recognising good performance and communities in which we operate. fostering equality of opportunity. – We encourage diversity and expression of – Respect the rights and interests of the ideas and opinions but require alignment communities in which we operate, by with the Company’s Principles, Values and listening to them, understanding and Commitments and the policies established managing the environmental, economic to implement them. and social impacts of our activities. – When faced with choices, we make decisions – Respect the rights and interests of our knowing they will be subject to scrutiny. business partners, by working We should be able to demonstrate the collaboratively to create valued and soundness of our decisions to all rewarding partnerships.

stakeholders.

Origin Energy sustainability report 2011 1 managing director’s Message After a decade of continuous growth, major investment decisions

Page 302 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. in the 2011 financial year led to Origin’s emergence as a leader in both the Australian energy market and the fast-growing coal seam gas industry.

With this greater prominence will come greater interest and closer We also made progress on a range of longer-term renewable and gas scrutiny from many in the community about who we are, what we do opportunities, including exploration and development of geothermal and how we do it. We expect this, and we are confident in our ability resources in Chile and Indonesia, assessment and development of to respond. hydro resources such as the potential Purari Hydro Project in Papua It has always been important to us, but never more so than now, that New Guinea and exploration for gas in the Canterbury Basin in New we honour our principles and values and that we meet the commitments Zealand, South East Asia and Kenya. we make to our customers, our people, our communities, our business As well as leading in a commercial and development sense, Origin partners and our investors. takes great pride in how we go about our business – being particularly In this, our 10th Sustainability Report, we report our progress, and try focused on our customers and the communities in which we operate. to give a flavour of how we go about our business. More detail and a richer representation is available in our online Customer focus report. Underpinning our long-term success is the ability to foresee, understand

and meet the changing needs of our customers, large and small. Taking a leadership position Our multi-year Retail Transformation program will deliver simpler In December 2010, Origin announced the acquisition of a portfolio of processes and an integrated billing and customer management energy businesses from the NSW government. Those acquisitions system, facilitating better customer service in the years ahead. were completed on 1 March 2011. Combining the acquired businesses Excellent progress through 2011 meant that at publication of this with our existing business, we have become Australia’s leading energy report all 2.6 million Queensland, Victorian, South Australian and retailer (33 per cent of customer accounts in the National Electricity directly-acquired NSW electricity and gas customers have been Market) and the owner of one of Australia’s largest and most flexible migrated to the new system. Acquired NSW customers of Country portfolios of electricity generation (12 per cent of available capacity). Energy and Integral Energy will be migrated to the new system over

the next two years.

Page 303 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. In July 2011(1), Australia Pacific LNG, Origin’s incorporated joint venture with ConocoPhillips and Sinopec, made a Final Investment Decision Origin remains a leader in product innovation, servicing more than (FID) to proceed with a one-train, 4.5 million tonnes per annum Coal 370,000 GreenPower customer accounts and providing the only green Seam Gas (CSG) to Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) project with gas product in the Australian market to more than 130,000 infrastructure to support a second LNG train. Origin is the operator of households. Revenue from Origin’s Retail Solutions business, which the gasfields and pipeline for Australia Pacific LNG. includes sales of solar photovoltaic (PV) panels, more than doubled to

$445 million. Our tri-generation business won a number of major Since the close of the 2011 reporting period, binding agreements have

contracts for energy-efficient power, heat and cooling services to large been signed with The Kansai Electric Power Company and Sinopec to

buildings and was named lead partner in a project to deliver against complete the marketing of the second train. Sinopec also subscribed

the City of Sydney’s Sustainability 2030 vision. Additionally, Origin has for additional equity in Australia Pacific LNG, which on completion will

continued to invest in electric vehicle charging capability, business reduce Origin’s share to 37.5 per cent. Australia Pacific LNG possesses

metering and energy efficiency solutions. Australia’s largest Proved plus Probable (2P) CSG reserves, which are reserves likely to be recoverable using standard technical and operating As these product areas mature, the system provided by Retail methods, making Origin a leading player in developing natural gas Transformation will help us provide next generation products and resources in Australia. services. As an example, in May 2011, US Vice President Joe Biden

announced a partnership between Origin and Colorado technology Our leading retail and CSG positions are supported by a strong balance

company Tendril to launch Australia’s first large-scale pilot of sheet and a range of longer-term growth options.

world-class customer engagement technology for the energy sector. Statutory Profit for the 2011 financial year was $186 million, down from Origin will adapt and connect the technology into our new billing $612 million in the prior year. Underlying Profit increased by 15 per cent platform and provide the opportunity for

Page 304 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. customers to see their and Underlying EBITDA by 32 per cent, with Underlying Earnings Per consumption in real time, and therefore better manage their quarterly Share up 10 per cent(2) to 71 cents. Shareholders received 50 cents per power bills. Origin is committed to being the leading innovator in share in fully franked dividends and for the full year dividend were able providing this revolutionary capability. to engage in a Dividend Reinvestment Plan at a 2.5 per cent discount to the share price. Origin has undertaken a number of capital management activities, raising more than $5 billion in total, which positions us well to fund our share of the Australia Pacific LNG project and other committed projects.

(1) Activity took place after the close of the reporting period. (2) The 2010 EPS has been restated for the bonus element of the rights issues completed in April 2011.

2 Managing director’s message The community’s competing concerns about Our Compass cost, growth and the environment As a bigger company, working in industries of increasing public The cost of living is among the highest concerns of Australian interest, it is more and more important that our people be able and households, with energy cost being one component of that. Prices supported to make good decisions that are respectful of our have risen significantly in recent years, mainly due to the costs stakeholders. incurred by transmission and distribution companies in upgrading and One of the achievements in 2011 I am most proud of was the extending poles and wires networks. These costs make up more than re-consolidation of our Principles, Values and Commitments, alongside half of a retail customer’s bill, and are passed through to consumers a new Purpose Statement into a guiding Compass for the Company. by Origin and other retailers. It formed a major theme of our senior management conference last Wholesale electricity costs have been flat, but this is expected to year and I travelled to all of our major cities to meet with a range of change in the future as the prices of coal and gas as fuel inputs rise managers to discuss what our Compass means to them. in response to international demand and higher production costs. At Origin, we aspire always to lead, in the broad sense of that word. Additionally, the Commonwealth Government’s new carbon price will We make decisions knowing they cannot always be attractive to commence on 1 July 2012 and the price of Renewable Energy Certificates everyone, but that they effectively and appropriately balance the will increase in years ahead. Customers continue to subsidise a variety competing demands that exist for more and cleaner sources of energy of less efficient small-scale renewable and energy-efficiency schemes globally, and a changing social, environmental and technological at state and Commonwealth level.

Page 305 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. landscape. Our stakeholders can have faith in us that we will make For so long as most renewable technologies remain much more good choices, and we are confident that those choices will stand up expensive than fossil fuels, there will be an essential role for natural to scrutiny over time.

gas to play in achieving Australia’s environmental goals. Not only does baseload gas generate electricity with approximately half the emissions of coal, it typically uses only two to three per cent as much water(1) and causes vastly less local air pollution. Australia’s traditional sources of natural gas – such as the Cooper Basin – are in decline. It is a boon for the country that we have a 15-year-old Grant King CSG industry that is capable not only of meeting Australia’s natural Managing Director gas requirements, but of meeting growing global energy demand for electricity generation at lower emissions than produced by coal-fired generation. Like all extractive industries, CSG can have an impact on local communities and the environment. We actively and continuously engage with landholders and communities around our operations in Queensland. Governments in that state have over time introduced strong regulatory regimes and consultation mechanisms to ensure the industry and communities can work together for mutual benefit. We welcome the Commonwealth’s efforts to ensure that all states develop similar processes. We are proud of the relationships we have built up over time with many local communities around our power stations, gas plants and wind farm assets across Australia. Today we have more than 600 land access agreements in place with local farmers. Overwhelmingly we have found that we have been able to work through any concerns with landholders and access the resource on good terms. Communication with unaffected communities around CSG has been more challenging. The CSG industry involves advanced precision engineering, with drilling taking place up to a kilometre below the ground. For those unfamiliar with the technical processes associated with gas extraction, including some media, it raises a number of potential issues and involves numbers and distances and volumes of water, salt and chemicals that can seem large to the uninitiated, but are actually commonplace and in some cases quite minor in the context of significant industries such as gas, mining or agriculture. Investment in communication, and in listening to those people most affected by and most interested in the industry, will always be a priority for Origin. (1) The technology used cuts annual water consumption to around 200 megalitres,

compared to 8,500 megalitres for conventional water-cooled coal- fired power stations.

3 Company Proﬁle business strategy: Delivering consistent performance and growth through integration Origin’s strategic focus remains on the competitive segments of the Australian and New Zealand energy markets, with additional opportunities in fast-growing international energy markets.

FUEL

Origin’s integrated strategy provides a natural hedge against market risks and enhances the range of growth opportunities available to the business.

FUEL GENERATION RETAIL CONTACT ENERGY Origin’s Exploration and Origin has one of Australia’s Origin is Australia’s leading Origin owns a 52.8 per cent Production business targets largest and most flexible power energy retailer with 4.4 million(1) interest in Contact, one of gas resources close to markets generation portfolios with electricity, natural gas and LPG New Zealand’s largest integrated so the Company can quickly and 5,310 MW of owned and customers. Origin is one of energy companies and listed effectively develop and monetise contracted capacity. Origin is the Australia’s largest installers of on the New Zealand Exchange. any discovery. Origin is a leading largest owner and developer of rooftop solar systems and is also Contact has an integrated producer of gas in Australia and gas-fired electricity generation the market leader in green energy position, including an extensive through Australia Pacific LNG, in Australia and among its assets sales with more than half a million portfolio of gas supply holds a share in the country’s is the highly efficient combined GreenPower and green gas arrangements, gas storage, a largest 2P CSG reserves. Together cycle Darling Downs Power customers. Origin also continues diverse and flexible generation with its domestic operations, Station. Fuelled by CSG, Darling to develop new products and portfolio, and a strong retail Origin is working with Downs emits less than half of business lines to give customers position with approximately ConocoPhillips and Sinopec the greenhouse gas emissions of different and more efficient ways 563,200 customers(1) across the in the Australia Pacific LNG a typical coal-fired power station. of using energy, including smart North Island and South Island incorporated joint venture to Origin is also developing a home products and of New Zealand. develop one of Australia’s largest substantial portfolio of renewable business-2-business solutions. CSG to LNG export projects. energy opportunities including To Origin, fuel may also take the wind, geothermal, hydro and form of wind, geothermal, solar photovoltaic energy. hydro and solar resources.

4 company profile Business Snapshot as at 31 December 2011 by market S&P/ASX TOP 20 capitalisation

160,000+ shareholders

customers across 4.4 million Australia

green energy Market leading provider

owned and contracted 5,310 MW generation capacity

interest in Contact Energy, 52.8% New Zealand

5,600 employees(1)

RENEWABLE Australia, Chile,

Papua New Guinea OPPORTUNITIES and Indonesia

(1) Excluding Contact Employees as at 31 December 2011.

Origin Energy sustainability report 2011 5 Map of assets and operations Origin has an extensive portfolio of assets and operations in Australia and New Zealand, with additional opportunities in fast-growing international energy markets.

6 company profile

Our 5-Year Sustainability Objectives In 2007, we set ourselves a series of 5-Year Objectives to help deliver on the commitments we made to each of our key stakeholder groups at that time – customers, communities, employees and investors. We also laid out 5-Year Strategies to meet these objectives. Looking back over the fourth year of our journey, we report our progress against the strategies in four sections – Our Customers, Our Communities, Our Employees and Our Investors. In re-consolidating our Compass during 2011, we recognised the importance of our business partners as a key stakeholder. When we outline the next phase of our sustainability journey in 2012, we will include our business partners.

C ENV I N OM I RON

M ECO E NT

Objective Objective To provide To reduce the

sustainable greenhouse gas returns to intensity of our

Origin’s key customers’ energy

economic consumption. Objective stakeholders. To eliminate or L

SO CIA

manage hazards

CI A SO

and practices in our OR S

EST

ST cause accident, injury OM or illness to people,

damage to property or unacceptable Objective impacts on the To maintain environment. community support

and goodwill

for the Company’s

activities. LOYEES

Objective To provide and maintain a satisfying EMP

SOCIAL

S O CI A L

and rewarding work environment for all employees.

Objective

M To take all feasible

steps to eliminate or

minimise any adverse

Objective impact that our activities To reduce the have on the environment.

greenhouse gas intensity of our NV E

IR energy production EN ON and distribution M M ON EN and non- producing V IR T EN assets.

Origin Energy sustainability report 2011 7 Our Customers

Our Commitment: Create value for our customers, by understanding their needs and delivering relevant and competitive energy solutions to meet those needs both today and into the future.

With 4.4 million customers, Origin is now Australia’s leading energy retailer

8 our customers

In the 2011 financial year, Origin became Australia’s largest energy retailer with 4.4 million customers, following the acquisition of the Integral Energy and Country Energy retail businesses. Origin also holds a 52.8 per cent interest in Contact Energy, which has more than 560,000 customers in New Zealand. In 2007, we set ourselves two customer-related objectives for the ensuing five years: – To reduce

Page 311 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. the greenhouse gas intensity of our customers’ energy consumption; and – To maintain community support and goodwill for the Company’s activities. To deliver on these objectives, we laid out four 5-Year Strategies, which we report against in this section. 5-Year Strategies

1. Be recognised as the leading provider of green energy 2. Increase our sales of low carbon intensity products to 10 per cent

(2) products. of our total supply chain greenhouse gas emissions by 2012. Origin is proud of its continued market leadership in providing green In the 2011 financial year, Origin improved sales of low carbon intensity energy solutions to Australians. At the close of the 2011 financial year, products as a proportion of total retail sales revenue by three per cent on Origin had approximately 505,000 green energy customer accounts, the prior year and we are recognised as genuine leaders in this market. three per cent less than the prior year – 373,000 GreenPower electricity The sales value of low carbon intensity products all increased – including customers and 132,000 green gas customers, noting Origin is the only GreenPower, green gas, solar PV systems and co-generated electricity, provider of a green gas product. The reduction in GreenPower while the sale of carbon offsets decreased. Growth was driven customer numbers reflects a contraction of the total GreenPower primarily by the solar business which doubled revenues to $440 million market as customers moved away from premium priced green energy and completed 36,840 installations, a 466 per cent increase on the options and towards discounted energy products, most likely as a 6,449 installations completed in the prior year. Origin is the largest result of carbon uncertainty, cost of living pressures and in particular, installer of solar PV in Australia. rising energy bills.

Over the past four years, Origin has continued to grow the proportion Over the past four years, Origin has grown its GreenPower market of retail revenue represented by low carbon intensity products, which share almost every year and did so again over the past 12 months, has now significantly exceeded the target set in 2007. This is a result mainly due to the addition of new GreenPower customers acquired of the Company’s investment in innovation in this market and its through the acquisition of the NSW energy businesses. Origin’s commitment to helping customers develop a view of energy solutions GreenPower market share is almost four times that of our nearest beyond that of a basic commodity. competitor.

Origin acknowledges that the growth of solar in particular has been Looking forward, Origin will seek to build further on its leadership stimulated by favourable state energy policies which provided in green energy solutions. In particular we will be working to better attractive feed-in tariffs to customers and that these have since been understand how green energy products continue to add value in a

Page 312 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. reduced or removed. Notwithstanding this lessening of support, Origin market where carbon is priced. continues to see strong medium and long-term growth in this market

and continues to focus on innovation and product development to

drive growth. 58(1)

18 48

15 38

10 30

Target 10% 16(1)

Nearest competitor

0.5

07 08 09 10 11 11 07 08 09 10 11

GreenPower market share (%) Retail revenue represented by low carbon intensity products (%)

(1) GreenPower market share for Origin and nearest competitor include customer (2) This target has been re-stated to focus on increasing the take up of low carbon accounts acquired through the sale of NSW energy assets. intensity product options by our customers.

Origin Energy sustainability report 2011 9 Our customers 3. Lead industry policy on access and hardship response. 4. Reduce Ombudsman complaints by 30 per cent from 2007 In the past year, there has been an increase in the number of

Page 313 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. levels by 2012 and proactively resolve customer complaints. customers who have contacted Origin to discuss difficulty in paying In 2011, customer complaints rose to 5.5 per 1,000 customers, up from their energy bill. At the close of the 2011 financial year, 8,537 customers 4.0 last year. This increase is consistent with the trend of rising were being financially supported under a specialised payment plan – a Ombudsman complaints across the energy industry, driven by factors significant increase on the 6,253 customers being similarly supported including an acute focus on energy prices, the smart meter rollout in in the prior year. Origin provided more than $2.8 million to customers Victoria and the large increase in solar PV installations nationwide. in payment support through a combination of payment plans and Complaints have consistently risen over the past four years, making energy efficiency programs. it increasingly unlikely that we will reach our five year target of We carried out 880 home energy audits during the year, almost 200 reducing Ombudsman complaints from 2.2 complaints per 1,000 more than the prior year, helping customers identify energy saving customers to 1.5 by 2012. Since the target was set in 2007, Origin has opportunities within their homes and providing more than $89,000 acquired large customer bases in Queensland (2008) and NSW (2011), worth of energy efficiency items as a part of this service. Participating and at the same time we have seen far greater interest and scrutiny customers saved approximately $335 off their energy bills annually. on the cost of living, including power prices, and the energy sector The increase in customers using payment support over the past few in general. years coincides with an increasing focus on cost of living pressures and Despite the recent trend, Origin remains committed to reducing the in particular, rising power prices. Despite the fact that the average number of complaints received over time. As well as seeking to reduce Australian household still spends the same percentage of household or eliminate the issues prompting customer complaints within our income on electricity today that it did 10, 20 and 30 years ago(1), we control, we continue to work to improve the overall customer recognise that some customers continue to experience genuine experience. Over the past few years we have invested in a major hardship and struggle to pay essential bills such as energy. transformation of our billing systems to enable us to deliver a more We will continue to offer support to those people through our streamlined and efficient service to our customers. We have made hardship program, Power On. significant progress since the close of the reporting period, with four Looking ahead, we will continue to work more closely with our large-scale customer migrations successfully completed to move community partners to help customers identify opportunities 2.6 million pre-NSW acquisition customers to the system. The

Page 314 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. to improve their energy efficiency and save on their energy bills, remaining acquired NSW customers will be migrated to the new particularly through carrying out energy audits. system over the next two years and following this, we expect to see

improvements reflected in the number of complaints received.

More specifically, we also have an aspiration to resolve our customers’

needs the first time they call. Our employees commit to getting it right

the first time, by taking the time to understand the customer’s issues

and ensuring they remain up to date with Origin’s products and

solutions so they can do their best to resolve the customer’s enquiry.

5.5

4.0

3.9

2.2

Target 1.5

07 08 09 10 11

(1) Source ABS, 6 September 2011. Number of Ombudsman complaints per 1,000 customers

DISCOVER MORE ONLINE Discover more about how we are working to deliver on our commitment by visiting our Sustainability Report online. See how we are: – Setting an example as Australia’s leading energy retailer; – Transforming our ability to deliver sustainable long-term improvements in customer service through our Retail Transformation project; and – Continuing to invest in new products to enable us to better meet the changing energy needs of our customers. Visit Origin sustainability reporting online at http://reports.originenergy.com.au

10 our customers CASE STUDY: Helping customers take charge of their energy bills As power prices rise due to necessary investment in the poles and

Page 315 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. While smart home solutions and energy efficiency tips help many wires that transport electricity to homes and the impact of climate customers, there are others suffering financial hardship who need change policies such as the carbon price mechanism, many customers support to pay their energy bills. Origin offers industry leading are experiencing bill shock and some are genuinely struggling to pay financial hardship programs which help customers by developing their higher bills. payment plans, commissioning energy audits and aiding customers A study conducted by McCrindle Research for Origin during 2011 in accessing relevant government assistance. revealed that customers felt powerless about their rising bills and Reflecting increased cost of living pressures, over the past year, were struggling to see how making small changes to their behaviour the number of customers who have contacted Origin to discuss could reduce their energy consumption, and in turn, their bills. their difficulty in paying their energy bill increased and more than Origin is pursuing a number of initiatives to help customers better $2.8 million was provided in payment support.

understand and manage their energy use. The Origin website is a great resource for customers wanting to learn how to save energy and money and reduce carbon emissions. Origin’s energy efficiency ambassador, Anne Armansin conducts at-home energy audits and provides practical, easy to understand energy advice online. Origin is also pioneering the development of home energy management solutions in Australia, signalling the beginning of a very different relationship between customers and energy retailers. Using Origin’s home energy management solution, home electricity usage can be read, measured and uploaded to an online portal, accessible remotely. Customers will be able to view in real time how much energy they are using and what it is costing them, and consequently make changes to their behaviour to keep consumption and bills down. The technology is currently being trialled in Victoria. Easier to read bills help customers manage their energy use CASE STUDY: Origin set to deliver improved customer engagement

Origin’s retail business has grown significantly over the past 10 years, Retail Transformation will also deliver efficiency improvements, driven by both organic growth and acquisitions. In the past year alone, strongly positioning Origin for future growth. With 4.4 million Origin’s customer base increased by 1.6 million customers through the customers across Australia, implementation of Retail Transformation acquisition of the Integral Energy and Country Energy retail business presents significant technical and logistical challenges and has – in the process making Origin Australia’s largest energy retailer. This therefore been pursued in a staged manner. growth has brought with it both opportunities and challenges. In June 2011, 300,000 South Australia customers were transferred. For example, data collection and processes were inconsistent across Initial performance exceeded expectations with call centre average the businesses we acquired. This created challenges for call centre handling times consistent with, and in some cases less than, legacy operators who often needed to switch between different systems in systems. Business operations continue to be stable and there have order to resolve customer enquiries regarding natural gas, electricity been no significant customer or regulatory issues to

Page 316 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. date. We are now or solar bills. focused on training and up-skilling our staff to work with the new Recognising these challenges, Origin launched its Retail Transformation system and processes to ensure a smooth transition across all states. project in 2008. Retail Transformation focused on integrating all of By the end of the project, we will have trained more than 1,000 Origin’s customer relationship management processes and systems. support personnel, ensuring we have the capacity to meet our service A new state-of-the-art SAP-based system replaces outdated billing level targets. systems, as well as introducing more sophisticated, integrated, The project has an added benefit of driving better engagement of our customer friendly solutions that will improve business capability. call centre employees, with a recent survey revealing a 16 per cent The project underpins a major commitment to changing the way increase in engagement and a two per cent decrease in turnover rates. Origin engages with customers, in the process significantly improving UPDATE: Following the close of the 2011 reporting period, all Origin the experience we provide to them. The new system will deliver call customers in Queensland, Victoria, South Australia and a small centre staff relevant and more detailed customer information on a number in NSW were successfully migrated to the new system. single screen which will enable our team to respond more quickly and The 1.6 million customers acquired through the NSW acquisitions effectively to customer enquiries, and as much as possible, provide will be transferred to the new system over the next two years. solutions within the one call.

Origin Energy sustainability report 2011 11 Our communities

Our Commitment: Respect the rights and interests of the communities in which we operate, by listening to them, understanding and managing the environmental, economic and social impacts of our activities.

Origin’s broad range of activities bring it into contact with diverse stakeholder groups

12 our communities

The breadth of Origin’s activities brings us into contact with a diverse range of communities. We engage with community representatives ranging from governments and media through to non- government organisations, local community groups and individuals. In 2007, we set ourselves three objectives in relation to communities for the ensuing five years: – To take all feasible steps to eliminate or minimise any adverse impact that our activities have on the environment; – To reduce the greenhouse gas intensity of our energy production and distribution and non-producing assets; and – To maintain community support and goodwill for the Company’s activities. To deliver on these objectives, we laid out a series of 5-Year Strategies, which we report against in this section. 5-Year Strategies

1. Contribute to a policy and industry response to climate change 2. Reduce the greenhouse gas emissions intensity of our that delivers an effective pricing regime for carbon. electricity supply chain to 10 per cent less than the National In recent years there has been significant uncertainty in Australian Electricity Market by 2020. public policy matters, in particular carbon policy. Origin’s diverse and In 2011, the emissions intensity of our electricity supplied to customers integrated Australian business is well placed to manage policy was 4.9 per cent below the National Electricity Market (NEM), an uncertainty around carbon and we continued to advocate for policy improvement on the prior year’s result of 2.6 per cent.(1) The improvement certainty in this and other areas during 2011. was due to higher utilisation of Origin’s CSG-fuelled Darling Downs As a long time supporter of an emissions trading scheme, Origin Power Station. Origin is proud of the standard set by its combined welcomed in 2011 the passage of the bills necessary to make it happen. cycle Darling Downs Power Station, which is one of the cleanest The trading scheme at the heart of the Commonwealth Government’s baseload power stations in Australia, emitting less than half of the Clean Energy Future package benefits from years of work by Australia’s greenhouse gas emissions of a typical coal-fired power station(2) and experts in designing a market based approach to reducing emissions. using roughly three per cent of the water(3). Origin contributed to this activity, particularly through representation This year we did not meet our predicted outcome of achieving supply by our Managing Director Grant King on the Government’s Climate chain emissions intensity nine per cent below the NEM, due to lower Change Business Roundtable advising on the design of a carbon price than expected production from Darling Downs and the impact of a mechanism. The scheme starts on 1 July 2012 with a fixed price period, large increase in total customers from the acquisition of the Country starting at $23 per tonne of carbon. Energy and Integral Energy retail businesses. We believe it is important that the clean energy transformation is Our progress since we established the target in 2007 has been pursued in an economically responsible manner with minimum significant, improving from a supply chain emissions intensity that market distortions. The effective implementation of the carbon price was 0.4 per cent below the NEM, to 4.9 per cent today, and taking us is central to achieving this aim and interventions such as the price almost half way towards our target by 2020. We have continued to floor in the floating price period and restrictions on the use of lower the emissions intensity of our generation sites despite a large international permits should be minimised to encourage efficient increase in production, and our emissions intensity has also been outcomes. Compensation for Emissions Intensive Trade Exposed impacted by the increased purchase of NEM electricity to meet the Industries should maintain international competitiveness, especially needs of a larger customer base through retail customer acquisitions important considering that global action on pricing carbon is in Queensland (2008) and NSW (2011). progressing slowly. Parts of the clean energy transformation other than the carbon price such as the Clean Energy Finance Corporation

minimise the cost impact on customers and any distortionary effects on energy markets. Since the passing of the scheme, Origin has actively focused on 4.9 implementation and compliance. The business is working to establish the significant systems and processes that will support us to meet our carbon liabilities from 1 July 2012. 2.6 Simultaneously, Origin continued to advocate, directly and through

0.7

0.4

0.3

industry associations, that in Australia’s deregulated energy markets, the national emissions trading scheme should be supported by a 07 08 09 10 11 limited number of complementary policies. We advocated on reviewing and rationalising the plethora of federal and state based Emissions intensity of supply chain below the NEM since 2007 (%) complementary climate change policies including energy efficiency and solar feed-in tariffs. We also contributed to the development

of key complementary policies including the Large-scale Renewable (1) Based on Origin’s estimate of the full fuel cycle of NEM generation and Origin

operated generation. The methodology incorporates NEM purchases and Origin Energy Target (LRET), Small-scale Renewable Energy Scheme (SRES), operated generation only. the Carbon Farming Initiative and the National Carbon Offset Standard. (2) Darling Downs is capable of supplying enough electricity to power more than

400,000 homes per day. This is based on an average Queensland household which

consumes 30 kWh/d and output from Darling Downs of 500 MW, though the power

station can produce up to 630 MW.

(3) The technology used cuts annual water consumption to around 200 megalitres,

compared to 8,500 megalitres for conventional water-cooled coal-fired power stations.

Origin Energy sustainability report 2011 13 Our communities 3. Reduce the greenhouse gas emissions intensity of our gas

Page 319 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. Three hundred hectares of Pongamia trees planted at Spring Gully production by 15 per cent by 2012. are now more than one year old and are taking water from the We again exceeded this target in 2011, with an emissions intensity Spring Gully Reverse Osmosis plant. 44.5 per cent lower than the intensity reported in 2007. In 2007, the Over the past year Origin, through Australia Pacific LNG, has worked emissions intensity of our gas production was 11.0 ktCO2-e/PJe and with Australia’s leading science body, the CSIRO, to form a new this year it was 6.11 ktCO2-e/PJe. research alliance to continue to pursue industry-leading research on The continuing improvement in the emissions intensity of our gas CSG water. The Gas Industry Social and Environmental Research production can be attributed to the ramping up of our CSG production Alliance (GISERA) will conduct impartial and independent scientific facilities including Talinga in Queensland, the Kupe natural gas research into social and environmental issues arising from the gas production facility in New Zealand and taking over the operation of industry. Surface and groundwater research undertaken by the Otway gas plant in Victoria. These have positively impacted our the Alliance aims to enable the CSG-LNG industry to plan and manage overall emissions intensity profile. water resources according to the Integrated Water Resource

Management framework promoted by the Global Water Partnership(1). Looking ahead to completion of the 5-Year Strategy in 2012, we expect to continue to meet and exceed this target. For more information see the GISERA website:

http://www.gisera.org.au/

6. Rehabilitate or look for opportunities to offset land we have 44.5

disturbed.

In 2011, we disturbed 112 hectares of land and rehabilitated 58 hectares,

achieving a ratio of rehabilitated land to newly disturbed land of 27.4

approximately 52 per cent. This is lower than the ratio of 61 per cent

reported in the prior year. We did not achieve the target set last year

of a ratio of 65 per cent or better as we were impacted by the floods 15.0

in Queensland and our development activities continued to increase, Target 15%

particularly around our CSG operations and the Mortlake Power 9.1

Station, as we seek to meet the growing demand for cleaner energy. 0

While we did not meet expectations this year, we continue to 07 08 09 10 11 implement new strategies to minimise and manage our land Reduction in emissions intensity of Origin’s Australian gas disturbance and rehabilitation. We have recently implemented production since 2007 (%) innovative new hybrid drilling rigs for our CSG operations which we

expect will disturb around one tenth of the land area of conventional

drilling rigs. The hybrid rigs are much smaller and lighter than 4. Reduce or offset all greenhouse gas emissions from our conventional rigs and are easily portable, which means they can be non-energy producing sites. deployed in most locations without the need for development of Using a mix of GreenPower and approved carbon offsets we offset 100 access roads or grading thereby minimising land disturbance. This is per cent of greenhouse gas emissions from our non-energy producing the first time the purpose-built rigs from Canada have been used in sites. Australia and follows a comprehensive two-year global study into As committed in our last report, we purchased GreenPower to offset drilling best practice. 20 per cent of the greenhouse gas emissions associated with We have also delivered added benefits in the form of offsets through electricity consumption in our offices, shops and LPG terminals during our management of CSG water, as described in the previous section. the first half of the year. A variety of carbon offsets were surrendered At Talinga we are using treated CSG water to irrigate plantations to offset the remaining 80 per cent of emissions (including all business of broad acre crops including sorghum and wheat adding to local travel emissions). We will offset all calendar year 2011 emissions from agricultural productivity. At Spring Gully we are using treated water our non-energy producing sites with 90 per cent voluntary offset to irrigate a 300 hectare plantation of Pongamia trees, chosen in part certificates and 10 per cent GreenPower. for its potential as a biofuel.

Looking ahead we will continue to innovate and pursue best practice 5. Identify opportunities for the reduction and re-use of waste.

operating procedures to minimise our land disturbance and improve Origin is committed to minimising the consumption and production rehabilitation. of waste materials wherever possible across all business units, and implementing plans to manage and reduce waste. Further to our commitment in this area, we have developed and begun to implement a CSG Water Management Strategy. Early work in this area includes the development of several projects for the beneficial use of treated water to irrigate crops. A key feature of the strategy is a water reinjection study which will investigate the feasibility of taking water produced when extracting CSG and reinjecting it into suitable underground aquifers. During 2012, we will conduct reinjection trials at Spring Gully and other sites. Negotiations are also underway to supply some treated water to landholders for irrigation as well as the provision of treated water for industrial use. The strategy also involves the release of some treated water into the Condamine River, in line with strict environmental

(1) The Global Water Partnership (GWP) is an international network of development approvals and guidelines. agencies, country members, research organisations and NGOs that offers practical

advice for sustainably managing water resources.

14 our communities 7. Actively consult with the community at all locations where Often working closely with local councils, the Community Reference Origin has a material impact. Groups (CRGs) meet on a regular basis and provide the opportunity for We continued to listen to and learn from local communities around community members to raise issues, ask questions and be informed our major operations and development projects this year. Origin’s new about construction or operational updates. In addition to Origin, the Community Engagement Directive shaped our approach in this area, groups are made up of landholders, community members, council defining our process for engaging effectively with communities representatives, construction contractors, and other interested parties impacted by our activities. such as community groups, regulators, government departments, and

scientific experts. We participate in CRGs at Mortlake, BassGas, Otway, Through our people and project teams associated with Otway, and at our Ironbark CSG development project. In Townsville we work BassGas, Cullerin Range Wind Farm, our gas fired power stations with the Council on their Together Townsville Project which

Page 322 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. identifies at Uranquinty, Darling Downs, Ladbroke Grove and Mt Stuart, and opportunities for supporting relevant initiatives and at Cullerin Range our development projects at Mortlake, Stockyard Hill, Crystal Brook, we run a Community Investment Committee. Big Hill (Kerrawary Power Station) and Tara (Ironbark Project) we have worked to raise our presence and availability in local communities The benefits of clear and detailed communication with communities as well as address community concerns where necessary. at all stages of a project can be seen at Stockyard Hill, which received

state and federal approvals in 2011. Origin’s approach to consultation We are also implementing this engagement process across our received recognition in local media and now that the project has been interests around the world by working with our international joint approved we will move to a formal CRG for the Stockyard Hill Wind venture partners to establish processes for consulting communities Farm in 2012. affected by our projects in their earliest stages. Over the coming year we will increase this engagement, particularly for our activities in Regional Community Consultative Committees (RCCCs) have been Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and Chile. established for our Australia Pacific LNG project, with the Roma

Committee established in partnership with another CSG industry Active consultation continued in the south central Queensland gas proponent. fields around our Australia Pacific LNG project. The planning process for the location of wells for this project is a prime example of our Towards the end of the year, we took steps to increase communication efforts to maintain open lines of communication. When planning with communities regarding our CSG operations, acknowledging this locations for wells, Origin works closely with landholders to ensure is an area that requires greater effort, particularly to provide balance wells are located in convenient places that pose minimal disruption in the public debate. We conducted the largest core study ever to farming operations. undertaken targeting groundwater knowledge in the Surat Basin,

a sub-basin of the Great Artesian Basin, and toured the resulting 8. Achieve positive community relationships through regular, 12 tonne core sample throughout the gasfields in Queensland and to open and transparent communication with host communities. Canberra, informing the community, policy makers and the media on As a company, working in industries of increasing public interest, the natural safeguards provided by the geology of the Great Artesian it is important that we make decisions that appropriately balance Basin, separating our activity from aquifers. The core and other work the interests of our stakeholders, particularly the communities in undertaken by Origin and other CSG proponents is helping to make which we operate. We care what communities think of us and we the Great Artesian Basin one of the best understood underground make a concerted effort to actively engage and consult with water resources in the world. communities regarding our activities, forming relationships based

Page 323 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. In addition to the open, regular and transparent communication on open and transparent two-way communication. Community afforded by CRGs, Origin has held open days, tours, information days Reference Groups (CRGs) form an important part of our positive and barbecues, and produced and delivered information newsletters working relationships with communities. and fact sheets for projects and developments, met with landowners

and neighbours, delivered presentations to councils and community

groups, and responded to complaints and feedback.

DISCOVER MORE ONLINE Discover more about how we are working to deliver on our commitment to communities, by visiting our Sustainability Report online. Additional information includes: – Our compliance with regulatory standards, a breakdown of our greenhouse gas emissions and a summary of key waste and water management initiatives; – Examples of where we are helping to make a positive contribution to the communities in which we operate; and – Case studies demonstrating our actions to improve environmental performance. Visit Origin sustainability reporting online at http://reports.originenergy.com.au

Origin Energy sustainability report 2011 15 Our communities

CASE STUDY: Responding to the community about coal seam gas The development of the CSG industry has attracted considerable community and media attention. Some of the concerns about CSG have been raised as a result of a lack of accurate information about the industry. In order to contribute to a more balanced public debate, Origin is making an effort to provide accurate facts about the Australia Pacific LNG project. CSG is a safe and reliable energy source which for 15 years has been used every day to power homes and cook meals in Queensland. Following, we seek to answer some of the common questions raised about the industry. Q: CSG is a new industry and I hear there are risks, how do we know if it is worth it? A: CSG is a safe and reliable energy source and Origin has been producing it in Queensland for more than 15 years – the longest track record of any CSG company. CSG is already a major provider of energy to Queensland, supplying around 90 per cent of the State’s gas demand and fuelling about 15 per cent of its electricity capacity. To ensure sustainable development, the industry is heavily regulated. Origin’s project alone complies with or exceeds more than 1,500 state and federal government conditions, over and above existing

of CSG coexisting with agriculture Q: Will CSG drain the Great Artesian Basin (GAB) of water? A: CSG’s impact on the GAB has been greatly exaggerated. The Q: How adequate is the science behind CSG development? industry’s water extraction is minor compared to current and historic A: Extensive technical studies and strict regulations have been applied GAB extraction and is comparable to many existing industries, including to the CSG industry. The Australia Pacific LNG project has undertaken farming. The annual extraction of water at the peak of the industry’s a major environmental impact statement (EIS), which built on existing production is equivalent to taking five litres out of an Olympic-sized research and regional studies, and included a wide range of technical swimming pool. studies which took more than 10,000 field hours to complete, using Origin’s handling of water is strictly regulated and monitored. Like other recognised experts and consultants. The CSG industry is subject to CSG companies, we share our water knowledge with the Queensland very strict regulations and controls by the Queensland and Australian Government and in doing so help to vastly increase scientists’ governments, providing confidence that the project will meet strict understanding of the GAB, making it one of the best understood environmental standards. underground water resources in the world.

Q: Will CSG extraction impact prime agricultural land? Q: Will CSG contaminate drinking water supplies? A: CSG can, and in much of Queensland already does, coexist with rural A: Suggestions that CSG will pollute drinking water are not accurate industries and does not pose a threat to Australia’s food production. for a number of reasons. During extraction water is only taken from The vast majority of Origin’s CSG operations are on grazing land – not coal seams – not from aquifers commonly used for local water supply. strategic cropping land. Importantly, each well takes up a relatively There are also natural geological barriers, for example hundreds of small area, roughly half the size of a netball court, so farming activities metres of very low permeability rock, which separate the coal seams like cattle grazing and cropping can continue around the wells largely and the commonly used groundwater supply aquifers. Our wells are undisturbed once they are in production. When planning locations for designed to very strict standards, with layers of cement casing wells, Origin works closely with landholders to locate wells in separating the wells from the surrounding environment. convenient places that pose minimal disruption to farming operations.

On land Origin owns, we are actively demonstrating that CSG can Q: Is all CSG extracted by fraccing? co-exist with agriculture, see Monreagh case study on page 17.

Page 325 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. A: A large number of CSG wells do not require fraccing. Fraccing is only used where the flow of gas needs to be improved. Only a small number Q: Are farmers powerless to stop CSG development on their land? of wells have been fracced to date. A: All of Origin’s activities are carried out with the agreement and

consent of the owner of the land and we do not enter a landowner’s Q: Does fraccing use massive amounts of secret chemicals? property without a signed agreement. We are committed to building A: More than 97 per cent of the liquid is water and sand. Any additives informed, transparent, lasting relationships with our landowners and used are clearly listed on our website. The tiny amount of additives in over 15 years have found that overwhelmingly we have been able to fraccing include substances common in things we eat or wash with access the CSG resource in a way landowners are comfortable with. almost every day, including toothpaste, soap, cleaning products and We currently have more than 600 active land access agreements in place. vinegar. The additives are entirely safe in the tiny amounts used by us.

16 our communities CASE STUDY: Natural gas a breath of fresh air for working farms When you mention the CSG industry, people generally don’t think of At Monreagh, which already has a number of wells and over time will a CSG company running farming operations. The reality is, Origin is a have up to 20 wells, Origin has established an ongoing irrigation and major landowner in Queensland and as a direct result of that ownership, land management strategy that will see thousands of litres of treated is also a farmer. Origin owns more than 65,000 hectares of agricultural water piped in from the nearby Talinga water treatment plant and land. On this land, we will drill wells that extract natural gas from coal used to irrigate crops including wheat, mung beans, chickpeas, lucerne seams 200 to 1,000 metres underground. and sorghum. The outputs will be marketed locally and all supplies will Like any landholder we face a range of challenges every day in also be locally purchased. managing our properties – clearing, back-burning and mending fences The property is also grazed by more than 4,000 head of cattle run to name a few. With large parcels of land under our management, in joint venture with a local farmer, with both parties sharing the we have a responsibility to maintain production on our farms and financial benefits. ensure they continue to contribute to the productivity of the local A live-in manager, employed by Origin, supervises the property. A number agricultural industry. of people from the local community are also employed, including a A CSG well can generally be located around farming operations to stockman, Wayne McLennan, who musters the cattle. minimise disruption to other activities like broad acre cropping or Until now, Monreagh has operated at the mercy of the elements,

Page 326 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. grazing. On our own properties, and on the properties of many of our with times of severe drought taking a heavy toll on the land. The new landholders, for the 15 years we have been producing CSG we have irrigation program will effectively drought-proof Monreagh, allowing found both activities can genuinely and productively co-exist. We are it to produce crops and maintain cattle even in times of drought.

actively demonstrating this on our Monreagh property southwest of Chinchilla. Origin’s Land and Water Supervisor Ronald Thompson said, “Monreagh has produced bumper crops from the 400 hectares of wheat and oats planted through winter. “Monreagh station, which comprises 1,100 hectares of farmland, is proof that gas and agriculture can not only ‘co-exist’, but also actually work well together. It’s a very significant parcel of land for both gas and agriculture,” he said. CASE STUDY: Sun shines on Uranquinty Community Hall

When making financial contributions, Origin aims to tailor investment environmental footprint, as it avoids the production of more than to the unique needs of the community. In 2011, we worked closely with 70 tonnes of greenhouse gas over the life of the system(1). members of the community surrounding Uranquinty Power Station to Former Chair of the UPA, Bruce Harris said the initiative has understand the key local challenges and how we could contribute to demonstrated Origin’s long-term commitment to the Uranquinty initiatives that would really add value. community. Located 15 kilometres south of Wagga Wagga, Uranquinty has a “Origin is now considered very much part of the Uranquinty population of less than 1,000 people and often struggles to find the community. resources to support community activities. One of the community’s

“As a very small community organisation, it’s not often that the UPA most important resources is the Uranquinty Community Hall. The

has the opportunity to form such a significant partnership, especially Wagga Wagga City Council owns the hall and Uranquinty Progress

one that delivers so many long-term benefits. Not only is this helping Association (UPA) funds its ongoing running and maintenance costs.

us to pay our power bills for the next year, but it means these costs After discussing the challenges facing the UPA, we decided that the will continue to be covered,” Mr Harris said. best way to provide support was to do what we do best; provide

“The legacy of Origin’s contribution will last well into the future,” energy solutions. We arranged a solar partnership with the UPA,

he said. whereby Origin installed a 2.3 kilowatt solar electricity system on the roof of the hall. The benefits of the solar partnership to the UPA are Following the success of this project, Origin is preparing to offer a solar threefold. Firstly, it will help pay their power bills. Secondly, it provides partnership on an annual basis to not-for-profit

Page 327 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. organisations within an income stream, because the UPA is paid a premium for the the local region. electricity generated by the system that is fed back into the grid.

(1) Based on 2.3kW system producing 3.1782 MWh generation per annum. With a System Depending on the UPA’s energy consumption, this could generate life of approx 25 years, total generation equals 79 MWh. 1 MWh is equal to 1 tonne up to $2,000 per annum. Finally, it enables the UPA to lower its of CO2 emissions hence the system saves more than 70 tonnes of CO2 emissions.

Origin Energy sustainability report 2011 17 Our employees

Our Commitment: Create a rewarding workplace for our people by valuing everyone’s contribution, encouraging personal development, recognising good performance and fostering equality of opportunity.

Origin employees at the Spring Gully Gas Plant, Queensland

18 our employees

Consistent with the growth of the business, the number of people employed by Origin has grown over the past year. Origin had 5,213 employees at the end of the 2011 financial year, an increase of 19 per cent or 821 people on the prior year, reflecting expanded operations and project activities in Upstream, Australia Pacific LNG, Generation and in Retail. Approximately 92 per cent of our workforce is engaged full time. Voluntary employee turnover, which includes our customer contact centres, was running at 16 per cent per annum at year end, approximately one percentage point above the five-year average. In addition to employees, there were 3,798 contractors engaged in our activities at year end, a small decrease on the prior year. In 2007, we set ourselves two employee-related objectives for the ensuing five years: – To provide and maintain a satisfying and rewarding work environment for all employees; and – To eliminate or manage hazards and practices in our business that could cause accident, injury or illness to people, damage to property or unacceptable impacts on the environment. To deliver on these objectives, we laid out a series of 5-Year Strategies which we report against in this section. 5-Year Strategies

1. Achieve a Total Recordable Injury Frequency Rate of 4.0 2. Eliminate barriers to employment, development and by 2012. workplace opportunities so that our workplace attracts and While many of our business units showed a positive change in the represents diversity from the communities in which we operate. Total Recordable Injury Frequency Rate (TRIFR), a reflection of their We recognise that employing and partnering with a diverse range of

Page 328 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. commitment and hard work during the year to improving safety, people will give us access to a range of perspectives to make the best company-wide we recorded a TRIFR of 6.0, well above our target of decisions today to create value for our stakeholders now and into the 4.9 for this year. A number of our employees and contractors sustained future. injuries while at work. During the year we developed a Diversity and Inclusion Policy which This result prompted us to reassess our approach to safety and look aims to create an environment in which individuals are involved, for a measure which would encourage us to be more alert to potential supported, respected and connected. We placed a gender lens on our risks before they result in incident or injury, as well as promoting more recruitment processes by committing to including the best female conversations within the business about keeping each other safe. candidates on short lists. Since tracking this, from October 2010 to We have adopted Observations as a lead indicator to drive behavioural June 2011, 43 per cent of people recruited to join Origin were women. change across our company. We have set a 2012 target for Observations Gender strategies have also been implemented in our graduate and we are tracking well towards achieving it on the way to our long- term recruitment. Our latest graduate intake had an equal representation aspiration of a harm and injury free workplace. of males and females. We continued to focus on increasing the

number of women in management roles and under-represented roles Sadly, in February 2012, after the reporting period, a road accident in

and we have been working with senior managers to raise their the Papua New Guinea Highlands resulted in the death of one of our

awareness of their own potential unconscious biases. Origin colleagues. This is a stark reminder of the importance of safety and we continue to make it our first priority. At Origin, we recognise the employment opportunities our business

activities bring to the communities in which we work. We have

introduced improved methods of attracting new employees from local

communities including talking with graduates at local career fairs and

16.3

maintaining ongoing contact with prospective local employees in key

skill areas.

Our work on an Indigenous engagement strategy continues. This year

we commenced discussions with government agencies and training 9.1

providers to develop training programs targeting Indigenous people 8.5

within our areas of operations. 6.0 5.6

In the coming year we will continue to measure our performance in Target 4.0 this area against targets including remuneration equity and gender

equity in underrepresented roles. 07 08 09 10 11

Total Recordable Injury Frequency Rate

Origin Energy sustainability report 2011 19 Our employees 3. Maintain a working environment in which our employees are 4. Encourage and recognise employee-led sustainability engaged, believe Origin is a great place to work and recommend initiatives. Origin as a great place to work. As anticipated in last year’s report, the establishment of the Origin Since we first measured employee engagement across Origin in late Foundation in 2010 led to significant opportunities for our employees 2008, we have seen some improvements, including a 15 per cent to take part in skilled volunteering. Skilled volunteering provides increase in engagement in our Retail business. This strong result was Origin Foundation partners with access to professional services that achieved during a time of significant growth for the business and in may otherwise be beyond their reach. At the same time, employees the midst of the major transformation of our business and customer benefit from the opportunity to develop personally and professionally. relationship management systems – resulting in high activity and Volunteers provided their time and skills across a wide variety of pressure for this part of the business. Notwithstanding this success, professional capacities during the year including developing marketing we continue to target considerable improvements in this area. plans and assisting with financial reporting with partner Turnover rates are a key indicator of employee engagement and across organisations. the business they have been maintained at or below the levels recorded Employee interest and participation in skilled volunteering was part of at the beginning of this commitment in 2007. This year, the result in a larger trend across Origin away from large scale

Page 330 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. projects and towards our Customer Contact Centre showed further improvement, falling ongoing contributions such as repeat attendance at a conservation another two percentage points from the prior year. site or project work in a skilled capacity. While we are conscious that change can be challenging for employees A total of 13 per cent of Origin’s employee base took part in volunteering and needs to be managed carefully, we believe Origin’s current and activity during the year and employees contributed 5,438 hours to continuing high growth phase will provide an exciting and engaging volunteering in the community, an increase of 10 per cent on the environment filled with opportunities for our employees. previous year. Employee development continues to be a key area of focus and during For more information about the work of the Origin Foundation, visit 2011 we launched a new suite of Origin management, leadership and www.originfoundation.com.au talent development programs.

DISCOVER MORE ONLINE Discover more about how we are working to deliver on our commitment to employees, by visiting our Sustainability Report online. Additional information includes: – How we plan to drive continuous improvements in our health and safety performance; – Our strategy to help make Origin a better place to work for our employees; – Programs we are developing to improve gender diversity in our business; and – Characteristics of our workforce including employee numbers, geographical breakdown, turnover and gender diversity. Visit Origin sustainability reporting online at http://reports.originenergy.com.au

20 our employees

CASE STUDY: Origin shifts to the front foot to improve safety performance At Origin we aspire always to lead. Our principle of due care states that we have an overriding duty to ensure the health and safety of our employees and to minimise the health, safety and environmental impacts on our customers and the communities in which we operate. This means that we strive to: – create an injury-free workplace; – preserve our people’s health; and – mitigate environmental effects. The standards Origin has set are high and we recognise that we must have a determined and ongoing program of work to achieve our goals. Unfortunately, Origin’s safety performance worsened in 2011 – Origin’s TRIFR rose to 6.0 from 5.6 – prompting the Executive Management Team to reconsider our approach. For many years, Origin has used TRIFR as the primary measure of safety performance. TRIFR measures the total number of recordable injuries that occur per million hours worked on a rolling 12 month basis.

Page 331 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. Recordable injuries include lost time cases, restricted work cases and medical treatment cases. In recent years Origin has sought to encourage improved performance by linking the Employee Share Plan – the program through which employees can obtain performance-based shares in Origin – to a TRIFR target. Origin’s Observations initiative encourages conversations aimed However, TRIFR measures incidents after they occur. Because most at making the workplace safer incidents and injuries are the result of behaviour and the choices people make, Origin decided that a more proactive approach, focusing

on modifying behaviours before an incident occurs would be a more As Origin Managing Director Grant King said to employees when useful measure and a better motivator for employees. Origin recognised announcing the Observations initiative, “At heart, Observations are that safety observations are a simple and effective way to prevent about looking out for each other and speaking up to keep everyone unsafe behaviours and reinforce safe behaviours. So for 2012 Origin safe, whether it be ourselves, our managers, our teams or our changed its approach and set a target for safety observations for the contractors.” year. This averages out to around six observations per employee per Origin launched the safety observation campaign during Safety Week year and is a significant increase on the 7,000 observations Origin in October 2011. Education sessions throughout the organisation were recorded in 2011. held. Employees have embraced the initiative and look set to achieve Safety observations are used in organisations throughout the world the target well before the financial year ends.

and are well-recognised as an indicator of safety performance. An observation is a conversation between one colleague and another. They are an opportunity: – to recognise and acknowledge people who are working safely or who are caring for the environment; – to care for a colleague who may be working unsafely; and – to address safety hazards before someone gets hurt. By linking the safety observation program to the Employee Share Plan, Origin has placed ownership of Origin’s Health, Safety and Environment (HSE) performance in the hands of its people. It encourages everyone to make time for HSE and builds a culture where people are rewarded for speaking up to make the workplace safer. Observations are a key tool for putting Origin’s values into practice and they are just one of a range of tools Origin has in place to drive our safety performance. Each observation is recorded in the Origin Collective Intelligence System to enable Origin to monitor trends in behaviour and to share learnings across the organisation.

Origin Energy sustainability report 2011 21 Our employees

CASE STUDY: Our Compass guides the decisions we make What sets us apart at Origin is not what we do, but how we do it. The creation of a new purpose statement allowed us to clearly In operating our business, we make a range of decisions and choices articulate what kind of company Origin aims to be

Page 332 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. – a company every day. Many of these decisions directly or indirectly affect our that aspires always to lead. stakeholders. Our decisions must therefore stand up to scrutiny by With the refresh of the framework completed, Origin’s challenge our stakeholders today, and also stand the test of time. was to communicate these changes to staff, so that they could use Ensuring consistency and alignment in decision making is not always the framework to assist them in making better decisions, and fully easy, especially in a business that continues to grow and expand rapidly. understand the outcomes we strive together to deliver for our Since listing on the ASX in 2000, Origin has grown from a market stakeholders. capitalisation of around $300 million to more than $14.0 billion(1) today. Workshops were held across the country to provide an opportunity for To keep up with this growth, Origin’s employee numbers have grown senior leaders to learn about the refreshed framework. At the end of from 2,200 employees in 2000, to more than 5,600(1) people today. each workshop, attendees were tasked with naming the new framework. Since our establishment, Origin has had a framework to guide After many suggestions and a short-listing process, the Executive employee behaviour. Called our Commitments, Principles and Values, Management Team selected the name ‘Our Compass’. it was developed in conjunction with the St James Ethics Centre. Given Our Compass is an accurate reflection of the role our Purpose, the growth of Origin since the original framework was put in place, we Principles, Values and Commitments play at Origin. Like a compass, decided to revisit the Commitments, Principles and Values to ensure they help steer us in the right direction, assisting us to make better they remained applicable and relevant to the Company today. decisions and choices in a way that is common across Origin. Led by the Managing Director and the Executive Management Team, the refresh involved the creation of a new purpose statement and the enhancement of the existing Commitments, Principles and Values to better reflect the Origin of today and our key stakeholders. This included adding a fifth key stakeholder, our business partners, reflecting the importance of our partnerships with other businesses in delivering energy solutions to customers today, and in the future. (1) As at March 2012.

CASE STUDY: Rapid growth propels strategic resourcing solution Thousands of direct and indirect jobs will be created by the Australia Our recruitment will consist of a mixture of permanent staff and Pacific LNG project, which is one of Australia’s largest LNG

Page 333 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. export contractors, and we also expect to source candidates both projects currently being developed by Origin and its joint venture domestically and from the international market in instances where the partners. specialist skills we require are not available to us in the domestic Currently employing approximately 1,600 people, the project will grow market. Importantly, all key project management personnel will be to 6,000 people during peak construction. The ongoing operation of employed by Origin, which will ensure we can continue to operate the project will employ more than 1,000 jobs. consistently across the business in line with the Company’s values. The project requires specialist expertise across a wide range of professions Identification and attraction of talent are an important part of the including geoscientists, pipeline workers, engineers, rig operators, solution and Origin has developed an employment promise to clearly landowner support teams, indigenous and community affairs people, articulate to prospective employees the attributes that make Origin an site managers, jetty subcontractors, builders, electrical and instrument attractive place to work, as well as the strengths of the Australia trades and environmental scientists to name just a few. Pacific LNG project. Finding the right people with the right skills in a tight labour market, While the resourcing challenge remains a significant one, as stated in particularly when there is significant competition for the same kind the project’s Environmental Impact Statement, we remain committed of workforce, is a big challenge. to the successful execution of our resourcing strategy and to carry out

our activities with minimal impact to the environment and community Origin has spent a lot of time planning its approach to meet this

surrounding the operations. challenge. We first ensured we had an experienced and dedicated recruitment team in place to manage the process. We also spent considerable time mapping Origin’s workforce requirements for the Upstream component of the Australia Pacific LNG project, for which we are the operator.

22 our employees

Our investors Our Commitment: Deliver market leading performance for shareholders by identifying, developing, operating and growing value- creating businesses. Uranquinty Power Station, NSW

Page 334 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. Origin Energy sustainability report 2011 23 Our investors In 2011, Origin continued to take major steps in the development of the business and delivered strong underlying business performance. In acquiring the NSW energy businesses and taking a FID on the first phase of the Australia Pacific LNG project, we successfully secured two major opportunities to consolidate market leading positions, which are already having a significant impact on Origin’s business. These opportunities will underpin further growth in the short, medium and long-term. In 2007, we set ourselves the objective to provide sustainable returns to Origin’s key economic stakeholders. We defined two 5-Year Strategies to help deliver on this objective, which we report against in this section.

5-Year Strategies 1. Maintain an investment grade rating. 2. Provide shareholder returns in the top quartile of comparable We continue to maintain a strong investment grade credit rating. companies. During 2011, we undertook a number of capital management We have again achieved our target of delivering shareholder returns initiatives to fund acquisitions as well as the ongoing capital that are in the top quartile of comparable ASX-listed companies expenditure requirements of the business while preserving balance (ASX 100) over a rolling five year period. sheet strength. Returns to shareholders are made up of the appreciation of the These funding initiatives included $3.3 billion to support the Integral Origin share price and the dividends we pay. Our policy is to target Energy and Country Energy retail businesses transaction as well as annual dividends of at least 50 cents per share or 60 per cent of the GenTrader arrangements with Eraring Energy. We completed a Underlying EPS. Our declared annual dividend of 50 cents per share, $2.3 billion pro-rata equity entitlement offer and a syndicated bank which represented 70 per cent of Underlying EPS, was consistent facility to refinance $900 million of existing bank debt. We also with this policy. accepted oversubscriptions which resulted in the syndication of a $2.15 billion and US$350 million three to five year bank facility in April 2011. We also completed a €500 million hybrid issue which obtained equity

158

credit from Standard & Poor’s and Moody’s and provided further support to our balance sheet. We remain committed to sustaining a capital structure which supports and nurtures the long-term viability of our business.

Origin

Top quartile

ASX 100

Percentage of Total Shareholder Returns over a five year period:

30 June 2006 to 30 June 2011 (%)

DISCOVER MORE ONLINE Discover more about how we are working to deliver on our commitment to investors, by visiting our Sustainability Report online. Additional information includes: – Full disclosure of our financial performance in Origin’s 2011 Shareholder Review and Annual Report; and – How the innovative PAITREO structure of our equity raising was equitable for all shareholders. Visit Origin sustainability reporting online at http://reports.originenergy.com.au

24 our investors

CASE STUDY: Unique equity raising structure delivers equality for retail and institutional investors

On 15 December 2010, Origin announced the acquisition of the Integral The reaction to the Origin offer by both institutional and retail Energy and Country Energy retail businesses and entry into the Eraring shareholders was very positive. Mr Kolesnikoff commented that GenTrader arrangements. Origin’s structure allowed all shareholders to capture greatest value To fund the $3.3 billion transaction and to strengthen Origin’s balance from their investment, while giving the Company the certainty of sheet for investment in other growth opportunities, in March 2011, funding that it needed. The structure of Origin’s $2.3 billion Origin announced a $2.3 billion equity raising. The announcement renounceable rights offer won the support of all shareholders. marked the largest equity raising in the Australian market in 2011. The 79 per cent take-up rate by retail shareholders is the highest rate In recent years, many equity raisings carried out did not necessarily among the 21 accelerated renounceable entitlement offers of offer an equitable structure to both institutional and retail $100 million or more since 2008. shareholders. For example, accelerated rights offers, which have been Origin also collected about 93,000 individual applications from retail widely used, are understood to produce better results for institutions. shareholders under the offer, which is also a

Page 336 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. very high level when Many were also non-renounceable and therefore retail investors who compared to other recent equity raisings. did not take up their entitlement received no value. With many of the As for the trading of the retail entitlements, some 21,000 individual issues also including an institutional placement, retail investors were trades took place. The entitlements were traded in a range of $1.85 to often heavily diluted. Understandably, these issues and structures $3.57 per entitlement not taken up, and at a volume weighted average attracted some criticism from retail investors and financial media. price of $3.01 per entitlement traded. In approaching the 2011 equity raising, Origin’s objective was to The Origin share price outperformed the market over the period of the provide an equitable structure for both retail and institutional retail rights trading to 6 April 2011. Origin shares increased by 7.6 per shareholders, consistent with the approach the Company had taken cent during the offer period, compared with a 5.1 per cent gain in the with its previous equity raisings. S&P/ASX 200 Index over the same time frame. Origin did not believe any of the existing structures would fully deliver The success of the equity raising demonstrated widespread support on its objective, and therefore worked in conjunction with Bank of among Origin’s retail and institutional shareholders for the acquisition America Merrill Lynch to refine the new PAITREO structure it had of the NSW energy assets, as well as the Company’s strong track already begun developing. A PAITREO is a Pro-rata Accelerated record of delivering growth since listing on the ASX in 2000. Institutional Tradeable Renounceable Entitlement Offer.

On 26 September 2011, CFO Magazine announced that Origin’s Vas Kolesnikoff, CEO of the Australian Shareholders Association, PAITREO was awarded Secondary Market Equity Raising of the Year at described Origin’s structure as different to other accelerated the CFO Dealbook Awards for 2011, with the judges commenting that institutional capital raisings. the offer was an innovation that was a clear improvement on previous “Traditionally, smaller shareholders could only sell their rights after structures. waiting 28 days, when there was little or no value left in the rights. The Australian Shareholders’ Association also commended Origin in Origin allowed its small shareholders to sell their rights in the first growing its business through an opportune acquisition and financed 14 days of the offer period, such that those who chose not to acquire under a capital raising structure which was fair to all of its more shares, were able to capture as much value as possible,” he said. shareholders, giving them the choice to take advantage of the most The offer was structured as a one for five fully underwritten pro- rata appropriate investment opportunity suitable to their circumstances. renounceable offer to raise approximately $2.3 billion. This means The structure of the offer may also have contributed to its success, shareholders were eligible to buy one share for every five shares providing equitable benefits for retail and institutional

While the structure still offered a retail shortfall bookbuild at the end of the process, a month after the institutional shortfall had been dealt with, the innovation in the offer structure was that retail shareholders were able to trade their entitlements on the ASX for 14 days after the institutional bookbuild was conducted. Origin offered approximately 177 million shares at $13 each, a 17 per cent discount to the closing price the day before the announcement. This represented the first time retail shareholders had been given upfront liquidity for their entitlements in an accelerated offer. In addition, eligible retail shareholders who did not sell or take up their entitlement were still able to receive value for their entitlement via a shortfall bookbuild after the retail entitlement offer closed.

Origin Energy sustainability report 2011 25 Origin Foundation and Community Investment

In 2010, to celebrate the 10th anniversary of Origin’s listing on the Australian Securities Exchange, we established the philanthropic Origin Foundation. The Foundation is based on the belief that education, training and – Transition to study and work – working with the Country Education development have the power to transform lives and improve Foundation, we’re helping young people in regional Australia access communities. Education is a vital building block for a successful life, further education and training; and providing a pathway into employment and financial stability, and – Scholarships to further the aspirations of high achievers – supporting enhancing an individual’s capacity to participate in life. talented Australians through partnerships with groups like the The Foundation delivers support in three ways: a grants program; General Sir John Monash Foundation. matching employee donations to charities; and facilitating The Foundation also provides the opportunity for Origin people to volunteering by Origin employees in the community. volunteer with these organisations, matching needs with skills. As of December 2011, the Foundation had partnered with 19 not- for-profit During the past year, employees spent 5,438 hours sharing their organisations in support of 33 differing programs to the value of time and skills with the community. $5.4 million. Through our focus on lifelong learning we support a broad In addition, the Foundation matches any donations that Origin range of initiatives, including: employees make to charitable organisations through the giving – Early childhood education intervention – partnerships include program, Give2. Employees donated $288,942 in the past year, The Smith Family’s Let’s Count early years numeracy program; which was matched by Origin to provide a total of $577,884 to

Page 338 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. – School reform – through partnerships with groups like Big Picture, a range of charities. we’re helping to re-engage young people in education; We look forward to the continued growth and development of the

Foundation’s activities in coming years.

Photo courtesy of the Country Education Foundation of Australia.

Origin Foundation partners with the Country Education Foundation of Australia to help young people in regional Australia access further education and training 26 ORIGIN FOUNDATION

Origin Foundation and Good Return Innovative philanthropy teamed with inventive microfinance and education is changing lives on both sides of the agreement through a partnership between the Origin Foundation and Good Return. Good Return is a social enterprise which provides small loans and education to families in the Asia Pacific to help them start or build a business, and feed and educate themselves. A gift from the Origin Foundation will help Good Return increase their capacity to facilitate loans tenfold over the next three years. The extra support will help Good Return to generate 8,000 new loans, Photo courtesy of Good Return. impacting the lives of more than 40,000 people in Asia Pacific, where more than two-thirds of the world’s poor live. In addition to the Foundation’s financial contribution, Origin employees will also provide advice to Good Return on sustainable energy options for communities with little or no electricity. While the benefits to Good Return’s borrowers are direct and measureable, reports from Origin employees show they too are learning and gaining from the experience with many remarking on the significant impact it had on their lives. The Origin Foundation and Good Return partnership provides small loans and education to families in the Asia Pacific Community Investment

Origin contributes to the communities in which we operate through near our operations in south central Queensland and in 2011, increased economic activity arising from developing and operating 23 apprentices joined the program. This brings the total number of our assets. We also contribute financially to community initiatives, scholarship recipients to 76 since the program was launched in 2007. ensuring we tailor our investment to match the unique needs of each We continue to focus on providing scholarships to apprentices and of the communities in which we operate. trainees working in areas of critical skill needs. To ensure our investment is directed to the areas of greatest need and We also run the CARS driver training program to boost skills and where we can add value, Origin works directly with community attitudes towards safe driving, in partnership with the Royal Automobile members. In a number of our locations, members of Origin’s Community Club of Queensland and Queensland Minerals and Energy Academy. Reference Groups provide feedback on the issues of interest to each This year 294 students and community members participated in the

Page 339 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. community and assist to identify suitable opportunities. program. Since the program commenced more than 900 people have In the 2011 financial year, we contributed $8.3 million to local taken part. communities, an amount that has been independently verified by the At Uranquinty Power Station in NSW, we established a solar partnership London Benchmarking Group. This figure consists of our total cash with the Uranquinty Progress Association, in which local tradesmen contribution including grants provided by the Origin Foundation, the installed an Origin-supplied solar system to the roof of a new value of volunteer hours taken by our employees and in-kind support. community hall. Generating more power than consumed, the system Our total cash contribution to communities was approximately will ensure a steady and ongoing supply of income to the Association. $7.6 million, including the Foundation’s $5.4 million investment. In New Zealand, Origin and the Kupe Joint Venture continued our Community investment contributions made by Origin over the year partnership with the Bishop’s Action Foundation, donating NZ$50,000 were focused on school energy efficiency and safety programs and towards the establishment of a facility for local community groups local initiatives with our host communities. and government-funded agencies working with youth.

A considerable amount has been invested in Queensland, reflecting the scale of our operations, which span CSG exploration and production, power generation and retailing. We offer Community Skills Scholarships to local apprentices and trainees from communities

Origin Energy sustainability report 2011 27 Online Resources This is a concise version of Origin’s 2011 Sustainability Report. As the size and complexity of our business continues to increase, so too does the challenge of meeting our commitments to stakeholders. Our concise report focuses primarily on our performance against the 5-Year Strategies we set for each of our key stakeholder groups in our 2007 report. To complement our concise report, we are increasingly moving our reporting information online so it is more readily available to those who wish to see it. Our online Sustainability Report discloses our performance to the same extent as in previous years and is compiled using the GRI’s G3 guidelines. It can be viewed at http://reports.originenergy.com.au. Key performance indicators including GRI management disclosures and our greenhouse gas emissions are

Sustainability Ratings and Benchmarks

We were included in the Dow Jones Sustainability Asia Pacific Index, We continue to be a member of the FTSE4Good Index Series, which is which was launched in 1999, and is the first global indexes designed designed to identify companies that meet globally recognised corporate to track the financial performance of the leading sustainability-driven responsibility standards. Origin has been a member since 2004. companies worldwide.

Since 2009, Origin has been a signatory to the Energy Supply Our community investment data is independently verified by the Association of Australia’s Sustainable Practice Framework, which is London Benchmarking Group (LBG), which promotes a consistent a major platform for the energy supply sector’s work in improving set of criteria for determining community investment, donations sustainability in the industry. and commercial initiatives in the community.

We are a participant in the Carbon Disclosure Project, an independent We were included in The Global 100 list of the Most Sustainable not-for-profit organisation which holds the largest database of primary Corporations in the World, which is an annual project initiated by corporate climate change information in the world. Corporate Knights, the magazine for clean capitalism.

DISCOVER MORE ONLINE Should you wish to learn more about Sustainability at Origin, Origin Sustainability please visit our website www.originenergy.com.au/sustainability Australia Square or contact our Sustainability team: Level 45, 264-278 George St

Sydney NSW 2000

28 About this report Glossary of terms 2C Best Estimate Contingent resource. Electricity measures Kbbls Kilobarrels = 1,000 barrels 3C High Estimate Contingent resource. – Watt (W) A measure of power when a one ampere Kt Kilotonnes = 1,000 tonnes. 2P reserves Proved plus Probable reserves. of current ﬂows under one volt of pressure. LNG Liquefied natural gas. Analysis of geological and engineering data – Kilowatt (kW)

LPG Liqueﬁed petroleum gas. suggest these reserves are more likely than not – Kilowatt Hour (kWh) Standard unit of electrical to be recoverable under reasonable economic, energy representing consumption of one NEM National Electricity Market. technical and operating methods. kilowatt over one hour. NGOs Non-government organisations. 3P reserves Proved plus Probable plus Possible. – Megawatt (MW) One MW = 1,000 kW or Offshore exploration The search for hydrocarbon one million watts. deposits under the sea. AGAAP Australian Generally Accepted Accounting Principles. – Gigawatt hour (GWh) One GWh = 1,000 Onshore exploration The search for hydrocarbon megawatt hours or one million kilowatt hours. deposits beneath the Earth’s surface, such as oil A-IFRS Australian equivalents to International – Terawatt hour (TWh) One TWh = 1,000 gigawatt Financial Reporting Standards. and natural gas. hours, or one million megawatt hours. Appraisal well Well drilled to determine the size OCGT Open Cycle Gas Turbine power station. EOWA Equal Opportunity for Women in the of an oil or gas discovery. Workplace Agency. Operating Cash flow After Tax Ratio (OCAT Ratio) AS 3806 Australian Standard on Compliance (OCAT – interest tax shield)/Productive Capital. EPA Environment Protection Authority or Productive Capital is 12 months’ average funds Program used to manage regulatory risks. equivalent state authority. employed excluding capital work in progress and APLNG Australia Pacific LNG, an incorporated EPS Earnings per share, total earnings divided including 50 per cent of APLNG. joint venture between Origin, ConocoPhillips by the weighted average shares on issue. and Sinopec. Peaking plant A generator that can be quickly Exploration well A well drilled to identify a new started to operate during periods of high Availability The time a generation plant was reservoir of oil or gas. electricity demand and/or high prices in the available for use, after deducting planned and electricity market. unplanned outage hours, compared with the total Farm-out arrangement The owner or lessee of

Page 342 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. time under review. mineral rights (the first party) assigns a working Photovoltaic (PV) Photovoltaic cells convert interest to an operator (the second party), the sunlight into electricity. Barrels (bbls) A measure used for oil production consideration for which is specified exploration and sales. One barrel equals approximately Plugged and abandoned A well, generally and/or development activities. unsuccessful, which has been abandoned with 159 litres. Farm-in arrangement The arrangement from the cement plugs and from which hydrocarbons Bopd Barrels of oil per day. viewpoint of the second party is termed a cannot be produced in the future. Capacity factor A generation plant’s output over “farm-in arrangement”. Power On Origin’s hardship program which a period compared with the expected maximum FEED Front end engineering and design. provides payment options for customers output from the plant in that period based on experiencing financial difficulty. 100 per cent availability at the manufacturer’s FID Final Investment Decision. operating speciﬁcations. Full Retail Contestability (FRC) Where homes QCA Queensland Competition Authority. Capital expenditure Investment in acquisition and businesses are able to choose their own Reserves Origin Energy uses reserves deﬁnitions or improvement of long-term assets, such as energy supplier. consistent with the Society of Petroleum property, plant, or equipment. Gas measures Engineers and required by Australian Securities

Exchange. Reserves reported are based on Carbon dioxide (CO2) Greenhouse gas produced – Joule Primary measure of energy in the information compiled by full time employees of as a by-product of oil and gas production and metric system. the Company who are qualiﬁed in accordance when burning fossil fuels and biomass. – Gigajoule (GJ) A gigajoule equals one billion with Australian Securities Exchange listing Cased and suspended A successful well with a joules. An average Victorian household rule 5.11. steel casing installed to enable future production. consumes around 55 GJ annually. Reserves Replacement Ratio (RRR) Annual change Churn Mass-market energy customers switching – Terajoule (TJ) A Terajoule is equal to in reserves, before deducting production, divided suppliers. 1,000 gigajoules. by production during

Page 343 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. the year. An annual RRR of Climate change Any change in climate over time, – Petajoule (PJ) A Petajoule is equal to 100% indicates full replacement of production by whether due to natural variability or as a result one million gigajoules. reserve additions for that year. of human activity. – Petajoules equivalent (PJe) An energy RET The Federal Government implemented measurement Origin Energy uses in its annual a Renewable Energy Target (RET), requiring Coal seam gas (CSG) Natural gas contained within report to represent the equivalent energy in coal seams. 20 per cent of electricity to come renewable different products so the amount of energy energy sourced by 2020. Cogeneration Producing two or more forms of contained in these products can be compared. energy from one fuel source. Generally, The factors used by Origin Energy to convert to Seismic survey A geophysical survey to understand cogeneration plants operated by Origin Energy PJe are: one million barrels crude oil = 5.83 PJe; rock formations beneath the earth’s surface. produce steam and electricity from natural gas. one million barrels condensate = 5.41 PJe; one SLIVER solar panels An Origin Energy product CCGT Combined Cycle Gas Turbine power station. million tonnes LPG = 49.3 PJe; one TWh of which uses one-tenth of the silicon of electricity = 3.6 PJe. conventional solar panels while matching their Condensate A light oil that separates during gas power, performance and efficiency. production processes due to changes in pressure Geothermal Energy that is generated by and temperature. converting hot water or steam from deep Spot market A wholesale market for commodities, beneath the Earth’s surface into electricity. such as electricity or crude oil, which allows Contract Price (CP) An international price for LPG, matching of supply against demand. in US dollars, using the Saudi Aramco Contract GHG Greenhouse gas. Price tender process. Australian LPG producers Greenfields exploration Where Origin Energy Statutory profit Profit as disclosed in the income export LPG or sell into the domestic Australian holds exploration rights, but does not have a statement of the statutory accounts. market at prices that reflect the CP. Similarly, substantial producing interest. The Company Origin Energy Limited and its Australian LPG retailers purchase domestically Hedge contract A financial instrument to manage controlled entities.

Page 344 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. produced or imported LPG based on CP. the risk created by price volatility for a commodity Total Recordable Injury Frequency Rate (TRIFR) Development well A well drilled to enable (such as electricity or crude oil) on a spot market. The total number of fatalities and injuries production from a known oil or gas reservoir. Buyers and sellers of the commodity may enter resulting in lost time, restricted work duties or EBIT Earnings before interest and tax. into long or short-term contracts at an agreed medical-treatment per million hours worked. price. Underlying profit Statutory profit adjusted for the EBITDA Earnings before interest, tax, depreciation and amortisation. HSEMS Health, Safety and Environment impact of items that do not inform the ongoing Management System. performance of the business and used to measure EIS Environmental Impact Statement. the underlying performance of the business. Hydrocarbons Oil and gas, including condensate and gas liquids (LPG and ethane). Upstream Part of Origin Energy’s business that is

involved in the exploration and production of

hydrocarbons.

Origin Energy sustainability report 2011 29 DIRECTORY Origin Energy Limited Registered ofﬁce Share register Secretaries Level 45, Australia Square Link Market Services Limited Andrew Clarke 264-278 George Street Level 12, 680 George Street Helen Hardy Sydney NSW 2000 Sydney NSW 2000

Auditor GPO Box 5376 Locked Bag A14 Sydney NSW 2001 Sydney South NSW 1235 KPMG Telephone (02) 8345 5000 Toll Free 1300 664 446 Facsimile (02) 9241 7377 Telephone (02) 8280 7155 Internet www.originenergy.com.au Facsimile (02) 9287 0303 Email [email protected] Internet www.linkmarketservices.com.au Email [email protected]

This report is printed on Impact 100 per cent recycled paper, sourced from post consumer waste. The paper is certified against the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) standards, which

Page 345 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. supports the responsible use of the world’s forest resources. The report was printed using soy-based vegetable inks by GEON Group, which holds FSC certification (C015306). This Sustainability Report provides a company overview for the 12 months between July 2010 – June 2011. Further information about Origin’s sustainability performance can be found on the website: http://reports.originenergy.com.au

CO boral : Origin Energy Ltd

IN i1 : Energy | i13 : Crude Oil/Natural Gas

PUB The Austrailian Securities Exchange Limited

AN Document ASXTEX0020120517e85h0004v

BY Daniel Tan, Senior Lecturer in Agriculture at University of Sydney

WC 1,216 words

PD 13 May 2012

SN The Conversation

SC CONVAU

LA English

LP In 300 BC, the Syrian city of Antioch had public street lighting fuelled by olive oil. At the 1900 Paris World Fair, German inventor Rudolph Diesel demonstrated his engine powered by peanut oil.

Biofuels are not new, but many of the technologies are, and interest in renewable, sustainable biofuels has recently been rising due to worry about peak oil and price pressures, vulnerability of energy supplies, dependence on imports, and greenhouse emissions.

TD In April this year, Qantas made its first flight using a 50-50 blend of refined cooking oil and regular jet fuel. Qantas chief executive Alan Joyce told the Australian: “We need to get ready for a future that is not based on traditional jet fuel or frankly we don’t have a future … And it’s not just the price of oil that’s the issue – it’s also the price of carbon”. Australia’s tax on carbon emissions is scheduled to come into force on 1 July 2012.

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Bioethanol produced mainly from sugarcane replaced 40% of gasoline used in Brazil in 2008, with the introduction of flex-fuel vehicles allowing high-blending of bioethanol with petrol (all petrol blends in Brazil contain 25% bioethanol). The first generation of biofuels was produced from starches, sugars and oils of agricultural crops, including corn, sugarcane, rapeseed and soybean. It must be noted, however, that Brazil’s biofuel industry has been plagued with problems such as air pollution due to burning, deforestation, soil degradation and competition with food crops such as soybean. Indonesia has sparked controversy, also, with orangutan habitats being cleared for palm oil production. In Australia, biodiesel is being produced from used cooking oil (an agricultural by-product), tallow and canola seed; and bioethanol is produced from sugarcane molasses, grain sorghum and waste wheat starch, but availability of

https://c479107.ssl.cf2.rackcdn.com/files/10544/width668/7gvgsvp3-1336700520.jpg The advanced biofuels value chain. L.E.K.Consulting 2011

Due to its abundant reserves of uranium, coal and natural gas, Australia is nominally self- sufficient in energy except for transport fuels and heavy oils. Currently, bioethanol and biodiesel are being imported as renewable replacements for petrol and diesel, respectively. Australian annual bioethanol production capacity is 440 ML, and biodiesel production is 500 ML, although not all production facilities are operating at full capacity due to a shortage of feedstock.

In times of global concern about food security, there is a serious ethical debate about using food crops and arable land for biofuel production. In the USA, almost one-third of the corn crop is grown for bioethanol production. Brian Fleay of the Australian Association for the Study of Peak Oil and Gas (ASPO Australia) calculated that if the entire sugarcane and wheat crop in Australia is converted to ethanol, it would only supply 20% of Australian transport fuels. This means that by burning our food for fuel, we would have no bread or sugar and very little fuel.

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Due to food and energy security concerns, many countries – including Australia – are promoting biofuel crops that can be grown on land not suited for food production, so that the two systems are complementary rather than competitive.

The recent L.E.K. Consulting Advanced Biofuels study proposed several alternative biofuel feedstocks that do not compete with food production. Microalgae are being developed as a biodiesel feedstock, but there are still challenges such as the high capital and production costs of scaling up from laboratory to commercial production.

Pongamia (Milletia pinnata) and Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) are oilseeds and have been suggested as feedstocks for biodiesel. Pongamia is a tropical tree legume native to India and Australia; plantations have been established at Gatton and Caboolture in southern Queensland, Roma in south-central Queensland and Kununurra in Western Australia. A breeding program for elite varieties from existing superior germplasm is now being undertaken by the ARC Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research at the University of Queensland. Indian mustard is an annual oilseed crop closely related to canola and rapeseed. An Indian mustard breeding program for biodiesel production was established in 2006 at the University of Sydney Plant Breeding Institute at Narrabri by Professor Richard

Page 348 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. Trethowan. Indian mustard is now part of the four-year rotation there and there are two biodiesel batch processing plants to provide biodiesel self-sufficiency at Narrabri. The breeding program has been successful and 600 new advanced lines based on Pakistani/Australian crosses were tested in 2011. Promising high yielding lines with high oil content are now being tested in multi-locational pre-commercial regional trials.

Another potential bioethanol feedstock is agave (Agave spp.). Agave uses a type of photosynthesis called Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM); agave plants open their stomata (microscopic pores) at night and take up carbon dioxide in the dark to form malic acid, which is then metabolised to release carbon dioxide for photosynthesis during the following day. By closing the stomata during the day, less water is lost and water use efficiency may be as much as six times greater than a C3 photosynthesis species, such as wheat. Hence, agave is adapted to semi-arid land not suitable for food production.

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I conducted a study in collaboration with the University of Oxford, showing that bioethanol derived from agave has a positive energy balance: the bioenergy created is five times the amount required to produce it. In June 2009, Don Chambers and Joseph Holtum of James Cook University planted the first trial of blue agave (Agave tequilana) at Kalamia Estate, near Ayr in north Queensland. The plants are now two years old, and have survived two wet seasons as well as Cyclone Yasi. Growth rates have been higher than agave planted at the same time in Mexico.

New and novel feedstock conversion technologies are being developed such as fast pyrolysis and supercritical water treatment that can now convert any biomass feedstock such as wood residues (e.g., Eucalyptus spp.), agricultural residues (e.g., wheat and corn stalks), woody plants (e.g., poplar and willow coppice) and herbaceous C4 grasses (e.g., switchgrass, Miscanthus and sweet sorghum) into a green biocrude that can be processed into jet fuel, biodiesel, and bioethanol. Professor Thomas Maschmeyer at the University of Sydney is now developing a commercial supercritical water treatment for processing forestry waste and seaweed (macroalgae) into biocrude for companies such as Ignite Energy and Licella.

The transport sector uses 60% of global oil production and has relied on fossil-based liquid fuels for more than a century. Large-scale biofuel production has been criticised for replacing food production and consuming arable land. Hence, we should promote sustainable biofuel feedstocks growing on non-arable land to produce future renewable bioenergy in harmony with continued food and fibre production.

Comments welcome below.

Daniel Tan does not work for, consult to, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has no relevant affiliations.

CO lek : L.E.K. Consulting LLP

PUB The Conversation Media Group Limited

AN Document CONVAU0020120514e85d0000e

HD Development Over Democracy [analysis]

WC 1,424 words

PD 11 May 2012

ET 08:02 GMT

SN All Africa

SC AFNWS

LA English

LP May 11, 2012 (Africa Confidential/All Africa Global Media via COMTEX) -- International financial institutions rank Ethiopia as one of the fastest growing economies but debates rage over its political strategy and regional role.

As business and political leaders descend on Addis Ababa for the World Economic Forum on 9-11 May, Premier Meles Zenawi's government will be trumpeting its economic achievements. Visitors expecting a war-torn land scarred by continuing famine will be shocked. Yet the economic claims of the government, the World Bank and other international agencies (which depend on state cooperation) deserve closer analysis.

TD On several big issues, Meles has become the voice of Africa and de facto leader of the New Partnership for African Development. He attends Group of 8 and G-20 meetings, says the right things about climate change and gets on well with United States President Barack Obama and Britain's Prime Minister David Cameron on Somalia.

In cold statistics, Meles's government - in power for 21 years - has presided over a formidable economic turnaround. A recent World Bank report suggested that Ethiopia navigated the global economic crisis in 2008-9 better than many others. Modest declines in exports, remittances and foreign investment have recovered to more than pre-crisis levels. The International Monetary Fund recently suggested that Ethiopia could join the middle-income countries if its rapid growth continued. All this follows government claims of average 11% annual economic growth for the last eight years. When pressed, IMF and World Bank officials concede the government's calculations are 'optimistic' but 'not by more than 1 or 2%'.

In November 2010, Ethiopia launched an ambitious five-year Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP), aiming to improve the economy, incomes and social indicators. The government finds Western models largely irrelevant, as was made clear at the opening of the new Chinese-built headquarters of the African Union in January. Meles talks of a 'Democratic Development State' on the lines of Taiwan, South Korea and (in the background) China.

Critical outsiders talk of 'developmental authoritarianism', lumping Ethiopia with Rwanda as its leading exponents. The idea is that the central government keeps a tight grip on political and social freedom, invests heavily in roads, power plants and communications, and promotes access to markets for small-scale producers. Apart from concern about political freedom, outside critics argue that developing states cannot credibly take on that role, even if backed by lavish Chinese finance.

Another great leap forward

The GTP assumes average growth of 11% at worst and 14.9% at best, doubling the size of the economy by 2015 and matching China's accelerated growth in the 1990s. It would involve doubling agricultural production, significant increases in industrial production (notably in sugar, with ten new factories), fertiliser, cement, metals, textiles and leather goods. Infrastructure plans include over 2,000 kilometres of railway and 88,000 km of new roads. Hydropower would increase by 8,000 megawatts to 10,000 MW, distributed to 75% of Ethiopia with the possibility of exporting to the rest of Africa and the Middle East. The target is to increase mobile telephone access to reach 45% of the population, a quadrupling of usage but still below South Africa and Nigeria.

Critics say the lack of competition in Ethiopia's telecommunications sector and lack of internet access are still holding back development. Overall, the aim is to reduce the incidence of poverty from 29% (2010) to 22%. Larger objectives are defined as attaining high growth within a stable macroeconomic framework - in a stable, democratic, 'developmental state'.

The Horn of Africa suffered its worst drought in decades in 2011. This year's March to May rains began late and will be below the long-term average; these short belg rains reduce annual food production by up to 30% in northern areas and by 40-50% in the south. A second successive dry year will increase regional food insecurity, especially in the south and east where some 3 million people now get food aid.

Exporting is more difficult because Ethiopia has no port but export earnings for the first eight months of the fiscal year showed a 16% rise on the previous year, with increased earnings from gold and oil seeds (Ethiopia is now the world's fourth largest exporter of sesame). The

Page 352 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. main earner, though, is coffee exports, which fell from 122,000 to 75,000 tonnes. The government's biggest problem is inflation, now at an annual average of 40%. Civil servants and teachers had pay rises last year, but below 40%. Even the director general in a ministry gets only 5,000 birr (US$285) a month. The price of tef, the basic grain, has doubled in the past year, while food prices have more than quadrupled. Blaming this on corrupt profiteering, the government made a brief, unsuccessful attempt to cap prices by order and increased public-sector salaries.

In early February, Meles claimed that inflation had fallen to 32%, saying he hoped it would drop to single figures by July or August. Yet February saw another surge to 36%, then a fall again in March. In early April, he still claimed that control measures were working. He again blamed external factors but tacitly accepted some responsibility by admitting the government had cut public borrowing and was controlling the money supply.

Local oppression

Some authority has been decentralised to district and local administrations which, some say, can be more oppressive than central government. Much control is organised through the ruling Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF), whose successes in the 2008 local and the 2010 national elections swept away the opposition parties.

An effort is under way to mobilise domestic savings. The government insists that the 78 bn. birr needed to fund the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam on the Abay/Blue Nile River (see Box, Running water, vaulting ambition) will be met internally though the sale of bonds and other resources. It is also trying to identify cuts to make without harming the whole. The customs authority is being reorganised and attempts made to maximise tax collection. The government is even preparing to take on the Mercato (market) in Addis Ababa, where it is estimated that half Ethiopia's financial transactions take place in 18,000 legal businesses and 9,000 illegal ones.

In 2011, the tax department took 50.8 bn. birr, 15 bn. up on the previous year; the first seven months of this fiscal year showed a further increase of 12.5 bn. birr. One much-criticised scheme is the drive to develop commercial agriculture by large-scale land leases to foreign companies: some call it land-grabbing. The government has identified 3 mn. hectares available for large-scale production of food or other crops, with nearly 1 mn. hectares of marginal land for bio-fuel crops: jatropha, castor, oil palm and pongamia. Last year's overall fuel bill was $1.7 bn., up by 25% on 2009-10; it is likely to be higher this year, as tension between Sudan and South Sudan cut off supplies. There are plans to increase ethanol production from the sugar factories now being built.

Page 353 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. Another policy international which non-governmental organisations criticise is the resettlement programme which would disrupt the traditional lifestyle of pastoralists - but give them secure livelihoods. In Gambella, Benishangul and Somali regions, 125,000 households have been resettled. On official figures, Ethiopia has reduced rural poverty, improved life expectancy, raised levels of education and other social indicators. The government says it is poised for take off with its large labour force and low wages. Yet the big political questions remain: how much freedom and accountability will the government allow? How fairly will the fruits of faster growth be spread?

Food, housing and water are deemed more important than democracy and trade unions. 'We're a fairly tough regime, no one denies that,' says an official in Addis, privately. He makes Ethiopia's world view clear: Eritrea is a menace; Somalia is not a cosy neighbour; the Oromo Liberation Front makes threatening noises but is in complete disarray. Foreign NGOs such as Human Rights Watch have difficulty entering the affected areas and horror stories emerge from the refugee camps about periodic political crackdowns.

Human rights training for the police has made little impact; trainees know that toughness is expected and that includes those trained by British specialists, whose contracts have been started, cancelled, then resumed. Meles talks of a democratic development state: it is likely to prove more developmental than democratic.

CO twban : The World Bank | wecof : World Economic Forum

WC 409 words

PD 10 May 2012

SN Renewable Energy Magazine

SC RENERG

LA English

LP University of Queensland researchers have planted five hectares of Pongamia trees at Hope Vale, north Queensland (Australia) in a bid to create a “commercially-viable plantation for sustainable regional development and biofuel production in northern Australia”.

TD In conjunction with Cape York's traditional land owners and partners, the ARC Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research (CILR) is aiming to plant a further 3,000 hectares within the first three years of the partnership, which will ultimately yield an estimated 10 to 15 million litres of biofuel. The seeds from the oil-rich Pongamia pinnata (also called Millettia) tree provide a sustainable solution to the production of biofuel, which in turn, will help alleviate the environmental ramifications caused by automotive, aviation, mining, energy, and marine industries. Director of the CILR Professor Peter Gresshoff is UQ's driving force behind the seven year project and believes the initial stages will demonstrate the utility of local biofuel production. “It's a native species that has already grown in the area for thousands of years,” he said. “More and more communities will be able to adopt our research and potentially support nations outside of Australia.” But if that's not enough of a reason, the tree requires minimal nitrogen fertiliser, grows fast, shows a strong tolerance to drought and salinity, plus it won't complete with prime agricultural land. The seeds are also inedible, which makes the crop worry free when it comes to the controversial food-for-fuel debate. John McIntyre of Balkanu Cape York Development Corporation says that project partners are also committed to indigenous employment as well as ensuring community and commercial success. “Approximately 80 new jobs will be created in the first five years,” he said. Over the next decade bio-based products will increasingly play a pivotal role in the global shift from fossil fuel dependent economies to a greener and cleaner future. Despite this promise, extensive research is needed for optimal genetic material suited to specific regions, innovative management and harvesting procedures and down-stream conversion and utilisation. Australia's current diesel requirement is about 20 billion litres a year. Professor Gresshoff said pongamia-derived biodiesel was thought to initially meet 20 per cent of the demand with only

Page 356 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. 7,000 square kilometers of plantations. It was an unlimited possibility considering the country has close to one million square kilometres where Pongamia trees could flourish. For additional information: CILR

RE austr : Australia | queensl : Queensland | apacz : Asia Pacific | ausnz : Australia/Oceania

PUB Haya Comunicacion S.L.

AN Document RENERG0020120903e85a00038

WC 409 words

PD 10 May 2012

SN Renewable Energy Magazine

SC RENERG

LA English

Page 358 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. 7,000 square kilometers of plantations. It was an unlimited possibility considering the country has close to one million square kilometres where Pongamia trees could flourish. For additional information: CILR

RE austr : Australia | queensl : Queensland | apacz : Asia Pacific | ausnz : Australia/Oceania

PUB Haya Comunicacion S.L.

AN Document RENERG0020120510e85a00006

HD sun spots

WC 232 words

PD 9 May 2012

SN Cairns Sun

SC CAIRSU

ED 1

PG 3

LA English

LP Biofuel plantation

HOPE VALE

TD QUEENSLAND researchers have planted five hectares of native pongamia trees at Hope Vale in a bid to create a commercially viable plantation for biofuel production. The trees require minimal nitrogen fertiliser, grow fast and show a strong tolerance to drought and salinity. The project, involving traditional land owners, will expand to 3000 hectares in the first three years and create 80 new jobs in the first five years.

Aussies love a cruise

AUSTRALIA

A RECORD 623,294 Australians took a cruise last year, up from 466,672 in 2010 - with the country leading the world in terms of growth. Queenslanders accounted for 24 per cent of total passengers, behind NSW on 40 per cent. The South Pacific was the most popular destination with an 80 per cent jump in numbers cruising to New Zealand.

Mill sale a boost

MOSSMAN

THE sale of Mossman Central Mill to Mackay Sugar will create certainty for local growers and present broader opportunities for the region's sugar industry, says Member for Leichhardt Warren Entsch. Mackay Sugar has entered a binding agreement to buy the mill for $25m, aiming to boost cane supply by 25 per cent in the first four years.

Koalas threatened

QUEENSLAND

KOALAS in Queensland, NSW and ACT will be listed as a threatened species by the Australian Government, acting on the recommendation of a Senate Inquiry.

NS gcat : Political/General News

RE austr : Australia | apacz : Asia Pacific | ausnz : Australia/Oceania

PUB News Ltd.

AN Document CAIRSU0020120508e85900003

HD Project grows the future

WC 224 words

PD 8 May 2012

SN Atherton Tablelander

SC NLTABL

ED 1

PG 23

LA English

LP A PUSH to create the first commercially-viable biofuel tree plantation in northern Australia has led to plantings at Hope Vale.

University of Queensland researchers have planted 5ha of pongamia trees at the community.

TD In conjunction with Cape York's traditional land owners and partners, the ARC Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research is aiming to plant a further 3000ha within the first three years of the partnership, which will ultimately yield an estimated 10 to 15 million litres of biofuel.

The seeds from the oil-rich pongamia pinnata tree provide a sustainable solution to the production of biofuel, which in turn, will help alleviate the environmental ramifications caused by automotive, aviation, mining, energy, and marine industries. Director of the CILR, Professor Peter Gresshoff, is UQ's driving force behind the project. He said he believed the initial stages will demonstrate the utility of local biofuel production.

"It's a native species that has already grown in the area for thousands of years," he said.

"More and more communities will be able to adopt our research and potentially support nations outside of Australia."

But if that is not reason enough, he said

the tree requires minimal nitrogen fertiliser, grows fast, shows a strong tolerance to drought and salinity, plus it won't compete with prime agricultural land.

CO tuoqa : The University of Queensland

RE queensl : Queensland | apacz : Asia Pacific | ausnz : Australia/Oceania | austr : Australia

PUB News Ltd.

AN Document NLTABL0020120514e8580001l

SE India

HD Government told to decide fast on bio-fuels programme: Parliament panel

WC 613 words

PD 7 May 2012

SN Indo-Asian News Service

SC HNIANS

LA English

LP New Delhi, May 7 (IANS) Rapping the rural development ministry's land resources department for the "inordinate delay" in finalising a bio-fuels programme, a parliamentary panel has sought for the matter be placed before the cabinet at the earliest for a decision on its continuance.

The Standing Committee on Rural Development, in its report on the demands for grants of the land resources department, noted that the bio-fuels programme was started in 2003 and "in- principle" approval had been given for "demonstration phase" involving plantation over 300,000 hectares of bio-diesel producing non-edible oilseeds (jatropha and pongamia) on degraded forest and waste land.

TD "The committee are perturbed to note that there is inordinate delay in finalisation of bio-fuels programme," it said.

The report, which was presented to parliament May 2, said the entire programme has been engulfed in a prolonged debate on the issue of its viability among the department concerned, the Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA), a group of ministers (GoM) and The Energy Research Institute (TERI).

"The outcome of this long debate has not only consumed a decade of uncertainty on the issue, but also the entire programme is shrouded in mystery," the panel said.

It noted that funds have not been allocated for bio-fuels programme in the current fiscal

"The department has informed that assessment report submitted by TERI is so negative that there is no scope for going in for further demonstration of jatropha plantation in the country. It has further been informed that it is now for union cabinet to take a decision in the matter...The department should place the matter before the union cabinet at the earliest for taking a conscious decision on continuance or otherwise of the bio-fuels programme," the panel's report urged.

A senior official of the department told the panel that a study by TERI had found the programme to be financially unviable.

"The TERI study had informed that when a plantation is grown on wastelands or un-irrigated lands, the energy we get back is not commensurate with the expenditure that has gone for plantation. So they are saying that it is not economically viable and it is not possible for India to convert agricultural land into jatropha-growing land because we will face a very acute food security problem. This position is before us and we have to take a very conscious decision," the official told the panel.

The Planning Commission had set up a committee on development of bio-fuels, which in its report in 2003, recommended launching a national commission on bio-diesel.

A proposal for establishing a National Mission of Bio-Diesel, with approval of the expenditure finance committee in 2006, was placed before CCEA which referred the matter to the GoM headed by the union agriculture minister.

The GoM met in February 2009 and gave "in principle" conditional approval for the establishment of the mission.

The recommendations were submitted to the cabinet by the new and renewable energy ministry and it gave conditional approval to the programme to take up to 300,000 hectare plantation of bio-diesel producing, non-edible oilseeds species on degraded forest land subject to receipt of positive feedback of the assessment of the plantation work already carried out in the country.

The union cabinet had approved the implementation of national policy on bio-fuels in 2008. The policy proposed an "indicative target" of 20 percent blending of bio-fuels, both for biodiesel and bio-ethanol by 2017.

AN Document HNIANS0020120507e857001jo

PD 4 May 2012

SN Drug Week

SC DRGW

PG 1062

LA English

LP 2012 MAY 4 - (NewsRx.com) -- Research findings, "Antioxidant, Antimicrobial Properties and Phenolics of Different Solvent Extracts from Bark, Leaves and Seeds of Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre," are discussed in a new report. "This study appraises the antioxidant and antimicrobial attributes of various solvent extracts (absolute methanol, aqueous methanol, absolute ethanol, aqueous ethanol, absolute acetone, aqueous acetone, and deionized water) from bark, leaves and seeds of Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre. Maximum extraction yield of antioxidant components from bark (16.31%), leaves (11.42%) and seeds (21.51%) of P. pinnata was obtained using aqueous methanol (20:80)," scientists in Faisalabad, Pakistan report.

TD "Of the extracts tested, the bark extract, obtained with aqueous methanol, exhibited greater levels of total phenolics [6.94 g GAE/100 g dry weight (DW)], total flavonoids (3.44 g CE/100 g DW), inhibition of linoleic acid peroxidation (69.23%) and DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC(50) value, 3.21 g/mL), followed by leaves and seeds extracts. Bark extract tested against a set of bacterial and fungal strains also revealed the strongest antimicrobial activity with the largest inhibition zone and lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). HPLC analysis of aqueous methanol extracts from bark, leaves and seeds indicated the presence of protocatechuic, ellagic, ferulic, gallic, gentisic, 4-hydroxybenzoic and 4-hydroxycinnamic acids in bark (1.50-6.70 mg/100 g DW); sorbic, ferulic, gallic, salicylic and p-coumaric acids in leaves (1.18-4.71 mg/100 g DW); vanillic, gallic and tannic acids in seeds (0.52-0.65 mg/100 g DW) as the main phenolic acids," wrote Z.I. Sajid and colleagues, University of Agriculture.

The researchers concluded: "The present investigation concludes that the tested parts of P. pinnata, in particular the bark, have strong potential for the isolation of antioxidant and antimicrobial agents for functional food and pharmaceutical uses."

Sajid and colleagues published their study in Molecules (Antioxidant, Antimicrobial Properties and Phenolics of Different Solvent Extracts from Bark, Leaves and Seeds of Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre. Molecules, 2012;17(4):3917-32).

For more information, contact Z.I. Sajid, Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan.

IN i257 : Pharmaceuticals

AN Document DRGW000020120427e854000xe

SE BUSINESS

HD Panel asks govt to take final call on bio-fuel programme

WC 358 words

PD 2 May 2012

SN Press Trust of India

SC PRTRIN

LA English

LP New Delhi, May 2 (PTI) Urging the Union Cabinet to take a decision soon on continuance of bio-fuels programme, a Parliamentary Panel has said the ambitious project started in 2003 to reduce India's diesel consumption is "shrouded in mystery" .

The panel voiced concern over "inordinate" delay in finalisation of bio-fuels programme and slammed the government for prolonged debates at its various levels on the issue of its "viability or non-viobality".

TD "The Committee are perturbed to note that there is inordinate delay in finalisation of bio-fuels programme which was started way back in April, 2003...," Standing Committee on Rural Development said in its report on Department of Land Resources.

The programme was started following in-principle approval of demonstration phase by taking up three lakh hectare plantations on bio-diesel producing non-edible oilseeds species (Jatropha and Pongamia) on degraded forest land and waste land.

"However, thereafter, the entire programme has been engulfed in a prolonged debate on the issue of viability or non-viability of the programme amongst the Department of Land Resources, Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA), Group of Ministers (GoM) and The Energy Research Institute (TERI)," the Committe, chaired by Sumitra Mahajan, said in its report.

"The outcome of this long debate has not only consumed a decade of uncertainty on the issue, but also the entire programme is shrouded in mystery," the report tabled in both

Noting that no funds have been allocated for bio-fuel programme for the current financial year, the Committee said, the Department of Land Resources has infromed that the assessment report submitted by TERI is "so negative that there is no scope for going in for further demonstration of Jatropha plantation in the country".

"It has further been informed that it is now for the Union Cabinet to take a decision in the matter.

"The Committee, therefore, recommend that the Department should place the matter before the Union Cabinet at the earliest for taking a conscious decision on continuance or otherwise of bio-fuels programme," it said.

AN Document PRTRIN0020120502e852009vo

WC 186 words

PD 2 May 2012

SN The Ballarat Courier

SC FBALAC

PG 18

LA English

LP Scientists and remote indigenous communities are teaming up to explore the use of native pongamia trees as a potential biofuel source.

University of Queensland researchers, in conjunction with Cape York traditional land owners, have already planted five hectares of the trees near the remote community of Hope Vale, north of Cooktown.

TD The team hopes to plant a further 3000ha of pongamia trees in the next three years, with the aim of producing between 10 and 15 million litres of biofuel.

Pongamia trees, also known as millettia trees, produce an inedible, but oil-rich seed, and grow naturally across northern Australia.

Balkanu Cape York Development Corporation spokesman John McIntyre said the project was a great opportunity for local employment for indigenous people.

"Approximately 80 new jobs will be created in the first five years," he said.

The project's lead researcher Peter Gresshoff said the research could also transform Australia's biofuels industry.

"More and more communities will be able to adopt our research and potentially support nations outside of Australia," he said.

RE queensl : Queensland | victor : Victoria | apacz : Asia Pacific | ausnz : Australia/Oceania | austr : Australia PUB Fairfax Media Management Pty Limited

AN Document FBALAC0020120501e85200016

HD Remote site for biofuel project

WC 164 words

PD 2 May 2012

SN The Cairns Post

SC CAIRPO

ED 1

PG 15

LA English

LP Scientists and remote indigenous communities are teaming up to explore the use of native pongamia trees as a potential biofuel source.

University of Queensland researchers, in conjunction with Cape York traditional land owners, have planted five hectares of the trees near the community of Hope Vale, north of Cooktown.

TD The team hopes to plant a further 3000 hectares of pongamia trees in the next three years, with the aim of producing between 10 and 15 million litres of biofuel.

Pongamia trees, also known as millettia trees, produce an inedible, but oil-rich seed, and grow in northern Australia.

Balkanu Cape York Development Corporation spokesman John McIntyre said the project was a great opportunity for local employment for indigenous people.

"Approximately 80 new jobs will be created in the first five years," he said.

The project's lead researcher Peter Gresshoff said about 20 per cent of Australia's diesel needs could be supplied by 7000sqm of pongamia plantations.

CO tuoqa : The University of Queensland

RE queensl : Queensland | apacz : Asia Pacific | ausnz : Australia/Oceania | austr : Australia

PUB News Ltd.

AN Document CAIRPO0020120501e8520000s

PD 1 May 2012

SN Household & Personal Products Industry

SC HPPI

PG 28

VOL ISSN: 0090-8878; Volume 49; Issue 5

LA English

LP * CHINA: Ringier Trade Media Ltd. and Reed Sinopharm Exhibitions Co., Ltd. have announced the winners of the 2012 China Personal Care & Cosmetics innovation Awards (CPCIA 2012).

The 2012 China Personal Care & Cosmetics Innovation Awards is coorganized by Ringier Trade Media and its magazine HAPPI China and Reed Sinopharm Exhibitions and its trade show-The Personal Care and Homecare Ingredients 2012 (PCHi 2012).

TD Winners received awards for their innovative products and technologies, which drive development in China's personal care and cosmetics industry. Meanwhile, all winners received a free showcase opportunity at the most traffic-attractive space at PC1-11 2011 where trade show visitors were able to learn more about the winning technologies and products.

The winners were: Anti-aging Ingredients--Exsymol, OTZ 10; Lonza, ReGeniS tem Red Rice; Merck Chemicals (Shanghai) Co., Ltd.,

Ronacare Cyclopeptide-5; Clariant Chemicals (China) Ltd., Vitipure; Evonik Degussa Specialty Chemicals (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Tego Smooth; and Evonik Degussa Specialty Chemicals (Shanghai) Co., Ltd, HyaCare Filler CL. Whitening/Brightening Ingredients--Beijing Brilliance Biochemical Co., Ltd., Raspberrvketone Glucoside; DSM Nutritional Products, Regu-Fade; and Wuhan Tallyho Biological Production Co., Skin Longevity Factor Peptide. Soothing/Anti-Irritating Ingredients--DSM Nutritional Products, Pentayitin; and Symrise Shanghai Co., SymPeptide 226EL. UV Stablizer/ Sunscreen--Sethic International Co., Ltd.,

Page 375 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. Lvcoprotect; Givaudan, Pongamia Extract; and Mibclle Biochemistry, SunActin. Anti- Contamination Technology--Guangzhou Honsea Sunshine Bio-science & Technology Co., Magnolia Bark Extract; Emulsifying Technology Evonik Degussa Specialty Chemicals (Shanghai) Co., Super Low Viscosity Stable W/O System; and Wacker Chemie (China) Co., Wacker-Belsil 128 VP. Delivering Technology--Merck Chemicals (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Ronacare Ectoin Fluid. Feel Enhancing/ Conditioning Technology--Guangzhou Tinci Materials Technology Co., Starch Hydroxypropyltrimonium; Rhodia Asia Pacific Pte Ltd., Rheomer 33; and Dow Personal Care, EcoSmooth Satin: A Novel Conditioning Polymer for Skin and Hair.

More info: www.industrysourcing.com

CO merck : Merck KGaA | rbtlga : Evonik Industries AG | rurkol : RAG AG

AN Document HPPI000020120522e8510000z

HD Highights of the AAP National Wire = 2

WC 762 words

PD 1 May 2012

SN Australian Associated Press General News

SC AAP

LA English

LP HIGHLIGHTS CANBERRA - A global campaign to get children out of immigration detention has turned its focus on Australia. (Detention)

SYDNEY - NSW Nationals Leader Andrew Stoner faced down thousands of jeering protesters as he tried to quell anger over the government's policy on coal seam gas (CSG). (CSG NSW Wrap); see also CSG Rally Breeders

TD SYDNEY - A retired Catholic priest and friend of the NSW attorney general was taken to hospital after being charged with a raft of child sexual offences dating back to the 1970s. (Legal: Egan Wrap with video)

SYDNEY - NSW police have rejected claims they illegally used a computer firm's software, saying it had a "site licence" giving it access to the database program. (Piracy)

SYDNEY - A man has been charged over carjackings at Sydney's domestic airport in which a chauffeur was stabbed. (Carjack Second Update)

SYDNEY - Sydney CEOs will swap the penthouse for a patch of concrete to raise funds for the city's homeless. (Sleepout)

SYDNEY - A nightclub bouncer punched a "significantly intoxicated" patron twice in the head, causing him to fall and hit his head on the pavement, a Sydney jury has been told. (Legal: Iqbal)

MELBOURNE - A Victorian man will be extradited to Queensland to face charges including

BRISBANE - Police forensic experts are working to discover how Brisbane woman Allison Baden-Clay died. (Baden Wrap)

BRISBANE - The Queensland government says it won't relax its opposition to uranium mining despite a push by Mount Isa's new mayor, former state Labor minister Tony McGrady. (Uranium)

BRISBANE - A Queensland Christian school has been accused of sacking a kindergarten teacher because she fell pregnant out of wedlock. (Pregnant)

BRISBANE - A Queensland police officer opened fire on a stolen car that was driven at detectives north of Brisbane. (Stolen )

BRISBANE - The Gold Coast's new mayor wants outlaw motorcycle gangs to sit down and talk through their differences "like good corporate citizens". (Bikies)

BRISBANE - The youngest man in Queensland to be given an indefinite sentence for a frenzied stabbing attack on a teacher has faced court for slashing a fellow inmate's throat. (Legal: Hatten)

BRISBANE - Queensland public service managers have been retrenching workers to please the new government, a union says. (Union Qld)

CAIRNS - Scientists and remote indigenous communities are teaming up to explore the use of native pongamia trees as a potential biofuel source. (Pongamia)

CAIRNS - A mayoral candidate in a remote indigenous community in Queensland's Gulf Country was stabbed the night before the state's council elections. (Candidate)

ADELAIDE - A presumed murder victim may have died from his treatment in hospital rather than an earlier stabbing, an Adelaide court has heard. (Legal: Haughey)

ADELAIDE - A new corruption watchdog in South Australia will get whatever funds it needs to do its job, Premier Jay Weatherill says. (ICAC SA)

ADELAIDE - A suggested change to how GST revenue is carved up could cost South Australia $1 billion a year, Premier Jay Weatherill says. (GST SA )

Page 378 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. PERTH - West Australian Premier Colin Barnett says if the distribution of the GST revenue is not fairly shared between the states, the bigger states will take the matter into their own hands. (GST WA)

PERTH - West Australian Premier Colin Barnett says an 8.3 per cent increase in the cost of gas needs to be put into "perspective". (Gas WA)

PERTH - Former prime minister John Howard predicts Prime Minister Julia Gillard will be rolled by her predecessor Kevin Rudd before the next election. (Howard)

FREMANTLE - The world's first wave energy-to-power grid project has received a $10 million boost from the federal government. (Waves)

HOBART - The Tasmanian Greens are on the attack over timber company Gunns' share trading suspension on the stock exchange, calling for a further extension to be refused. (Gunns)

HOBART - Tasmanian Liberal leader Will Hodgman says federal counterpart Tony Abbott is wrong on GST distribution. (GST Tas)

HOBART - A man accused of a hammer murder in Devonport last year has changed his plea to guilty. (Legal: Leary)

DARWIN - The Northern Territory government has delivered a budget with no new taxes and no tax increases despite a big hit to GST revenues and falling mining royalties. (BudgetNT)

ENTERTAINMENT

MELBOURNE - Former soapie heart throb Dieter Brummer has avoided a criminal conviction over a Logies night scuffle with Crown Casino bouncers. (Legal: Brummer)

MEDICAL

CAIRNS - The Australasian College of Cosmetic Surgery will unveil a code of practice seal to help consumers avoid dodgy doctors. (Cosmetic)

AAP bwL

NS gmurd : Murder/Manslaughter | gcat : Political/General News | gcrim : Crime/Courts

AN Document AAP0000020120501e85100692

HD QLD:Qld tree to be tested as biofuel source

WC 213 words

PD 1 May 2012

SN Australian Associated Press General News

SC AAP

LA English

LP PONGAMIA CAIRNS, May 1 AAP - Scientists and remote indigenous communities are teaming up to explore the use of native pongamia trees as a potential biofuel source.

University of Queensland researchers, in conjunction with Cape York traditional land owners, have already planted five hectares of the trees near the remote community of Hope Vale, north of Cooktown.

TD The team hopes to plant a further 3000 hectares of pongamia trees in the next three years, with the aim of producing between 10 and 15 million litres of biofuel.

Pongamia trees, also known as millettia trees, produce an inedible, but oil-rich seed, and grow naturally across northern Australia.

Balkanu Cape York Development Corporation spokesman John McIntyre said the project was a great opportunity for local employment for indigenous people.

"Approximately 80 new jobs will be created in the first five years," he said.

The project's lead researcher Peter Gresshoff said the research could also transform Australia's biofuels industry.

"More and more communities will be able to adopt our research and potentially support nations outside of Australia," he said.

Professor Gresshoff said around 20 per cent of Australia's diesel demand could be supplied

AAP pbc/gd/maur

CO tuoqa : The University of Queensland

RE austr : Australia | queensl : Queensland | apacz : Asia Pacific | ausnz : Australia/Oceania

PUB Australian Associated Press Pty Ltd

AN Document AAP0000020120501e851002mh

WC 673 words

PD 30 April 2012

SN L'Agéfi Suisse

SC AGFIF

LA French

LP La plante du jatropha, arbuste venimeux aux fruits gorgés d'huile, devait changer la face du monde de l'énergie. Elle a finalement conduit ceux qui y ont cru proche de la faillite. Acteur emblématique du secteur, la société britannique D1 Oils avait convaincu nombre d'investisseurs prestigieux de sa vision. La plante miracle, s'acclimatant aux milieux arides, voire désertiques, allait fournir des quantités démentielles de matière première pour la production de biodiesel, sans réduire la disponibilité des terres arables pour la production de nourriture. Aujourd'hui, l'ampleur de la déception se reflète dans le surnom que les spécialistes du secteur lui ont donné: "l'huile invisible".

TD En 2007, la supermajor BP s'enthousiasme pour le jatropha au point d'investir près de 100 millions de dollars dans une joint venture avec D1 Oils. Deux ans après, le constat est sans appel: les rendements sont anémiques, la rentabilité impossible. La promesse d'oasis verts fleurissant les déserts s'est transformée en mirage, faisant disparaitre plusieurs centaines de millions de dollars.

Mais D1 Oils, pionnier devenu un temps la risée du secteur des biocarburants, est en phase de rédemption. L'opérationnel de Neos Resources, son nouveau nom, est désormais dirigé par Nicholas Myerson, 26 ans, qui porte la nouvelle stratégie du groupe avec une assurance déconcertante pour son âge. " Nous sommes en train de devenir une société importante de trading de matières premières, affirme t-il d'entrée. Même si notre projet initial de culture du jatropha en Inde n'a pas donné les résultats escomptés, principalement à cause du manque d'incitatifs financiers pour les cultivateurs locaux, notre savoir-faire nous permet aujourd'hui d'être un acteur incontournable des oléagineux non-alimentaires." Les huiles de castor, de pongamia, de margousier et de mahua sont les quatre autres produits dont Neos Resources veut devenir un trader incontournable. Basée en Asie du Sud-Est et en Inde, où elle possède

Page 383 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. trois unités de trituration, la société achète les graines, les transporte, les stocke puis les transforme en huile afin d'être vendue sur les marchés internationaux.

Ce n'est donc pas un hasard si M. Myerson est actif depuis Genève, alors que le siège se trouve à Londres. "Notre succès passe obligatoirement par un accès privilégié au capital, afin de financer la croissance de nos volumes de trading. A Genève, je peux à la fois rencontrer tous les acteurs du commodity trade finance et nouer des liens avec nos clients potentiels, les sociétés de négoce. A terme, notre intention est de nous implanter officiellement ici."

Elément clé du développement futur, toutes les plantes dont sont issus les produits de la société peuvent pousser sur des terres marginales. "Notre stratégie repose sur la diversification des produits que nous transformons, ainsi que sur la diversification de leurs utilisations finales, explique Nicolas Myerson. La même huile peut être transformée en biocarburant, en lubrifiant, en cosmétique ou être utilisée par l'industrie pharmaceutique. Nous bénéficions ainsi d'une couverture des risques optimale." Selon lui, le besoin des industries en oléagineux non-alimentaires va considérablement croitre dans les années à venir, ce qui poussera les prix et la production vers le haut, en faisant des matières premières à part entière.

C'est ainsi que D1 Oils essaye une nouvelle fois de renaître de ses cendres. La plongée en enfer de son titre, qui valait 300 pounds en 2007, s'est pourtant poursuivie après l'annonce de la nouvelle stratégie. Le 26 avril, l'action a touché son plus bas, à 1 pound. Mais la liste des actionnaires principaux a de quoi porter un crédit important aux espoirs du jeune dirigeant. Le plus gros fonds du monde, BlackRock, possède 6.7% du capital, Lansdowne Partners en contrôle 30%, et Principle Capital, dont le chairman n'est autre que le père de Nicholas Myerson, 25.4%.n

RF agefi_ISSN14219484_20120430_003002_RELANCE_AU_PLUS_HAUT_NIVEAU_A_GENEV E.xml CO dooil : NEOS Resources PLC

PUB AGEFI, Societe de l'Agence Economique et Financiere S.A.

AN Document AGFIF00020120430e84u0000a

Page 384 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. HD Relance au plus haut niveau après un échec spectaculaire; NEOS RESOURCES. L'ancienne D1 Oils se réoriente dans le trading et prépare son implantation à Genève. CR Agefi

WC 345 words

PD 30 April 2012

SN L'Agéfi Suisse

SC AGFIF

LA French

LP Au départ, le jatropha devait contribuer à la résolution des problèmes énergétiques à l'échelle du monde. Il a finalement conduit l'entreprise britannique D1 Oils au bord de la faillite. Le potentiel de cette plante capable de produire des fruits gorgés d'huile dans des milieux arides s'est assez vite transformé en mirage. En 2007, le groupe BP investissait près de 100 millions de dollars dans un joint venture avec D1 Oils. Deux ans après, le constat était sans appel: rendements anémiques, rentabilité impossible. La biotech est devenue la risée du secteur, qui a surnommé le jatropha "l'huile invisible".

TD Aujourd'hui, malgré une décote de 99% sur le marché actions, D1 n'est pas mort. A Genève, son nouveau et jeune directeur opérationnel de 26 ans, Nicholas Myerson, tente de convaincre le commodity trade finance que le repositionnement de l'entreprise comme trader d'oléagineux non alimentaires va la relancer au plus haut niveau. Renommée Neos Resources depuis quelques semaines, la société a même l'intention de suivre à terme son dirigeant en s'implantant à Genève.

L'ambition de devenir dans ces conditions si particulières une nouvelle référence du swiss trading ferait évidemment sourire si Black Rock, premier fonds d'investissement coté du monde, ne figurait pas parmi les actionnaires principaux (à hauteur de 6.7%). D'autres grands fonds britanniques d'investissement, dont Lansdowne Partners, semblent également convaincus de la rédemption possible du pionnier des huiles non alimentaires (telles que le castor ou le pongamia). La diversification des produits devrait permettre à Neos Resource de se placer sur plusieurs segments de marché. En plus du débouché des biocarburants, les huiles non alimentaires sont également de plus en plus recherchées dans les industries cosmétique et pharmaceutique. Des niches apparemment appelées à se développer considérablement ces dix prochaines années. page 3

RF agefi_ISSN14219484_20120430_001005_RELANCE_AU_PLUS_HAUT_NIVEAU_APRES_U N_ECHEC_SPECTACULAIRE.xml CO bp : BP PLC | dooil : NEOS Resources PLC

PUB AGEFI, Societe de l'Agence Economique et Financiere S.A.

AN Document AGFIF00020120430e84u00005

HD Intellectual Property India Publishes Patent Application for 'Synergistic Herbal Composition' Filed by Amit Agarwal WC 179 words

PD 27 April 2012

SN Indian Government News

SC HTINGN

LA English

LP MUMBAI, India, April 27 -- Intellectual Property India has published a patent application (1107/CHE/2009) filed by Amit Agarwal, Bangalore, Karnataka, on May 13, 2009 for a 'synergistic herbal composition.'

The application for the patent - which was invented by Amit Agarwal, India- was published on March 30 under journal no. 13/2012.

TD According to the abstract released by the Intellectual Property India: "The present invention comprises taking the extracts / distillates of Pongamia and Pinus species and mixing them with an emulsifier and suitable excipients thoroughly. The resulting mixture is then mixed with a gel base in order to obtain an anti-microbial topical care composition in the form of a gel. The resulting composition has powerful antimicrobial, anti-maggot and wound healing (vulnerary) activities. The present invention comprises a herbal vulnerary and anti-microbial topical care composition and the process to prepare the composition."

AN Document HTINGN0020120427e84r000b5

SE CORPORATE

HD IOC to review biofuel business strategy

BY Richa Mishra

WC 327 words

PD 23 April 2012

SN Business Line (The Hindu)

SC BSNLNE

LA English

LP High costs, uncertain yield, less availability of wasteland are some of the reasons that have compelled Indian Oil Corporation (IOC) to review its biofuel business strategy.

At present, there is a question mark over the commercial viability of large-scale jatropha projects unless high-yielding planting material and financial support (Government incentives) are made available, say industry observers.

TD Jatropha is an environment-friendly oilseed plant that is used to produce bio-diesel.

“The ground reality was different than what was expected. We are now reviewing how to proceedin the business,” Mr A.M.K. Sinha, Director, Planning & Business Development, IOC, said.

However, the company is committed to its ongoing jatropha plantation projects in Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, and Uttar Pradesh, he told Business Line. A review of the Madhya Pradesh projects will be done at the end of 2013-14, while operations of the UP project will be reviewed soon. For the Chhattisgarh project, the investments planned for three years starting 2011-12 is about Rs 16 crore (investments till March 31, 2011 estimated over Rs 8 crore), the Madhya Pradesh project had an investment plan of approximately Rs 1.5 crore (Rs 1.6 crore till March 31, 2011), and Uttar Pradesh about Rs 12.5 crore (Rs 0.2 crore till March 31, 2011).

Page 389 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. On the challenges before the company, Mr Sinha said, “Access to land is a big challenge for such projects. As we started on the projects, we found that availability of wasteland is much lower than recorded.”

The next challenge was uncertain yield, he said, adding “we are now in talks with a US-based company, which has developed a high-yield variety of seeds. The company is also planning field trials of pongamia pinnata.”

Mr Sinha said apart from team and skill building, enhanced learning on jatropha curcas plantation with a low-cost model is being done.

[email protected]

CO ioc : Indian Oil Corporation Ltd

IN i1 : Energy | i14 : Petroleum/Coal Products | i14001 : Petroleum Refining

NS c11 : Plans/Strategy | ccat : Corporate/Industrial News

AN Document BSNLNE0020120423e84n0000d

SE SCI-TECH & AGRI

HD Self-reliance and diversification may bring in profits

BY M.J. Prabu

WC 814 words

PD 19 April 2012

SN The Hindu

SC THINDU

LA English

LP SCI-TECH & AGRI A field must be like a kirana store where one can buy practically anything Farming requires patience and consistence. The development of civilisation and the plough are directly linked.

“Whatever be the development in any sphere, without agriculture it cannot be sustained.

TD “But the sad fact is, in our country it is the farmers who are being neglected and suffer for no fault of theirs,” says farmer Sadananda from Tapasihalli village, Doddaballapura taluk, Karnataka.

Mr. Sadananda has been conferred several State and national awards in recognition of his work on integrated farming.

The most important features of Mr. Sadananda's farming are, use of own manure, least dependence on external input, and use of family labour.

Income gap

“An IT professional may earn Rs.50,000 in just six months of joining a company whereas a farmer who is growing crops in 10 acres, is not able to afford even Rs. 10,000 to meet some expenditure.

“Even big farmers find it difficult to get their daughters married as they don't have the cash on hand. They need to pledge their lands to raise the money. What to say of small farmers then?” he queries.

“Though today this might not be true for several farmers in the country, I want to differ on this. Look at my area, just 2 acres and some cents, and my annual income is between Rs. 7 lakh and Rs. 8 lakh in a year,” he says.

“Earning money is not a difficult job for farmers.” The secret lies in making use of the available land area and making best use of available resources and technologies according to him.

Mr. Sadananda started cultivating vegetables initially and realized a reasonable income. But he says “the income and marketing did not prove satisfactory”.

He planned the cropping pattern in such a way that it included a combination of perennial, annual, and seasonal crops as well as livestock rearing.

Different crops

Accordingly, he planted 50 coconut trees, most of them around the field borders, and also planted Chikku, Jack (bearing round the year), Agase (fodder trees), Teak, Silver Oak, Pongamia and other trees. In about 20 cents he planted arecanut and adopted organic mulching.

“Till 2003-04, I planned my own cropping pattern including dairy, sheep, and biogas, obtaining a net income of around Rs. 3 lakh. During 2005-06 I came into contact with the Rural Bioresource Complex Project (RBRC) project staff from the University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, and acted on their advice to shift the cropping pattern from more of vegetables to floriculture, nursery raising, adding improved breeds of sheep, vermicomposting, backyard poultry, and azolla production,” he explains.

And also animals

The farmer started rearing poultry birds in the arecanut plantation by using shade net as fencing material and planted rose in one acre and twenty cents of land. Subsequently, he started raising a vegetable nursery in an area of 10 cents based on the local demand. Two cross-bred cows generate 6,000 litres of milk annually.

“Since I got free cow dung I set up a bio gas plant and also erected drip irrigation to use water judiciously. Since labour is a problem, I modified my old scooter into a power sprayer for spraying, and fertigation for my crops,” he adds.

According to him, money generation serves as a big energy booster for a farmer. “What farmers in our country need today is finance. Practically all other inputs are available for them. Whatever be the technology, they must be able to deliver results — be practical and feasible. Merely talking cannot solve the problem,” is his conviction.

Useless information

He further adds, “If you look at some of the available government and international websites, they give details of the area of sowing, the seasons, cropping, and other information.

“But in reality this information does not help grassroots farmers. Of what use are these data for farmers when they are suffering?” he asks.

There is absolutely no basis for expecting the impossible. Careful study, interacting with other experienced farmers, and experts alone will help, according to him.

“A field should be like a kirana store (provision store),” he says. “One can get almost any edible item from the shop. Similarly a farmer must start growing different crops along with fish, poultry, and cattle.

“Crops are like long term deposits and animals are for the short term, that mature in some months. Even if one fails, the others will bail him out,” he explains.

For more details readers can contact Mr. Mr. Sadananda at Tapasihalli village, Doddaballapura taluk, Bangalore rural district, phone: 808-7659151 and mobile No.9342022146.

NS c21 : Output/Production | ccat : Corporate/Industrial News

AN Document THINDU0020120419e84j000je

SE Natural Resources

HD The name’s the same, but the ambition is to grow a giant

BY Tim Webb

WC 677 words

PD 16 April 2012

ET 00:01 GMT

SN thetimes.co.uk

SC TIMEUK

LA English

LP The son of a disgraced executive is aiming to turn the biofuel minnow his father once headed into the Glencore of non-edible crops.

Nicky Myerson has already carved out one victory at Neos Resources — formerly D1 Oils — that his father Brian Myerson had fought for. Two years ago, Mr Myerson Sr mounted a failed coup at the company, intent on ditching jatropha, a tropical tree that D1 Oils’ previous management had hailed as a miracle biofuel crop.

TD Subsequently, his investment vehicle, then the company’s largest shareholder, helped to install his son as executive director. Together with the executive chairman Steven Rudofsky, Nicky Myerson, 26, has succeeded where his father failed and the London-listed company is diversifying away from jatropha.

Now Mr Myerson Jr wants to go further to restore the fortunes of a company that is valued at only £2.3 million but which once boasted the former Shell chairman Lord Oxburgh on its board. In an interview with The Times, he outlined a grand vision for D1 Oils to emulate the success of Ivan Glasenberg’s commodity trading empire — Glencore.

He was less keen to talk about the involvement of his father, who was banned from City

Mr Myerson Sr was found guilty of breaking the Takeover Code and of lying to the Takeover Panel. The panel ruled that he and an associate had acted as a concert party to invest in Principle Capital Investment Trust.

Brian Myerson’s investment vehicle Principle Capital Investments Ltd is today Neos Resources’ second-biggest shareholder, with 25.4 per cent. Neos — renamed last month to mark its radical new strategy — is moving into Principle’s West End offices. Neos said that its advisors had cleared the rental agreement, which was described by sources as a purely “practical arrangement".

Mr Myerson Jr insisted that the ambitious new strategy for Neos, which floated in London in 2004, had not been influenced by his father. “The vision for Neos has been developed by Steven and myself," he said.

That vision has echoes of the original biofuel industry boom. That was fuelled by generous government subsidies and new environmental regulations, but the use of food crops to make biofuels also created an ethical dilemma. Using such crops to make fuel for rich countries’ cars rather than food drove up the price of agricultural commodities, hitting the world’s poor.

Jatropha was hailed as the answer to the “food versus fuel" debate, as its seeds are poisonous and can be grown on non-arable marginal land. But the crop’s yields were much lower than expected, while uncertainties over future government subsidies have put the brakes on the biofuels industry.

Neos will process and sell other non-edible crops, such as pongamia, neem and castor, as well as jatropha. It will also sell them to other customers, such as the cosmetics industry, leather tanners and paint manufacturers, rather than only biofuel producers.

Mr Myerson Jr said: “We believe there is going to be significant growth in non-edible oils — edible ones will be needed to feed growing populations."

Neos will source such non-edible crops for the global market, using its own warehouses and procurement centres to ship them to where prices are highest, as Glencore does with other commodities such as wheat and oil. “We are replicating a commodity trading model with non- edible oils crops. Many companies and farmers growing non-edible crops don’t have the balance sheets to sell the product overseas. We want to consolidate a very fragmented market, which is currently made up mostly of small farmers in co-operatives."

Page 396 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. The ultimate aim is to buy up plantations so that Neos can source the non-edible crops to its own customers. “We are creating an investment opportunity where shareholders will be able to ride the upside with us at an embryonic stage in the market."

CO dooil : NEOS Resources PLC

IN i1 : Energy | ialtful : Alternative Fuels | ibioful : Biofuels

RE uk : United Kingdom | eecz : European Union Countries | eurz : Europe | weurz : Western Europe PUB News International Associated Services Limited

AN Document TIMEUK0020120416e84g00051

SE Business

HD The name's the same, but the ambition is to grow a giant

BY Tim Webb

WC 686 words

PD 16 April 2012

SN The Times

SC T

ED 1; Eire

PG 31

LA English

LP The son of a disgraced executive is aiming to turn the biofuel minnow his father once headed into the Glencore of non-edible crops.

Nicky Myerson has already carved out one victory at Neos Resources — formerly D1 Oils — that his father Brian Myerson had fought for. Two years ago, Mr Myerson Sr mounted a failed coup at the company, intent on ditching jatropha, a tropical tree that D1 Oils' previous management had hailed as a miracle biofuel crop.

TD Subsequently, his investment vehicle, then the company's largest shareholder, helped to install his son as executive director. Together with the executive chairman Steven Rudofsky, Nicky Myerson, 26, has succeeded where his father failed and the London-listed company is diversifying away from jatropha.

Page 398 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. He was less keen to talk about the involvement of his father, who was banned from City takeover work for three years in 2010 — the rarely used "cold shoulder" sanction.

Brian Myerson's investment vehicle Principle Capital Investments Ltd is today Neos Resources' second-biggest shareholder, with 25.4 per cent. Neos — renamed last month to mark its radical new strategy — is moving into Principle's West End offices. Neos said that its advisors had cleared the rental agreement, which was described by sources as a purely "practical arrangement".

Mr Myerson Jr insisted that the ambitious new strategy for Neos, which floated in London in 2004, had not been influenced by his father. "The vision for Neos has been developed by Steven and myself," he said.

That vision has echoes of the original biofuel industry boom. That was fuelled by generous government subsidies and new environmental regulations, but the use of food crops to make biofuels also created an ethical dilemma. Using such crops to make fuel for rich countries' cars rather than food drove up the price of agricultural commodities, hitting the world's poor.

Jatropha was hailed as the answer to the "food versus fuel" debate, as its seeds are poisonous and can be grown on non-arable marginal land. But the crop's yields were much lower than expected, while uncertainties over future government subsidies have put the brakes on the biofuels industry.

Neos will process and sell other nonedible crops, such as pongamia, neem and castor, as well as jatropha. It will also sell them to other customers, such as the cosmetics industry, leather tanners and paint manufacturers, rather than only biofuel producers.

Mr Myerson Jr said: "We believe there is going to be significant growth in non-edible oils — edible ones will be needed to feed growing populations."

Neos will source such non-edible crops for the global market, using its own warehouses and procurement centres to ship them to where prices are highest, as Glencore does with other commodities such as wheat and oil. "We are replicating a commodity trading model with non- edible oils crops. Many companies and farmers growing non-edible crops don't have the balance sheets to sell the product overseas. We want to consolidate a very fragmented market, which is currently made up mostly of small farmers in co-operatives."

The ultimate aim is to buy up plantations so that Neos can source the non-edible crops to its own customers. "We are creating an investment opportunity where shareholders will be able to ride the upside with us at an embryonic stage in the market."

'There is going to be significant growth in non-edible oils'

CO dooil : NEOS Resources PLC

IN i1 : Energy | ialtful : Alternative Fuels | ibioful : Biofuels

RE uk : United Kingdom | eecz : European Union Countries | eurz : Europe | weurz : Western Europe PUB News International Associated Services Limited

AN Document T000000020120416e84g00031

HD AWARD FUELS SYAM’S DRIVE FOR ‘NATURAL CAUSE’!

WC 445 words

PD 15 April 2012

SN New Indian Express

SC NIEXPR

LA English

LP AWARD FUELS SYAM’S DRIVE FOR ‘NATURAL CAUSE’!

Express News Service

TD Palakkad: When Syam Kumar M, an auto driver from Karippankulangara in Thenkurissy, was chosen for the Haritha Vyakthi Award instituted by the Kerala State Bio-diversity Board for 2010- 11, it did not come as a surprise for his friends or acquaintances. During the past 15 years, they all might have seen him religiously planting saplings along the wayside, mostly in the three panchayats of Thenkurissy, Koduvayur and Peruvembu. “I developed an interest in nature after I had a sixmonth stint as a watcher with the Forest Department. At that time, I had planted saplings in Kozhinjampara, Menonpara and Eruthenpathy areas. Now I carry saplings in my autorikshaw and if there are open spaces, I would plant them there,” said Syam Kumar, who will share this year’s award with P S Shyam of Alappuzha. The award, carrying a cash prize of `1 lakh, will be presented by Chief Minister Oommen Chandy this month. “In the last 15 years, I have planted thousands of saplings. Mainly I carry with me saplings of ‘ungu’ (pongamia pinnata), vepu (neem), Mayflower, ‘njaval,’ badaam, manimarudhu, poovarasu, palm and candle flower,” said Syam. “He deserved to win the award. would arrange saplings for the Forest Department also. We are planning to give him a reception,” said Range Officer Sadanandan. Syam, whose auto sports an awareness slogan ‘Maram Oru Varam’, narrated an interesting tale that inspired him a lot. “After reading a write-up on me in a daily, retired High Court Judge Justice K Sukumaran wrote me a detailed letter. Later, once I went with some tree guards to fix it near the High Court junction, I also carried a few saplings to plant there. Now, whenever Justice Sukumaran talks to me over phone, he would update me on the growth of the plant,” said a beaming Syam. When the Forest Department was looking for ‘Ungu’ saplings to be planted on the Palakkad-Ottapalam Highway, it was Syam who provided

Page 401 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. them the saplings. He had also provided bamboo saplings to Kannadi grama panchayat, that were to be planted on the banks of the Yakkara river. Syam was also instrumental in removing large boards and banners from wayside trees which were put up by ad agencies. The campaign, that grabbed the attention of environmentalists like Sugathakumari and the district administration, along with the Forest Department, was successful in removing most of the advertisement boards last year. “Syam Kumar is a one-man army. Apart from planting the saplings, he also finds time to water them,” said Assistant Conservator of Forests N Rajesh.

AN Document NIEXPR0020120417e84f0007d

WC 303 words

PD 13 April 2012

SN Chemicals & Chemistry

SC CHEMEC

PG 378

LA English

LP 2012 APR 13 - (VerticalNews.com) -- "Recently biodiesel is produced from refined/edible oils using methanol and alkaline catalyst. However, wide range of non-edible oils are available, the alkaline transesterification of these oils is difficult due the presence of large amount of free fatty acids (FFA)," scientists in Tamil Nadu, India report.

"Hence these free fatty acids form soap with alkali, it is mandatory to reduce FFA present in non-edible oils. Acidic ion exchange resins can be used to decrease FFA level. In this study, activities of resins (Amberlite IR 120 H, Amberjet 1200 H) in direct esterification of FFA present in Karanja oil were examined; the acid value was reduced <= 2 mg/KOH," wrote V.S.S. Bala and colleagues.

TD The researchers concluded: "The optimum conditions of esterification such as catalyst amount, methanol to oil ratio, and reaction time are chosen as 0.8% (w/w), 1:6 and 25 mm for Amberlite IR 120 H and 1% (w/w), 1:6, and 25 min for Amberjet 1200 H. This pretreatment reduces the complexity of the process and the production cost of biodiesel by alkaline catalyzed transesterification."

Bala and colleagues published their study in Biomass & Bioenergy (Removal of free fatty acids in Pongamia Pinnata (Karanja) oil using divinylbenzene-styrene copolymer resins for biodiesel production. Biomass & Bioenergy, 2012;37():335-341).

For more information, contact V.S.S. Bala, SSN Coll Engn, Dept. of Chem Engn, Madras 603110, Tamil Nadu, India.

Publisher contact information for the journal Biomass & Bioenergy is: Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, England.

IN i2514 : Resin/Synthetic Rubber | i25 : Chemicals

NS gsci : Science/Technology | gcat : Political/General News

AN Document CHEMEC0020120406e84d000co

WC 296 words

PD 10 April 2012

SN Life Science Weekly

SC LFSW

PG 4315

LA English

LP 2012 APR 10 - (NewsRx.com) -- "Pongamia pinnata an oil yielding leguminous tree is an economically important plant due to its multifunctional characteristics. The objective of the present study was to investigate the electrophoretic spectra sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) of total soluble seed proteins under reduced conditions (5 mM beta-mercaptoethanol) in immatured [135 days after flowering (DAF)] and matured stages (350 DAF) for 10 tagged candidate plus trees (CPTs) of P. pinnata from North Guwahati," investigators in Assam, India report.

TD "SDS-PAGE analysis revealed presence of similar to 15-20 unique polypeptide fragments of molecular size ranging from 14 to 150 kDa in both stages of seed development but no variations was observed at a particular stage among 10 CPTs. However, polypeptide banding pattern of immatured and fully ripened matured seeds showed differences in expression pattern of three main polypeptide bands (MW 50, 18 and 14 kDa) for all the 10 CPTs studied," wrote V. Kesari and colleagues, Indian Institute of Technology.

The researchers concluded: "Globulins may be considered to be the main seed storage proteins in Pongamia that includes legumins and vicilins."

Kesari and colleagues published their study in Agroforestry Systems (Electrophoretic pattern of proteins isolated from immatured and matured stages of 10 candidate plus trees of versatile oleaginous legume, Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre. Agroforestry Systems, 2012;84(2):157-161).

For additional information, contact V. Kesari, Indian Inst Technol Guwahati, Dept. of Biotechnol, N Guwahati 781039, Assam, India.

IN i02 : Forestry/Logging | i0 : Agriculture/Forestry

NS gsci : Science/Technology | gcat : Political/General News

AN Document LFSW000020120406e84a003bv

HD Indian Applicant Files Patent Application for a Synergistic Herbal Composition

CR Distributed by Contify.com

WC 167 words

PD 6 April 2012

SN Indian Patent News

SC ATPATN

LA English

LP New Delhi, April 6 -- Amit Agarwal of Bangalore, India filed patent application for a synergistic herbal composition. The inventor is Amit Agarwal.

Amit Agarwal filed the patent application on May 13, 2009. The patent application number is 1107/CHE/2009 A. The international classification numbers are A61K36/00 and A61K8/00.

TD According to the Controller General of Patents, Designs & Trade Marks, "The present invention comprises taking the extracts / distillates of Pongamia and Pinus species and mixing them with an emulsifier and suitable excipients thoroughly. The resulting mixture is then mixed with a gel base in order to obtain an anti-microbial topical care composition in the form of a gel. The resulting composition has powerful antimicrobial, anti-maggot and wound healing (vulnerary) activities. The present invention comprises a herbal vulnerary and anti-microbial topical care composition and the process to prepare the composition."

Images, graphs or charts, if any, have been removed

AN Document ATPATN0020120406e8460002u

Page 408 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. HD Effects of Al(sub)2O(sub)3 coating on diesel engine performance, combustion, and emission characteristics fueled by pongamia methyl ester and its blends with diesel BY Mohamedmusthafa M.; Sivapirakasam S.P.; Udayakumar M.; Balasubramanian K.R.

CR Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology

WC 232 words

PD 1 April 2012

SN Ei EnCompass: Environment

SC APEN

LA English

LP In this study, for the first time, a nano ceramic material of Al(sub)2O(sub)3 was used as thermal barrier coating in a diesel engine.

In the first phase, engine combustion chamber elements (cylinder head, cylinder liner, valves, and piston crown face) were coated with 200 lm thickness nano ceramic material of Al(sub)2O(sub)3 by using plasma spray-coating method.

TD In second phase, experiments were carried out on Al(sub)2O(sub)3-coated engine by using Pongamia methyl ester (PME), PME blends of 20 and 40% by volume with diesel and pure diesel.

The test run was repeated on uncoated engine and the results were compared.

An increase in engine power and decrease in specific fuel consumption, as well as significant improvements in exhaust gas emissions (except NO(sub)x) and smoke density, were observed for all test fuels used in the Al(sub)2O(sub)3-coated engine compared with that of the uncoated engine. (c) 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers.

5 tables, spectra, and diagram

RF Environmental Progress and Sustainable Energy (ISSN 1944-7442) 31/1 147-156 (April 2012)

IN i353 : Motor Vehicle Parts | iewm : Environment/Waste Management | iindstrls : Industrials | iaut : Automobiles

AN Document APEN000020120207e8410000u

HD The Tailam for all Your Pain Worries

BY Sheela Rani Chunkath

WC 618 words

PD 24 March 2012

SN The Sunday Standard

SC SUNSAN

LA English

LP There is a wonderful tailam (ayurvedic massage oil) that we can use for body aches and pains called Prabhanjana vimardana tailam. Many people who complained about the debilitating aches and pains of Chikungunya, especially knee pain, have found that systematic application of the tailam has helped them in alleviating their pains.

The details regarding this tailam is given in the Sahasrayogam’s Taila Prakarana, the bible of Kerala’s ayurvedic practitioners.

TD This tailam is made using sesame oil, curds, milk and sour kanji (fermented rice starch) to which is added about 30 other herbs. These are the roots of Sida cordifolia, asparagus, Calotropis, castor, yellow nail dye plant, Withania somnifera, those of the greater panchamula and the barks of the drumstick tree, the three-leaved caper tree, Pongamia and the field bindweed. A decoction with water is made from about 100 gm each of these herbs. A soft paste is made with about 10 gm of Indian Valerian, cedar wood, cardamom, dried ginger, mustard, round zedoary, dill seeds, Costus roots, rock salt, lesser galangal, fenugreek seeds, sweet flag, leadwort roots, nardus roots, pinewood and picrorrhiza. This soft paste and the decoction is added to about 1.5 litres of sesame oil and 3 litres each of curds, milk and sour kanji. The tailam is then processed.

Tailams are most effective when used in the beginning of the pain episode. This tailam is very effective for all types of nervous disorders and is even used for the treatment of paralysis. The tailam is applied externally to the regions affected by pain. Some vaidyars prescribe it for internal consumption as well. About 5 to 15 ml is given with hot milk. Internal consumption

Page 411 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. should be done after consulting a vaidyar. This tailam is considered a heating tailam and is usually used for those who have a more kapha prakriti.

For the panchakarma treatment called pizhicchal where you are practically ‘bathed’ in quantities of tailam, Prabhanjana tailam and Dhanavantaram tailam are often used. In pizhicchal treatment the selected oil is systematically applied in large quantities on the person so that the body absorbs the maximum amount of medicated oil through the skin. The emphasis is not on massage but on the absorption of the oil by the body.

Since there are about 30 herbs in this preparation, I thought I would touch on the properties of a few of them. The properties of many of the other herbs have been dealt with in my previous articles. The wonderful thing about these herbs is that they are used for different ailments keeping in mind their dosha classification.

Indian valerian for example called tagara is often used to treat anxiety, tremors and insomnia.

While castor oil is often used as a mild laxative, the roots are shown to have an analgesic activity and has therefore probably been included as one of the ingredients in this tailam.

The bark and roots of the three-leaved caper tree called varuna in Sanskrit and maavilangam in Tamil is said to have anti-inflammatory properties in addition to being a lithotriptic agent in that it helps break and expel kidney stones.

Ayurvedic herbs are a wonderful resource. It is unfortunate that we still have not systematically and scientifically documented their properties and uses. More government resources for popularising our effective health traditions can greatly improve the health status of our people.

The writer was earlier Health Secretary, Govt of Tamil Nadu and is currently, Additional Chief Secretary and Chairman & Managing Director, Tamil Nadu Handicrafts Development Corporation. She can be reached at Sheelarani. arogyamantra@gmail. com. Earlier articles can be accessed at www.arogyamantra. blogspot. com

AN Document SUNSAN0020120325e83o00019

HD The Tailam for all Your Pain Worries

WC 625 words

PD 24 March 2012

SN New Indian Express

SC NIEXPR

LA English

LP The Tailam for all Your Pain Worries

Sheela Rani Chunkath

TD There is a wonderful tailam (ayurvedic massage oil) that we can use for body aches and pains called Prabhanjana vimardana tailam. Many people who complained about the debilitating aches and pains of Chikungunya, especially knee pain, have found that systematic application of the tailam has helped them in alleviating their pains.

The details regarding this tailam is given in the Sahasrayogam’s Taila Prakarana, the bible of Kerala’s ayurvedic practitioners.

This tailam is made using sesame oil, curds, milk and sour kanji (fermented rice starch) to which is added about 30 other herbs. These are the roots of Sida cordifolia, asparagus, Calotropis, castor, yellow nail dye plant, Withania somnifera, those of the greater panchamula and the barks of the drumstick tree, the three-leaved caper tree, Pongamia and the field bindweed. A decoction with water is made from about 100 gm each of these herbs. A soft paste is made with about 10 gm of Indian Valerian, cedar wood, cardamom, dried ginger, mustard, round zedoary, dill seeds, Costus roots, rock salt, lesser galangal, fenugreek seeds, sweet flag, leadwort roots, nardus roots, pinewood and picrorrhiza. This soft paste and the decoction is added to about 1.5 litres of sesame oil and 3 litres each of curds, milk and sour kanji. The tailam is then processed.

Tailams are most effective when used in the beginning of the pain episode. This tailam is very effective for all types of nervous disorders and is even used for the treatment of paralysis. The

Page 413 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. tailam is applied externally to the regions affected by pain. Some vaidyars prescribe it for internal consumption as well. About 5 to 15 ml is given with hot milk. Internal consumption should be done after consulting a vaidyar. This tailam is considered a heating tailam and is usually used for those who have a more kapha prakriti.

Indian valerian for example called tagara is often used to treat anxiety, tremors and insomnia.

While castor oil is often used as a mild laxative, the roots are shown to have an analgesic activity and has therefore probably been included as one of the ingredients in this tailam.

WC 132 words

PD 23 March 2012

SN Biodiesel Magazine

SC BIODIE

LA English

LP Special varieties of the legume tree Pongamia pinnata that yield seed-bearing pods has been developed by TerViva Bioenergy Inc. The US company says pongamia trees demonstrates comparable, if not superior, potential as a feasible biodiesel feedstock. The normally contain 30-40% oil, comprising almost 50% oleic acid. Oil extraction can be made using existing crushing equipment. TerViva has set up test plot operations for growing and harvesting its elite lines of pongamia trees, involving 30,000 trees at an about 200-acre site in south Texas, USA. The aim is to demonstrate the advantages of pongamia as a valuable oilseed crop. Original Source: Biodiesel Magazine, http://www.biodieselmagazine.com/, Copyright BBI International 2012.

Biodiesel Magazine

TD Website: http://www.biodieselmagazine.com

IN ibioful : Biofuels | i1 : Energy | ialtful : Alternative Fuels

IPC 112-80-1

IPD 2836 Biological Products | 28693 Petroleum and Oil Additives | 28997 Fatty Acids and Derivatives PUB Elsevier Science Ltd.

AN Document BIODIE0020120405e83n00004

WC 715 words

PD 15 March 2012

SN Food Weekly News

SC FDWKN

PG 254

LA English

LP 2012 MAR 15 - (VerticalNews.com) -- "We provide a quantitative assessment of the prospects for current and future biomass feedstocks for bioenergy in Australia, and associated estimates of the greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation resulting from their use for production of biofuels or bioelectricity. National statistics were used to estimate current annual production from agricultural and forest production systems," researchers in Newcastle, Australia report.

TD "Crop residues were estimated from grain production and harvest index. Wood production statistics and spatial modelling of forest growth were used to estimate quantities of pulpwood, in-forest residues, and wood processing residues. Possible new production systems for oil from algae and the oil-seed tree Pongamia pinnata, and of lignocellulosic biomass production from short-rotation coppiced eucalypt crops were also examined. The following constraints were applied to biomass production and use: avoiding clearing of native vegetation; minimizing impacts on domestic food security; retaining a portion of agricultural and forest residues to protect soil; and minimizing the impact on local processing industries by diverting only the export fraction of grains or pulpwood to bioenergy. We estimated that it would be physically possible to produce 9.6GLyr-1 of first generation ethanol from current production systems, replacing 6.5GLyr-1 of gasoline or 34% of current gasoline usage. Current production systems for waste oil, tallow and canola seed could produce 0.9GLyr-1 of biodiesel, or 4% of current diesel usage. Cellulosic biomass from current agricultural and forestry production systems (including biomass from hardwood plantations maturing by 2030) could produce 9.5GLyr-1 of ethanol, replacing 6.4GLyr-1 of gasoline, or ca. 34% of current consumption. The same lignocellulosic sources could instead provide 35TWhyr-1, or ca. 15% of current electricity production. New production systems using algae and P. pinnata could produce ca. 3.96 and 0.9GL biodieselyr-1, respectively. In combination, they could replace 4.2GLyr-1 of fossil diesel, or 23% of current usage. Short-rotation coppiced eucalypt crops could provide 4.3GLyr-1 of ethanol (2.9GLyr-1 replacement, or 15% of current gasoline use)

Page 418 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. or 20.2TWhyr-1 of electricity (9% of current generation). In total, first and second generation fuels from current and new production systems could mitigate 26MtCO2-e, which is 38% of road transport emissions and 5% of the national emissions. Second generation fuels from current and new production systems could mitigate 13MtCO2-e, which is 19% of road transport emissions and 2.4% of the national emissions lignocellulose from current and new production systems could mitigate 48MtCO2-e, which is 28% of electricity emissions and 9% of the national emissions. There are challenging sustainability issues to consider in the production of large amounts of feedstock for bioenergy in Australia. Bioenergy production can have either positive or negative impacts. Although only the export fraction of grains and sugar was used to estimate first generation biofuels so that domestic food security was not affected, it would have an impact on food supply elsewhere. Environmental impacts on soil, water and biodiversity can be significant because of the large land base involved, and the likely use of intensive harvest regimes. These require careful management. Social impacts could be significant if there were to be large-scale change in land use or management. In addition, although the economic considerations of feedstock production were not covered in this article, they will be the ultimate drivers of industry devlopment," wrote D.R. Farine and colleagues, CSIRO.

The researchers concluded: "They are uncertain and are highly dependent on government policies (e.g. the price on carbon, GHG mitigation and renewable energy targets, mandates for renewable fuels), the price of fossil oil, and the scale of the industry."

Farine and colleagues published their study in Global Change Biology Bioenergy (An assessment of biomass for bioelectricity and biofuel, and for greenhouse gas emission reduction in Australia. Global Change Biology Bioenergy, 2012;4(2):148-175).

For additional information, contact D.R. Farine, CSIRO Energy Transformed Flagship, Newcastle, NSW 2300, Australia.

Publisher contact information for the journal Global Change Biology Bioenergy is: Wiley- Blackwell, Commerce Place, 350 Main St, Malden 02148, MA, USA.

IN i41 : Food/Beverages/Tobacco

AN Document FDWKN00020120309e83f0008g

PD 13 March 2012

SN Life Science Weekly

SC LFSW

PG 2865

LA English

LP 2012 MAR 13 - (NewsRx.com) -- According to the authors of a study from Calcutta, India, "Microscopic analysis of 34 natural honey samples collected between January 2008 and December 2009 from one of the east coastal districts of India with unique native flora, indicates that 26 samples were of unifloral and 8 samples were multifloral."

"Sixty two plant genera of which Phoenix, Borassus, Cocos, Eucalyptus, Brassica, Barringtonia, Syzygium, Schleichera, Zizyphus, Pongamia, Dalbergia, Psidium, Coriandrum, Mangifera, Lycopersicon, Mimosa, Citrus, and Moringa were the most prevalent bee plant genera. Pollen grains of Arecaceae, characteristic elements of coastal vegetation, were represented in twenty nine samples," wrote D. Upadhyay and colleagues, University of Calcutta.

TD The researchers concluded: "Principal Component Analysis confirmed that all of the 26 unifloral samples had been classified correctly by melissopalynological analysis."

Upadhyay and colleagues published the results of their research in the Journal of Apicultural Research (Pollen Spectra of Natural Honey Samples from a Coastal District of Orissa, India. Journal of Apicultural Research, 2012;51(1):10-22).

For additional information, contact D. Upadhyay, University of Calcutta, Dept. of Bot, Center Adv Studies, Calcutta 700019, W Bengal, India.

The publisher of the Journal of Apicultural Research can be contacted at: Int Bee Research Assoc, 16 North Rd, Cardiff CF10 3DY, Wales.

NS gsci : Science/Technology | gcat : Political/General News

PUB NewsRx.com

AN Document LFSW000020120309e83d002jz

PD 13 March 2012

SN Life Science Weekly

SC LFSW

PG 1563

LA English

LP 2012 MAR 13 - (NewsRx.com) -- Research findings, "Pongamia pinnata seed cake: a promising and inexpensive substrate for production of protease and lipase from Bacillus pumilus SG2 on solid-state fermentation," are discussed in a new report. "The production of a protease and a lipase from Bacillus pumilus SG2 on solid-state fermentation using Pongamia pinnata seed cake as substrate was studied. The seed cake was proved to be a promising substrate for the bacterial growth and the enzyme production," scientists in Chennai, India report.

TD "The initial pH, incubation time and moisture content were optimized to achieve maximal enzyme production. Maximum protease production was observed at 72 h and that of the lipase at 96 h of incubation. The production of protease (9840 U/g DM) and lipase (1974 U/g DM) were maximum at pH 7.0 and at 60% moisture content. Triton X-100 (1%) was proved to be an effective extractant for the enzymes and their optimal activity was observed at alkaline pH and at 60 C. The molecular mass of the protease and lipase was 24 and 40 kDa, respectively. Both the enzymes were found to be stable detergent additives," wrote R. Sangeetha and colleagues, Department of Biochemistry.

The researchers concluded: "The study demonstrated that inexpensive and easily available Pongamia seed cake could be used for production of industrially important enzymes, such as protease and lipase."

Sangeetha and colleagues published their study in Indian Journal of Biochemistry & Biophysics (Pongamia pinnata seed cake: a promising and inexpensive substrate for production of protease and lipase from Bacillus pumilus SG2 on solid-state fermentation. Indian Journal of Biochemistry & Biophysics, 2011;48(6):435-9).

For additional information, contact R. Sangeetha, Dept. of Biochemistry, Vels University, Chennai 600 117, India.

The publisher's contact information for the Indian Journal of Biochemistry & Biophysics is: Natl Inst Science Communication, Dr K S Krishnan Marg, New Delhi 110 012, India.

IN i25 : Chemicals

NS gsci : Science/Technology | gcat : Political/General News

AN Document LFSW000020120309e83d0019i

PD 5 March 2012

SN Diabetes Week

SC DBWK

PG 10

LA English

LP 2012 MAR 5 - (NewsRx.com) -- New investigation results, "Karanjin from Pongamia pinnata induces GLUT4 translocation in skeletal muscle cells in a phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase- independent manner," are detailed in a study published in European Journal of Pharmacology. "Insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in skeletal muscle is decreased in type 2 diabetes due to impaired translocation of insulin-sensitive glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) from intracellular pool to plasma membrane. Augmenting glucose uptake into this tissue may help in management of type 2 diabetes," scientists in Lucknow, India report.

TD "Here, the effects of an identified antihyperglycemic molecule, karanjin, isolated from the fruits of Pongamia pinnata were investigated on glucose uptake and GLUT4 translocation in skeletal muscle cells. Treatment of L6-GLUT4myc myotubes with karanjin caused a substantial increase in the glucose uptake and GLUT4 translocation to the cell surface, in a concentration-dependent fashion, without changing the total amount of GLUT4 protein and GLUT4 mRNA. This effect was associated with increased activity of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Cycloheximide treatment inhibited the effect of karanjin on GLUT4 translocation suggesting the requirement of de novo synthesis of protein. Karanjin-induced GLUT4 translocation was further enhanced with insulin and the effect is completely protected in the presence of wortmannin. Moreover, karanjin did not affect the phosphorylation of AKT (Ser-473) and did not alter the expression of the key molecules of insulin signaling cascade," wrote N. Jaiswal and colleagues, Central Drug Research Institute.

The researchers concluded: "We conclude that karanjin-induced increase in glucose uptake in L6 myotubes is the result of an increased translocation of GLUT4 to plasma membrane associated with activation of AMPK pathway, in a PI-3-K/AKT-independent manner."

Page 425 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. Jaiswal and colleagues published their study in European Journal of Pharmacology (Karanjin from Pongamia pinnata induces GLUT4 translocation in skeletal muscle cells in a phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase-independent manner. European Journal of Pharmacology, 2011;670(1):22-8).

For more information, contact N. Jaiswal, Division of Biochemistry, Central Drug Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, MG Road, Lucknow 226001, India.

CO ctdgrq : Central Drug Research Institute

AN Document DBWK000020120302e83500003

PD 2 March 2012

SN Energy Weekly News

SC ENRGWK

PG 291

LA English

LP 2012 MAR 2 - (VerticalNews.com) -- "In this study, for the first time, a nano ceramic material of Al2O3 was used as thermal barrier coating in a diesel engine. In the first phase, engine combustion chamber elements (cylinder head, cylinder liner, valves, and piston crown face) were coated with 200 mu m thickness nano ceramic material of Al2O3 by using plasma spray- coating method," investigators in Tiruchirappalli, India report.

"In second phase, experiments were carried out on Al2O3-coated engine by using Pongamia methyl ester (PME), PME blends of 20 and 40% by volume with diesel and pure diesel. The test run was repeated on uncoated engine and the results were compared," wrote M. Mohamedmusthafa and colleagues, National Institute of Technology.

TD The researchers concluded: "An increase in engine power and decrease in specific fuel consumption, as well as significant improvements in exhaust gas emissions (except NOx) and smoke density, were observed for all test fuels used in the Al2O3-coated engine compared with that of the uncoated engine."

Mohamedmusthafa and colleagues published their study in Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy (Effects of Al2O3 coating on diesel engine performance, combustion, and emission characteristics fueled by pongamia methyl ester and its blends with diesel. Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy, 2012;31(1):147-156).

For additional information, contact M. Mohamedmusthafa, Natl Inst Technol, Dept. of Mech Engn, Tiruchchirappalli 620015, Tamil Nadu, India.

The publisher of the journal Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy can be contacted

IN i1 : Energy

AN Document ENRGWK0020120224e8320009e

SE Tendances ingrédients

HD actifs; Brenntag enrichit son portefeuille

BY pages réalisées par Raphaëlle Maruchitch et Sylvie Vaz

WC 158 words

PD 1 March 2012

SN Cosmétique Mag

SC COSMAG

PG 64

VOL 126

LA French

LP En termes de nouveautés, le prestataire allemand distribue Coolact 10, un actif rafraîchissant breveté par Takasago, et son pendant chauffant, du nom de Hotact VBE. Son autre partenaire, Kolb, a présenté le Sympatens GMC/070, un agent surgraissant qui apporte du glissant aux produits moussants. Des émulsions de cire s'ajoutent aux nouveautés : cire d'abeille émulsionnée BE820 pour les produits coiffants et cires de carnauba et de tournesol émulsionnées SE620 pour les solaires. Pour épaissir certaines huiles, la cire KahlWax 6290, produite par Kahl, fournit une consistance entre le beurre et la cire. Cette société fabrique également le VegoJelly 7036 Plus, un substitut à la vaseline d'origine 100% naturelle. Par ailleurs, BSI (Brenntag Specialties Inc.) propose des argiles 100% naturelles colorées et ajoute trois huiles à son catalogue : de touloucouna, de loofah et de pongamia.

CO brnnta : Brenntag AG

IN i258 : Cosmetics/Toiletries | icnp : Consumer Products | ipcare : Personal Care Products/Appliances | i25 : Chemicals

AN Document COSMAG0020120301e8310002g

Page 430 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. HD Environmental Clean Technologies; Studies from Mohan Lal Sukhadia University Reveal New Findings on Environmental Clean Technologies WC 277 words

PD 28 February 2012

SN Journal of India

SC JOUIND

PG 67

LA English

LP 2012 FEB 28 - (VerticalNews.com) -- "Air pollution tolerance of the plant Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre, as well as, its effect on metabolic activities of the plant was studied with reference to concentration of air pollutants on comparative basis in selected sites around Udaipur city in polluted and unpolluted areas. The tree species being very common in and around Udaipur city of Rajasthan, India as roadside plant," scientists in Rajasthan, India report.

"The quality of air in terms of RSPM, SPM, SO2 and NO2 on respective sites along with biochemical parameters of the leaves, i.e., chlorophyll content, total carbohydrate, total protein, dust-capturing capacity, leaf size and enzyme activity were assessed in experimental sites. The data obtained were further subjected to ANOVA, which gave significant values," wrote B.R. Bamniya and colleagues, Mohan Lal Sukhadia University.

TD The researchers concluded: "Our studies confirm that industries are the prominent sources of the elevated level of air pollutants that affect flora and health of local population."

Bamniya and colleagues published their study in Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy (Harmful effects of air pollution on physiological activities of Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, 2012;14(1):115-124).

For additional information, contact B.R. Bamniya, Mohan Lal Sukhadia Univ, Dept. of Bot, Udaipur 313002, Rajasthan, India.

The publisher's contact information for the journal Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy is: Springer, 233 Spring St, New York, NY 10013, USA.

CO envsol : Environmental Clean Technologies Ltd

IN i9212 : Sewage Treatment | iewm : Environment/Waste Management

AN Document JOUIND0020120224e82s0001y

SE Boom

HD Partners in fuels of the future

BY Anthony Marx

WC 1,117 words

PD 24 February 2012

SN The Courier-Mail

SC COUMAI

ED J

PG 24

LA English

LP BIG BACKERS ARE FUNDING MAJOR RESEARCH ACROSS THE STATE, ANTHONY MARX WRITES

'We're not doing this just for green sake. We're doing it for global and international energy security'

TD IN terms of corporate partners they don't come much bigger than the backers of the University of Queensland's new biofuels project.

US giants General Electric and Boeing have both kicked in funds, as has the State Government, which is providing half the $4 million budget.

Most importantly, the three-year project has piqued the interest of the US Navy, which is aiming to source half of its energy consumption on land and sea from renewables by 2020.

The biofuel researchers are just one of many such teams tucked away in a handful of buildings and laboratories at campuses across Queensland.

Page 433 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. In a series of joint initiatives with some of the biggest companies in the world, teams from Queensland universities are conducting groundbreaking research to solve some of our most vexing problems in fields as diverse as energy, resources, agriculture, medicine and the environment.

At the Queensland University of Technology, researchers have embarked on major programs to examine issues stemming from the explosive growth in the coal seam gas sector, now valued in the state at more than $50 billion.

Schlumberger, the world's biggest oilfield services provider, has joined forces with QUT to open a new research facility this year with more than $2.5 million worth of specialised geotechnical equipment.

Meanwhile, UQ has also teamed up with QGC, Santos and Shell subsidiary

Arrow Energy in a $20 million partnership over the next five years to fund the new Centre of Coal Seam Gas.

The state's other leading centres of higher education, including Griffith University, Bond University and the University of Southern Queensland, are also immersed in research projects with prominent businesses.

The upside potential for the companies involved is clear: they have an obvious vested interest in finding ways to become more efficient, to improve profit margins and to help pioneer technological change in their respective industries.

But the benefits also flow to the universities. The partnerships help attract additional grants, entice top-flight academics, bolster the institutions' prestige and, in some cases, even offer the potential to share in the fruits of commercialisation.

Martin Betts, executive dean of QUT's science and engineering faculty, says the alliance with Schlumberger is an ``unprecedented opportunity'' to partner with a billion-dollar company that has previously worked with the likes of Cambridge University and MIT.

``You couldn't think of a better partner. This is a chance to work with a global research and development company on real world problems with top scientists,'' Betts says.

Robert Speight, a business manager with UQ's Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, says the biofuels project is attractive because it is ``very aligned with our skills scientifically''.

``We want to help develop sustainable fuels and we feel like we have an obligation to help. If it grows and we play a significant role then research projects come back in our direction,'' Speight says.

``It needs an organisation that is not 100 per cent commercially minded. Unless there is a very strong commercial reason to do it, this wouldn't be happening at all without our involvement.''

The US Navy's director for operational energy, Chris Tindal, visited Queensland this month to get an update on research into alternative fuels sourced from feedstock such as sugar cane, as well as algae, eucalypts and oily seeds found on the pongamia tree. He described the progress as ``phenomenal''.

Tindal says a US carrier strike group participating in a 20-nation exercise off Hawaii in July will be powered by renewables and he hopes there would be enough fuel to deploy a ``great green fleet'' by 2016.

``We're not doing this just for green sake. We're doing it for global and international energy security,'' he says.

``We need to make sure we have secure sources of fuel. We get fuel from over 600 places worldwide.''

UQ is the first major foreign university that the US Navy has joined with to look at alternative energy sources. But with sugar cane appearing to offer the most promise in the near term, Tindal also met with QUT researchers in Mackay, where they have a pilot facility established to convert biomass in to transport fuel.

Virgin Australia, which along with Mackay Sugar, Amyris and IOR Energy is also backers of the UQ biofuels project, has set a target for phasing in renewables, aiming to source 5 per cent of its jet fuel from alternative sources by 2020.

Business executives involved with the respective UQ and QUT coal seam gas research are equally enthused.

Mark Macfarlane, chief executive of the Santos LNG project at Gladstone, says the research ``will further add to the significant and rigorous body of science that each of the companies has undertaken and continues to undertake''.

Page 435 of 440 © 2014 Factiva, Inc. All rights reserved. Arrow chief executive Andrew Faulkner hails the new centre as a major boost for Queensland. ``It will put the state on the map as the home to the learning and skills that have been developed from a world- first industry,'' he says.

Schlumberger's work with QUT will see it create 23 new jobs in Brisbane and the recruitment of more than 50 new engineers.

Kyel Hodenfield, vice-president of unconventional resources for Schlumberger, says the company had considered a number of international locations for the facility before deciding on Queensland. Brisbane was an obvious choice because of its proximity to major projects, strong protection of intellectual property and access to world-class engineering talent, Hodenfield says.

``The possibilities of achieving efficiencies through innovation and new technology are extremely appealing to Schlumberger.''

RESEARCH CAPITAL

NEARLY $12.5 million from industry groups has been committed for 22 research projects at the University of Queensland this year.

And $6.29 million in grants will come from the Federal Government's Australian Research Council, making UQ the nation's top recipient for such assistance.

Among the projects helped will be research in conjunction with Dairy Innovation Australia on how to achieve ``smarter fermentation'' for the $1 billion cheese industry.

Dow Chemical has teamed up with UQ researchers to produce sustainable dollar bills and other polypropylenes from sugar cane.

Pharmaceutical giant Pfizer Australia is jointly funding a three-year project, seeking to narrow the differences between expensive drugs which must be injected and less expensive oral treatments that have unwanted side effects.

Other projects will examine wind power's effect on the electricity grid, the impact of marine debris on sea turtles and new titanium alloys for human implants.

CO tuoqa : The University of Queensland | usnavy : United States Department of the Navy

AN Document COUMAI0020120223e82o0000h

SE Allahabad

HD Jatropha plantation can now be undertaken on community wastelands

WC 530 words

PD 23 February 2012

SN The Times of India

SC TOI

LA English

LP ALLAHABAD: When it comes to proper utilization of the wastelands, the land of Basehara, and Mahulikala gram panchayats of the district have yielded rich dividend as fruiting of Jatropha (biodiesel) plantation can be witnessed. In fact, Jatropa plantation has currently been undertaken on community lands of Basehara, Siryari, Mahuli, Gadiya, Murlipur, Bhaundar Khurd, Masoli and Goraiya gram panchayats under the Jeevan Jyoti project.

The plantation is being carried out by gram panchayats and Bharat Renewal Energy Limited (BREL ) is here acting as facilitator for technological support for plantation. The plantation is carried out under the scheme of Jeevan Joyti Pariyojna under the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarante Act (MNREGA), utilising the wastelands in rural areas under ownership of local panchayats.

TD Around 330 acres of wastelands under gram sabhas have been currently used for plantation of jatropha or Pongamia Pinnata under MNREGA in 33 districts of the state. The BREL is facilitating the entire process working in coordination with district administration and village

District magistrate, Alok Kumar maintained that the Jeevan Jyoti Project has been taken up for implementation in the district in right earnest. This project involves jatropha plantation on gram sabha wastelands, utilising funds and labour under MNREGA. In the same regard, nurseries were set up by the forest and horticulture departments to grow jatropha saplings. The project is beneficial to the villagers as it provides them employment in their own village, uses their wastelands productively and the jatropha produce gives additional earning to the village through marketing of jatropha seeds for biodiesel production.

The project envisages biodiesel crop production on gram sabha wastelands with jatropha and Pongamia Pinnata (locally known as karanj). Karanj, another biofuel crop, would be planted only in waterlogged areas as jatropha can not be cultivated on such lands. Of the two, jatropha is the preferred crop as it is a shrub with lesser gestation period, gives synchronous flowering (flowering at the same time) and hence the seeds are easier to harvest and market. Karanj, on the other hand, is a TBOS (Tree Born Oil Species) with asynchronous flowering which are difficult to harvest, informed the officials.

The price of seeds of these bio-fuel crops have been decided on the basis of the Minimum Support Price (MSP). Officials added that Jatropha offers numerous other uses apart from the seed yield that begins from the third year of plantation. Being bitter in taste, animals do not graze on it leading to better survival. Thus it can be used as a biofence, even against the dreaded menace of Neelgais (blue bulls). Then the branches of jatropha plant can be pruned and used as firewood!

Jatropha should be planted during the monsoon season between 15 July and 15 October. BREL would be taking technical help, like selection of saplings and manner of plantation, from Bio Energy Mission (BEM) department of the UP government. The project is also underway in Pardva, Chandra Mara gram panchayats of the Chitrakoot district. In Chitrakoot, 148 acres of land has been identified for the purpose and work is being carried out by BREL functionaries jointly.

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