U.S.-Japan Alliance Conference: Meeting the Challenge Of
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NATIONAL DEFENSE RESEARCH INSTITUTE U.S.-Japan Alliance Conference Meeting the Challenge of Amphibious Operations Scott W. Harold, Koichiro Bansho, Jeffrey W. Hornung, Koichi Isobe, Richard L. Simcock II Sponsored by the Government of Japan For more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/t/CF387 Published by the RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, Calif. © Copyright 2018 RAND Corporation R® is a registered trademark. Limited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. This representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for noncommercial use only. Unauthorized posting of this publication online is prohibited. Permission is given to duplicate this document for personal use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of its research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please visit www.rand.org/pubs/permissions. The RAND Corporation is a research organization that develops solutions to public policy challenges to help make communities throughout the world safer and more secure, healthier and more prosperous. RAND is nonprofit, nonpartisan, and committed to the public interest. RAND’s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors. Support RAND Make a tax-deductible charitable contribution at www.rand.org/giving/contribute www.rand.org Preface In order to explore the origins, development, and implications of Japan’s decision to establish an Amphibious Rapid Deployment Brigade (ARDB) within the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force (JGSDF), the RAND Corporation convened a public conference on March 6, 2018, at its offices in Santa Monica, California, that brought together leading U.S. and Japanese military and security experts to explore the issue. Among these experts were two of the leading Japanese generals responsible for helping to initiate and establish the ARDB, an expert scholar on Japanese security and defense policy, and a U.S. Marine general responsible for cooperating with the JGSDF in Okinawa. The scholars and practitioners who contributed to this event were asked to evaluate the reasons for the ARDB’s establishment, its deterrence and defense capabilities, its relevance for humanitarian assistance and disaster relief missions, the extent to which it contributes to jointness within the Japan Self-Defense Forces, its relationship with and value to the U.S. Marine Corps, and ideas for the future evolution of Japan’s amphibious operations capabilities. This work was sponsored by the Government of Japan and conducted within the International Security and Defense Policy Center of the RAND National Security Research Division (NSRD). NSRD conducts research and analysis for the Office of the Secretary of Defense, the Joint Staff, the Unified Combatant Commands, the defense agencies, the Navy, the Marine Corps, the U.S. Coast Guard, the U.S. Intelligence Community, allied foreign governments, and foundations. For more information on the RAND International Security and Defense Policy Center, see www.rand.org/nsrd/ndri/centers/isdp or contact the director (contact information provided on the webpage). iii Table of Contents Preface ...................................................................................................................................... iii Figures ....................................................................................................................................... v Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................ vi 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 1 2. Japan’s New Defense Strategy in the Southwest Islands and Development of Amphibious Operations Capabilities ......................................................................................................... 8 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 8 The China Threat ................................................................................................................................ 8 Japan’s “Southwestern Wall Strategy” ................................................................................................ 9 The Amphibious Rapid Deployment Brigade .................................................................................... 12 A Proposed Agenda for the ARDB’s Future Evolution ...................................................................... 14 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................ 15 3. An Insider's View of the History, Evolution, and Prospects of Japan's Amphibious Rapid Deployment Brigade ........................................................................................................... 16 “What Is the Counterpart of the U.S. Marine Corps in the Japan Self-Defense Forces?” .................... 17 The Western Army Infantry Regiment and the Iron Fist and Dawn Blitz Exercises ............................ 18 The ARDB and HA/DR Missions...................................................................................................... 20 The Establishment of the ARDB and the Challenges Ahead .............................................................. 21 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................ 24 4. Japan’s Amphibious Joint Pain ............................................................................................. 25 Japan’s Quest to Develop Amphibious Operations Capabilities ......................................................... 26 Challenges to Jointness in the JSDF .................................................................................................. 32 Command and Control .................................................................................................................. 32 Communications and Information-Sharing .................................................................................... 35 Fires ............................................................................................................................................. 37 Equipment .................................................................................................................................... 40 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................ 45 5. The ARDB, the USMC, the U.S.–Japan Alliance, and a Free and Open Indo-Pacific ............ 47 Background ...................................................................................................................................... 47 The Relevance of the Pacific to U.S. National Security...................................................................... 48 The U.S.–Japan Alliance and Japanese Forces’ Complementarity with the United States ................... 49 Suggestions for the Way Forward...................................................................................................... 53 The Past Is the Key to the Future ....................................................................................................... 57 6. Conclusion............................................................................................................................ 59 References ................................................................................................................................ 61 iv Figures Figure 2.1. Japan’s “Southwestern Wall Strategy” .................................................................... 10 Figure 2.2. Location of Yonaguni Island, the Southwest Islands, and Taiwan ........................... 11 Figure 2.3. The ARDB’s Disposition and Organization............................................................. 14 Figure 4.1. Planned Deployments of JGSDF Units in the Southwest Islands ............................. 29 Figure 5.1. Deployment Status of Major Units in the Southwest Islands.................................... 56 v Abbreviations A2/AD anti-access/area denial AAV amphibious assault vehicle ARDB Amphibious Rapid Deployment Brigade ASM air-to-ship missile ATF amphibious task force ATLA Acquisition, Technology, and Logistics Agency (Japan) BMD ballistic missile defense C2 command and control C4ISR command, control, communications, computers, intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance CAS close air support DDH helicopter destroyer DOTMLPF-I Doctrine, Organization, Training, Materiel, Leadership, Personnel, Facilities, and Interoperability FY fiscal year HA/DR humanitarian assistance and disaster relief IAMD integrated air and missile defense ISR intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance JASDF Japan Air Self-Defense Force JCG Japan Coast Guard JGSDF Japan Ground Self-Defense Force JMSDF Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force JSDF Japan Self-Defense Forces JSO Joint Staff Office (Japan) JTF joint task force LCAC landing craft, air-cushioned LST landing ship, tank MARFORPAC U.S. Marine Forces, Pacific PLA People’s Liberation Army (China) PRC People’s Republic of China vi SAM surface-to-air