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Algemeen Ambtsbericht Nigeria Juni 2018 Algemeen ambtsbericht Nigeria Datum 27 juni 2018 Pagina 1 van 77 Algemeen ambtsbericht Nigeria | juni 2018 Colofon Plaats Den Haag Opgesteld door Directie Sub-Sahara Afrika Cluster Ambtsberichten (DAF/CAB) Pagina 2 van 77 Algemeen ambtsbericht Nigeria | juni 2018 Inhoudsopgave Colofon ..........................................................................................................2 Inhoudsopgave ...............................................................................................3 Inleiding .........................................................................................................5 1 Landeninformatie ........................................................................................ 7 1.1 Politieke ontwikkelingen ...................................................................................7 1.2 Veiligheidssituatie .......................................................................................... 13 1.2.1 Noord-Centraal zone (Niger, Kogi, Benue, Plateau, Nasarawa, Kwara en FCT) ....... 14 1.2.2 Noordoost zone (Bauchi, Borno, Taraba, Adamawa, Gombe en Yobe) ................... 16 1.2.3 Noordwest zone (Zamfara, Sokoto, Kaduna, Kebbi, Katsina, Kano en Jigawa) ....... 19 1.2.4 Zuidwest zone (Oyo, Ekiti, Osun, Ondo, Lagos en Ogun) .................................... 20 1.2.5 Zuid-Zuid zone (Akwa Ibom, Bayelsa, Cross River, Delta, Edo, Rivers) ................. 21 1.2.6 Zuidoost zone (Abia, Anambra, Ebonyi, Enugu en Imo) ...................................... 23 1.3 Documenten ................................................................................................. 24 2 Mensenrechten .......................................................................................... 28 2.1 Juridische context .......................................................................................... 28 2.1.1 Verdragen .................................................................................................... 28 2.1.2 Nationale wetgeving ...................................................................................... 28 2.2 Toezicht en rechtsbescherming ....................................................................... 29 2.2.1 Toezicht ....................................................................................................... 29 2.2.2 Rechtsbescherming ........................................................................................ 31 2.3 Naleving en schendingen ................................................................................ 32 2.3.1 Vrijheid van meningsuiting ............................................................................. 32 2.3.2 Vrijheid van vergadering en vereniging ............................................................ 34 2.3.3 Vrijheid van godsdienst en levensovertuiging .................................................... 35 2.3.4 Arrestaties, bewaring en detenties ................................................................... 37 2.3.5 Bloed- en erekwesties .................................................................................... 39 2.4 Positie van specifieke groepen ......................................................................... 39 2.4.1 Leden van oppositie partijen en politieke activisten ............................................ 40 2.4.2 Etnische minderheden .................................................................................... 40 2.4.3 Religieuze minderheden ................................................................................. 41 2.4.4 Vrouwen ....................................................................................................... 41 2.4.5 LHBT ............................................................................................................ 50 2.4.6 Alleenstaande minderjarigen ........................................................................... 53 2.4.7 Dienstweigeraars en deserteurs ....................................................................... 55 3 Vluchtelingen en ontheemden ................................................................... 56 3.1 Ontheemden- en vluchtelingenstroom .............................................................. 56 3.2 Opvang in de regio ........................................................................................ 59 3.3 Activiteiten internationale organisaties ............................................................. 60 3.4 Terugkeer ..................................................................................................... 61 4 Mensenhandel ........................................................................................... 64 4.1 Risico van represailles .................................................................................... 65 4.2 Risico van strafrechtelijke vervolging ............................................................... 65 4.3 Sociale en maatschappelijke herintegratie ........................................................ 66 4.4 Opvangmogelijkheden .................................................................................... 66 Pagina 3 van 77 5 Bijlagen ..................................................................................................... 68 5.1 Geraadpleegde openbare bronnen ................................................................... 68 5.2 Afkortingen ................................................................................................... 75 5.3 Kaart ........................................................................................................... 77 Pagina 4 van 77 Algemeen ambtsbericht Nigeria | juni 2018 Inleiding Dit algemeen ambtsbericht beschrijft de situatie in Nigeria voor zover deze van belang is voor de beoordeling van asielverzoeken van personen die afkomstig zijn uit dat land en voor de besluitvorming over de terugkeer van afgewezen Nigeriaanse asielzoekers. Dit ambtsbericht is een actualisering van eerdere ambtsberichten over de situatie in Nigeria (laatstelijk oktober 2015). Het algemeen ambtsbericht beslaat de periode van oktober 2015 tot en met juni 2018. Dit ambtsbericht is gebaseerd op informatie uit openbare en vertrouwelijke bronnen. Bij het onderzoek is onder meer gebruik gemaakt van informatie van verschillende VN-organisaties, niet gouvernementele organisaties (ngo’s), de Nigeriaanse overheid, internationale waarnemers, vakliteratuur en berichtgeving in de media. Een overzicht van geraadpleegde openbare bronnen is opgenomen in de literatuurlijst. Ook liggen bevindingen ter plaatse en vertrouwelijke rapportages van de Nederlandse vertegenwoordiging in Abuja aan dit algemeen ambtsbericht ten grondslag. In januari 2018 vond een fact-finding missie plaats naar Nigeria. Daar werd gesproken met vertegenwoordigers van bovengenoemde organisaties. In hoofdstuk een wordt ingegaan op recente ontwikkelingen op politiek en veiligheidsgebied. Ook wordt aandacht geschonken aan reis- en identiteitsdocumenten. In hoofdstuk twee wordt de mensenrechtensituatie in Nigeria geschetst. Na een beschrijving van internationale verdragen waarbij Nigeria partij is en een overzicht van de nationale wetgeving, komen de mogelijkheden van toezicht op naleving van de mensenrechten aan de orde. Daarna volgt de beschrijving van naleving dan wel schending van bepaalde mensenrechten. Ten slotte wordt de positie van specifieke groepen belicht. In hoofdstuk drie komen de onderwerpen vluchtelingen en ontheemden aan de orde. Ook wordt aandacht geschonken aan de activiteiten van internationale organisaties en terugkeer. Tot slot wordt in hoofdstuk vier ingegaan op mensenhandel. Daarbij wordt onder andere ingegaan op de sociale en maatschappelijke herintegratie alsmede de opvangmogelijkheden van slachtoffers. Pagina 5 van 77 Algemeen ambtsbericht Nigeria| juni 2018 1 Landeninformatie 1.1 Politieke ontwikkelingen In deze paragraaf worden de belangrijkste politieke ontwikkelingen in Nigeria beschreven sinds het verschijnen van het vorige algemeen ambtsbericht in oktober 2015. Bij de verkiezingen in 2015 kozen de meeste Nigerianen voor het All Progressives Congress (APC), een verkiezingsoverwinning die een einde maakte aan een regeerperiode van zestien jaar door de Peoples Democratic Party (PDP). De in 2015 verkozen president Buhari van het APC had tijdens zijn verkiezingscampagne veiligheid, bestrijding van corruptie en bevordering van de economie als beleidsprioriteiten genoemd.1 De nieuwe regering werd echter onder andere geconfronteerd met protesten in oppositie bolwerken als de Niger Delta. Bovendien had de regering te maken met miljoenen burgers die waren gevlucht vanwege hongersnood en geweld in het noordoosten. Corruptie is in Nigeria wijdverbreid. President Buhari werd verweten dat hij in zijn aanpak van corruptie leden van zijn eigen partij of regering ontzag en dat hij zijn pijlen vooral richtte op politieke tegenstanders.2 Gemeten langs de Corruption Perceptions Index 2017 zijn er weinig substantiële vorderingen geboekt. Deze index laat nog steeds een lage score zien.3 Op economisch terrein ondervond de Nigeriaanse regering tegenspoed door de aanhoudende lage olieprijs en het toenemende verschil tussen de officiële wisselkoers en het bedrag dat op de zwarte markt in Naira’s voor US dollars werd neergeteld.4 President Buhari werd in de verslagperiode gehinderd door zijn slechte gezondheid, waarvoor hij langdurig werd behandeld in Groot-Brittannië. Er werd zelfs gespeculeerd dat hij zijn ambtstermijn niet kon afmaken.5 Tijdens de periodes van afwezigheid werd
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