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Potentialities for Payment Mechanisms for Environmental Services in the Congo Basin Forests: the Case of Biodiversity Conservation

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Potentialities for Payment Mechanisms for Environmental Services in the Congo Basin Forests: the Case of Biodiversity Conservation Potentialities for payment mechanisms for environmental services in the Congo Basin forests: the case of biodiversity conservation By TCHIOFO LONTSI Rodine MSc student in Tropical and International Forestry Faculty of Forest Science and Wood Ecology Georg-August University, Goettingen Academic Supervisor: Dr Stefan Schwarze Academic Co-supervisor: Prof. Dr. Bernhard Möhring CIRAD Supervisor: Dr. Guillaume Lescuyer December 2008 Goettingen, Germany Acknowledgments This work would not have been completed without the contribution of some individuals and institutions. I wish to express my gratitude to my academic supervisor, Dr Stefan Schwarze, lecturer at Agricultural Faculty of the Georg-August University Goettingen for his advices, constructive criticisms, patience and proofreading. My thanks go to Prof. Dr. Bernhard Möhring for accepting to enroll as second academic supervisor. I particularly thank my field supervisor, Dr Guillaume Lescuyer, CIRAD scientist, who facilitated my field research in the Congo Basin, advised, criticized, encouraged and patiently guided me throughout this study. The funding of this work was provided by the FORAF project, in which CIRAD is the leading agency. I take the opportunity to thank CIRAD who hosted my research in Cameroon. Thanks to the FORAF staff in Kinshasa and particularly to Dr Richard Eba’a Atyi and Didier Devers who facilitated my field research in the DRC. I am greatly thankful to all those who provided me with the contacts of protected area managers and conservation actors, especially Caroline Dulau at RAPAC, Nicodème Tchamou at USAID-CARPE and Marcelin Agnagna at CARPE- Congo. I am grateful to all those who provided information and/or participated to the interviews done in the framework of this study. My heartfelt gratitude to the Deustcher Akademischer Austausch Dienst (DAAD) who offered financial support for my MSc studies in Goettingen, Germany. Thank you to my TIF student colleagues for the good time we shared together during this MSc program. I am very grateful to my parents Tchiofo and Christine Lakpa for encouraging me. I wish to acknowledge the moral and material support of all the family TCHIOFO back home. Thanks for always being close to me during these studies abroad. Thanks to my brothers and sisters in Christ in Goettingen and Yaoundé for their spiritual support. Thanks to my friends all over the word for their moral support. Thanks to my Heavenly Father who made everything possible. i Table of content Acknowledgments ....................................................................................................................... i Table of content .......................................................................................................................... ii List of Tables and Figures .......................................................................................................... v List of abbreviations .................................................................................................................. vi Abstract .................................................................................................................................. viii I Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Background and significance of the research ................................................................... 1 1.2 Objectives ......................................................................................................................... 3 II Literature review on Payment for Biodiversity Conservation ......................................... 4 2.1 Definitions ........................................................................................................................ 4 2.2 Sustainable biodiversity use versus biodiversity conservation incentive agreements ...... 5 2.3 Payments for Environmental Services (PES) ................................................................... 6 2.3.1 Definition of the concept and its origin ..................................................................... 6 2.3.2 The idea of PES ......................................................................................................... 7 2.3.3 Basic assumptions of PES .......................................................................................... 8 2.3.4 Different types of PES ............................................................................................. 10 2.3.5 Obstacles to PES ...................................................................................................... 11 2.4 PES for biodiversity conservation .................................................................................. 12 2.5 Types of biodiversity conservation commodities ........................................................... 13 2.6 Implementation of PES schemes for biodiversity conservation ..................................... 14 2.6.1 Conservation Concessions ....................................................................................... 14 2.6.2 Conservation agreements ......................................................................................... 14 2.6.3 Conditions under which these mechanisms have been implemented ...................... 15 2.7 Implementation of PES for biodiversity conservation in Africa .................................... 16 III Methods ............................................................................................................................. 19 3.1 Identification of interviewees ......................................................................................... 19 3.2 Questionnaires ................................................................................................................ 20 ii 3.3 Interviews ....................................................................................................................... 21 3.4 Data analysis ................................................................................................................... 21 IV The context of biodiversity conservation in the Congo Basin ....................................... 23 4.1- Regional cooperation for conservation ......................................................................... 23 4.2- Approaches used for Biodiversity Conservation in the Congo Basin ........................... 25 4.3- Protected areas and conservation in Congo Basin ........................................................ 26 V Results: State-of-the-art on incentives for sustainable biodiversity management and conservation in the Congo Basin ........................................................................................... 27 5.1- Protected areas in the Congo Basin ............................................................................... 27 5.1.1- Activities implemented ........................................................................................... 27 5.1.2- Funding sources ...................................................................................................... 28 5.2- Participation of local communities in biodiversity conservation .................................. 30 5.2.1- Raising awareness and environmental education ................................................... 30 5.2.2- Strengthening local organizational structures for joint management ..................... 31 5.2.3- Employment for local people ................................................................................. 32 5.3- Indirect incentives for conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity ...................... 33 5.3.1- Development projects ............................................................................................. 33 5.3.2- Training of socio-professional groups .................................................................... 34 5.3.3- Alternative activities ............................................................................................... 35 5.4- Direct incentive initiatives for sustainable use of biodiversity ..................................... 36 5.4.1- Government initiatives ........................................................................................... 36 5.4.2- Community Safari Hunting Zone ........................................................................... 37 5.4.3- Ecotourism .............................................................................................................. 39 5.4.4- Community forestry ................................................................................................ 40 5.5- Direct incentives for biodiversity conservation ............................................................ 41 5.5.1- Area-based schemes ............................................................................................... 41 5.5.2- Use-restriction schemes .......................................................................................... 46 5.5.3- Obstacles to implementation of direct payments for biodiversity .......................... 48 iii VI Discussion and Conclusions: Possibility of implementing PES in the Congo Basin ... 49 6.1- Conditions for the success of payments for biodiversity conservation mechanisms in the Congo Basin context ....................................................................................................... 49 6.1.1- Property rights .......................................................................................................
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