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Journal of Early Modern Christianity DE GRUYTER 2020 - VOLUME7 - ISSUE 1 ISSN 2196-6648 - e-ISSN 2196-6656 JOURNAL OF EARLY MODERN CHRISTIANITY EDITORS DAE Wim Francois Violet Soen Grazyna Jurkowlaniec RefoRC Tarald Rasmussen ee Rady Rolddn-Figueroa \CADEMICS www.degruyter.com/journals/jemc DE GRUYTER Journal of Early Modern Christianity — 2020 | Volume7 | Issue 1 ISSN 2196-6648 - e-ISSN 2196-6656 Contents All information regarding notes for contributors, subscriptions, Open Access, back volumes and orders is available online at www.degruyter.com/journals/jemc. Ragnhild M. Bg The journalis published with our partner RefoRC: www.reforc.com Making and Meaning-Making: The Antwerp Altarpiece in Ringsaker (c. 1530) RESPONSIBLE EDITORS: WimFrancois and Violet Soen, KU Leuven, c/o Charles Deberiotstraat 26, across the Reformation — 1 box 3101, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium, E-mail: wim.francois @kuleuven.be; violet.soen @kuleuven.be; [email protected] Stina Fallberg Sundmark JOURNAL MANAGER Bendix Düker, De Gruyter, Genthiner StraBe 13, 10785 Berlin, Germany, Remembering the Dead and Reminding the Living: Blessing of the Corpse Tel.: +49 (0)30 260 05-418, Fax: +49 (0)30 260 05-250, E-mail: bendix.dueker @degruyter.com and Burial in Sixteenth-Century Sweden — 43 RESPONSIBLE FOR ADVERTISEMENTSClaudia Neumann,De Gruyter, Genthiner StraBe 13, 10785 Berlin, Germany. Tel.: +49 (0)30 260 05-226, Fax: +49 (0) 30 260 05-322 Dries De Crom E-mail: anzeigen @ degruyter.com Alfonso de Castro on Vernacular Bible Translation and Christian Education —— 61 © 2020 Walter de Gruyter GmbH,Berlin/Boston TYPESETTINGIntegra Software Services Pvt. Ltd., Pondicherry, India Wendy Wauters The Origins of the Furnace Motif: From Magico-Religious Ritual to Early PRINTING Franz X. Stiickle Druck und Verlag e. K., Ettenheim Modern Tale of Makeability — 85 Eleonora Rai MIX Paperfrom Ex Meritis responsible sources Praevisis: Predestination, Grace, and Free Will in intra-Jesuit Ee FSC° C107500 Controversies (1587-1613) —— 111 Emese Muntan Uneasy Agents of Tridentine Reforms: Catholic Missionaries in Southern Ottoman Hungary and Their Local Competitors in the Early Seventeenth Century — 151 Tiziana Faitini Shaping the Profession: Some Thoughts on Office, Duty, and the Moral Offenlegung der Inhaber und Beteiligungsverhältnisse gem. $ 7a Abs. 1 Ziff. 1, Abs. 2 Ziff. 3 Problematisation of Professional Activities in the Counter-Reformation —— 177 des Berliner Pressegesetzes: Die Gesellschafter der Walter de Gruyter GmbH sind: Cram, Gisela, Rentnerin, Berlin; Cram, Elsbeth, Pensionärin, Rosengarten-Alvesen; Cram, Dr. Georg-Martin, Unternehmens-Systemberater, Stadtbergen; Cram, Maike, Wien (Österreich); Cram, Jens, Mann- heim; Cram, Ingrid, Betriebsleiterin, Tuxpan/Michoacan (Mexiko); Cram, Sabina, Mexico, DF (Mexiko); Cram, Silke, Wissenschaftlerin, Mexico DF (Mexiko); Cram, Björn, Aachen; Cram, Berit, Hamm; Cram-Gomez, Susana, Mexico DF (Mexiko); Cram-Heydrich, Walter, Mexico DF (Mexico); Cram-Heydrich, Kurt, Angestellter, Mexico DF (Mexico); Duvenbeck, Brigitta, Oberstudienratin i.R., Bad Homburg; Gadeke, Gudula, M.A., Atemtherapeutin/Lehrerin, Tiibingen; Gadeke, Martin, Student, Ingolstadt; Gomez Cram, Arturo Walter, Global Key Account Manager, Bonn, Gomez Cram, Ingrid Arlene, Studentin, Mexico, DF (Mexiko), Gomez Cram, Robert, Assistant Professor. London UK,Lubasch, Dr. Annette, Arztin, Berlin; Schiitz, Dr. Christa, Arztin, Mannheim; Schiitz, Sonja, Diplom.-Betriebswirtin (FH), Berlin; Schiitz, Juliane, Berlin; Schiitz, Antje, Berlin; Schiitz, Valentin, Mannheim;Seils, Dorothee, Apothekerin, Stuttgart; Seils, Gabriele, Journalistin, Berlin; Seils, Chris- toph, Journalist, Berlin; Siebert, John-Walter, Pfarrer, Oberstenfeld; Anh Vinh Alwin Tran, Ziirich (Schweiz), Tran, Renate, Mediatorin, Zürich (Schweiz). 84 4 —— D.D.DeCr De Crom DE GRUYTER DE GRUYTER Journal of Early Modern Christianity 2020; 7(1): 85-110 other works, to which he himself makes a claim of inemberhip — should not be Wendy Wauters* defined on ethnic terms.°’ What is most remarkable is ca s use or the same The Origins of arguments that appearin his polemics against Bible translation, sommeseen the Furnace Motif: From arguing the opposite case. Regarding Mt 7:6, for example, the eee ve Magico-Religious Ritual to Early Modern pretation given in Adversus omnes haereses, based in fact on a mis eat ne Tale of Makeability quotation from the commentary of Theophylact, contrasts starkly with the inclusivist language of Utrum indigenae. Another clear example 8 nun 4:1-33, https://doi.org/10.1515/jemc-2020-2015 cited in De justa haereticorum punitione with the intention of es: access ie the New Testament. In Utrum indigenae, Castro explicitly refutes this Abstract: The article delvesinto the fiery furnace motif andits evocations of the healing and makeability of men. Building on previous research conducted in ENae comparison, one may refer to the Orio qua suadetur ut libri ae religious history, art history and anthropology, a diachronic analysis in linguam vulgarem transferantur, with which Gentian HEEL on 8 or Marc textual of the and visualtraditions of this motif is made. At its base lies the idea that 1546, defended vernacular Bible translations at the council of Trent. pee the natural phenomenon offire has a transformative power. This belief emphasized the need for Christian education, including the reading o present in several is magico-religious rituals and in the visual imprint within Scripture, from a mindset of humanistic universality: Christian iconographical tradition. Both manifestations exist in conjunction and their evolution is intertwined. Herein Timothy receives praise for having studied Holy Scripture even from his childhood oy lie the roots of the early modern secular motif of the For that reason he is considered worthy to receive the holy office ot bishop, though is furnace as a place of metaphorical transformation. may Society still a young man.Shall we then keep away not only infants and children, but men of any not have been awareofthese previous attitudes, but the urban context does age and class, with only very few exceptions?®® provide a fertile breeding ground for motifs such as The Rejuvenation Furnace and the so-called Baker of Eeklo. From the point of view of Christian ethics, In this last remark, one recognizes a critique of the exclisivist point of ven interesting that it is the concentration of the furnace motif voiced by Alfonso de Castro. To Gentian Hervet, scriptural readings are a nie can serve as a seismo- graph of fluctuations in morality. and necessary part of Christian education. To Alfonso de Castro, a high level o Keywords: iconography, magico-religious education is the necessary prerequisite for safe and responsible reading. ritual, furnace motif, makeability men, transformation of Acknowledgements:I would like to thank prof. dr. Wim Frangols, as mel as the anonymousreferees of the Journal of Early Modern Christianity, for their helpful 1 Introduction comments on earlier versions of this paper. You see, the furnace now is full with many a head and silly fool; until noon I’ll bake them in fire, as they surely do require; servants and nobility, women and men equally; and young andold, and sane and mad; for there are flawsin every head.* ——— 1 “Gy ziet het, de oven is nu vol van menig hoofd en zotten bol: ik laet ze bakken tot den noen, zy hebben ‘t zeker wel van doen, zoo welde dienaerals de heer, en vrouwen, man,al even zeer, en jong, en oud, en wys, en gek; want ieder hoofd heeft zyn gebrek”, Verse from the poem Oven â la Mode from Het masker van de Wereldt afgetrocken (1649) by Adriaen mm Poirters. 67 Nesvig, “The Epistemological Politics,” 177. *Corresponding author: Wendy Wauters, Faculty of Arts, KU Leuven, Leuven 68 CT 12:535. E-mail: [email protected] 3000, Belgium, 86 —— W. Wauters DE GRUYTER DE GRUYTER The Origins of the Furnace Motif —— 87 The concept of fire as a transformative force is as old as humanity itself, and this Dutch or German, and the subject has been somewhat underrepresented in motif was incorporated into numerous different media world-wide. By building English-speaking circles. Furthermore, such peculiar makeability motifs are on previous research conducted in art history, anthropology, and religious often either studied in isolation, or they are grouped together with unrelated history, this study will focus on the origins of the fiery furnace as an instrument sham operations according to the desired outcomes.* of early modern human makeability. The oldest traces of this notion can be This wide range of cultural expressions — from magico-religious rituals to found in the performative actions of various indigenous communities, secular serial production — makes it more difficult to examine the furnace as an Unfortunately, it is impossible to trace the historical and geographical roots of achronic location of makeability. Crucial pieces of the puzzle are scattered these rituals precisely, since the materials concerned came from undocumented across various academic disciplines. There has never been a cross-disciplinary cultures. Only very few clues remain, and even those have undergone many study that focused on the method of the procedure (furnace) rather than its mutations. Religious historians Mircea Eliade and Carl-Martin Edsman carried desired outcome (purification, conversion, rejuvenation etc.). Nevertheless, it is out extensive research into this subject.? Their publications elucidate, among precisely by compiling an iconographic corpus that specific societal and moral other
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