Samræmist Grunnlínukerfi Íslands Hafréttarsamningi Sameinuðu Þjóðanna?

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Samræmist Grunnlínukerfi Íslands Hafréttarsamningi Sameinuðu Þjóðanna? SAMRÆMIST GRUNNLÍNUKERFI ÍSLANDS HAFRÉTTARSAMNINGI SAMEINUÐU ÞJÓÐANNA? Svava Pétursdóttir 2016 ML í lögfræði Höfundur: Svava Pétursdóttir Kennitala: 180686-2239 Leiðbeinandi: Dr. Bjarni Már Magnússon Lagadeild School of Law Útdráttur Samræmist grunnlínukerfi Íslands hafréttarsamningi Sameinuðu þjóðanna? Hafsvæði ríkja eru ekki mæld frá strandlengjunni sem slíkri heldur grunnlínum. Almennt skal grunnlína fylgja stórstraumsfjöruborði strandlengjunnar. Þegar strandlengja er mjög vogskorin og óregluleg eða ef strandeyjaröð er í næsta nágrenni strandlengjunnar getur ríki dregið beina grunnlínu á milli viðeigandi grunnlínupunkta. Í kringum Ísland eru dregnar beinar grunnlínur. Ríkjum er í sjálfsvald sett hvernig eigi að draga grunnlínu. Þrátt fyrir það hefur Alþjóðadómstóllinn í Haag lagt áherslu á að afmörkun hafsvæða hafi ætíð alþjóðlega hlið. Hún geti þannig ekki einungis verið undir vilja strandríkis komin. Engu að síður samræmist framkvæmd ríkja varðandi beinar grunnlínur oft á tíðum ekki þjóðarétti. Mörg ríki hafa mótmælt grunnlínum annarra ríkja, má þar helst nefna Bandaríkin. Ekkert ríki hefur mótmælt grunnlínukerfi Íslands. Megintilgangur þessarar ritgerðar er að svara því hvort grunnlínukerfi Íslands samræmist hafréttarsamningi Sameinuðu þjóðanna, en grunnlínukerfi Íslands hefur sætt nokkurri gagnrýni af hálfu fræðimanna. Helsta niðurstaðan er sú að grunnlínukerfi Íslands sé að meginstefnu til í samræmi við ákvæði hafréttarsamningsins. Þó eru uppi álitaefni varðandi suðurströnd landsins en ljóst er að strandlengjan er ekki jafn vogskorin og óregluleg þar eins og annarsstaðar. Þrátt fyrir það hafa mörg ríki óbeint viðurkennt grunnlínur landsins með því að gera samninga við íslenska ríkið sem byggist að einhverju leyti á grunnlínukerfinu. Hækkun sjávarmáls getur meðal annars leitt til þess að grunnlínur taki breytingum þar sem grunnlínupunktar hverfi í sæ. Komist var að þeirri niðurstöðu að mörk landhelgi og efnahagslögsögu Íslands breytist í samræmi við breytingar á grunnlínum en að mörk landgrunnsins haldist óbreytt. Ekki er að finna skýrar reglur í þjóðarétti hvernig bregðast skuli við þessari þróun. i Abstract Is the Icelandic baseline system in accordance with the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea? The outer limits of maritime zones are measured not from the coast as such but from lines known as baselines. The normal baseline for measuring the breadth of the territorial sea is the low-water line along the coast. When the coastline is deeply indented and irregular, however, or if there is a fringe of islands along the coast in its immediate vicinity, a state may employ straight baselines between relevant basepoints. Iceland employs straight baselines. The International Court of Justice has emphasized that the delimitation of sea areas always has an international aspect and cannot be determined merely by the will of the coastal state as expressed in its municipal law. Many straight baselines do not comply with international law, and the baseline system in Iceland has been subjected to some criticism by scholars. Still, no other state has challenged the Icelandic baselines. This paper examines whether the baseline system is in accordance with the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. The main conclusion is that the baseline system in Iceland is, in principle, in accordance with the Convention. However, the south coast of Iceland is less indented and irregular than elsewhere. It can be argued that some state cannot protest the Icelandic baseline system according to agreements they have previously made with the Icelandic state. It is possible that some basepoints in the Icelandic baseline system will err in the near future due to sea level rise, which could affect maritime jurisdiction landward. It is likely that the limits of the territorial sea and the exclusive economic zone of Iceland will change according to the baselines, the limits of the continental shelf however will remain the same. There are no clear rules in international law that address the effects of sea level rise on baselines. ii Formáli Ritgerð þessi er til fullnaðar gráðu í lögfræði frá Háskólanum í Reykjavík. Ritgerðin er skrifuð á vordögum árið 2016 undir handleiðslu Dr. Bjarna Más Magnússonar, lektors við lagadeild Háskólans í Reykjavík. Ritgerð þessi er styrkt af Samtökum fyrirtækja í sjávarútvegi. Styrkurinn gerði höfundi kleift að ferðast til Bretlands og afla þar heimilda á bókasafninu Institute of Advanced Legal Studies sem er hluti af Háskólanum í London. Er þar að finna gífurlega viðamikið þjóðréttarbókasafn. Höfundur óskaði eftir aðgangi að gögnum Þjóðskjalasafns Íslands en var synjað um aðgang að viðkvæmum gögnum er varða íslenska ríkið. Því er ritgerð þessi aðeins byggð á opinberum gögnum. Í október 2016 mun höfundur flytja erindi um niðurstöður ritgerðarinnar á níundu Norðurskautsráðstefnunni, Polar Law Symposium, sem haldin er á Akureyri og er sú ferð einnig styrkt af Samtökum fyrirtækja í sjávarútvegi. Samtökunum færi ég mínar bestu þakkir. Ég vil sérstaklega þakka Dr. Bjarna Má fyrir einstaklega góða handleiðslu og hvatningu. Einnig nýti ég tækifærið og þakka fjölskyldu minni og vinum fyrir ómetanlega stuðning, þá sérstaklega foreldrum mínum Guðrúnu og Pétri. Þá fær Agnar Bragi Bragason lögfræðingur mínar bestu þakkir fyrir yfirlestur og góð ráð. Að lokum vil ég þakka Sólveigu Eyvindsdóttur fyrir prófarkalestur. Ritgerð þessi er tileinkuð syni mínum, Villa. Svava Pétursdóttir 12. maí 2016 iii Efnisyfirlit Útdráttur .................................................................................................................................... i Abstract .................................................................................................................................... ii Myndaskrá ............................................................................................................................. vii Lagaskrá ............................................................................................................................... viii Dómaskrá .................................................................................................................................. x Inngangur ................................................................................................................................. 1 1. Grunnlínur ............................................................................................................................ 2 1.1. Inngangur ...................................................................................................................... 2 1.2. Venjulegar grunnlínur .................................................................................................. 3 1.2.1. Rif ............................................................................................................................ 5 1.2.2. Flæðisker .................................................................................................................. 6 1.3. Beinar grunnlínur ......................................................................................................... 7 1.3.1. Inngangur ................................................................................................................. 7 1.3.2. Beinar grunnlínur samkvæmt Alþjóðadómstólnum í máli Bretlands og Noregs ..... 8 1.3.3. Beinar grunnlínur samkvæmt þjóðréttarsamningum ............................................. 10 1.4. Aðrar aðferðir við að draga grunnlínur ................................................................... 13 1.4.1. Árósar ..................................................................................................................... 13 1.4.2. Flóar ....................................................................................................................... 13 1.4.3. Hafnir ..................................................................................................................... 14 1.4.4. Eyjur ....................................................................................................................... 15 1.4.5. Eyjaklasagrunnlínur ............................................................................................... 15 1.5. Mismunandi aðferðir til að ákveða grunnlínur ........................................................ 16 1.6. Kort með grunnlínum ................................................................................................. 16 1.7. Beinar grunnlínur og venjuréttur ............................................................................. 17 1.8. Samantekt .................................................................................................................... 17 2. Framkvæmd ríkja varðandi beinar grunnlínur .............................................................. 19 2.1. Inngangur .................................................................................................................... 19 2.2. Óhóflegar grunnlínur ................................................................................................. 20 2.3. Mótmæli við óhóflegum grunnlínum ........................................................................ 21 2.4. Framkvæmd ríkja varðandi óhóflegar grunnlínur og mótmæli við þeim ............. 23 iv 2.4.1. Inngangur ............................................................................................................... 23 2.4.2. Mjög vogskornar og óreglulegar strandlengjur .....................................................
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