DOCSLIB.ORG

Blumeriella Jaapii

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Blumeriella Jaapii DETECTION OF BOSCALID RESISTANCE AND THE H272R MUTATION IN THE SDHB GENE OF BLUMERIELLA JAAPII By Cory Alan Outwater A THESIS Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Plant Pathology – Master of Science 2014 ABSTRACT DETECTION OF BOSCALID RESISTANCE AND THE H272R MUTATION IN THE SDHB GENE OF BLUMERIELLA JAAPII By Cory Alan Outwater Cherry leaf spot (CLS), caused by the fungus Blumeriella jaapii , is a major disease of tart cherry (Prunus cerasus ) trees, which uncontrolled leads to early defoliation. Pristine, a commonly-utilized fungicide for CLS management in Michigan, is a premix of boscalid, a succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor, and pyraclostrobin, a quinone outside inhibitor. Reduced efficacy of Pristine for CLS control observed in field trials and commercial orchards highlighted the importance of resistance monitoring. A total of 1,288 isolates from commercial orchards and 111 isolates from non-treated trees were collected in 2010 and 2011 and assayed on boscalid-amended media at concentrations of -1 0, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2.5, 5, 10, and 25 µg ml . The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of boscalid was determined after incubation at 23 ºC for 14 days . Isolates from non- -1 treated trees had MIC values ranging from 0.1 to 0.5 µg ml while isolates from -1 commercial orchards ranged from 0.1 to > 25 µg ml . Isolates with MIC values of > 25 -1 µg ml were considered resistant and comprised 22% and 35% of isolates in 2010 and 2011 respectively. Sequencing of the SDHB gene of resistant isolates led to the detection of the amino acid mutation H272R known to confer boscalid resistance. The occurrence of the H272R mutation in Michigan populations of B. jaapii is correlated with the reduction in sensitivity to boscalid observed in commercial orchards. To my grandpa Norman Schaub iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank Dr. George Sundin for giving me the opportunity to work in his laboratory and for his guidance through the process of obaining my master’s degree. Thank you Janette Jacobs for working with me during my undergraduate years and teaching me a wealth of techniques and skills that have proven extremely valuable through the years. Thank you to Dr. Tyre Proffer for guiding me through the world of fungi and for teaching me all the ins and outs of what has became one of my favorite fungal species, Blumeriella jaapii . Thank you to Kim Lesniak for inspiring me to go after a degree in plant pathology, for being there to mentor me through my graduate years, and finally for being a great friend and and source of support through this process. I would also like to thank Gayle McGhee, Gail Ehret and the entire Sundin lab for being an amazing group of people and for making this experience one that I will cherish for many years to come. I would like to thank the Michigan cherry growers and my funding sources including the Michigan Cherry Committee for allowing me to work on a very important disease affecting the Michigan cherry industry. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES………………………………………….....…vii LIST OF FIGURES……………………………………………..viii LITERATURE REVIEW…………………………………………1 Introduction…………………………………………………………...1 Plant Pathogens Affecting the Michigan Tart Cherry Industry………5 Cherry Leaf Spot ( Blumeriella jaapii )………………………………..7 Development and Use of Plant Protection Materials in Fruit Production…………………………………………………………...16 The Development and Registration of Pristine……………………...20 Fungicides in the Age of Resistance………………………………...24 LITERATURE CITED……………………………………………...33 CHAPTER 1: DETECTION OF BOSCALID RESISTANCE AND THE H272R MUTATION IN THE SDHB GENE OF BLUMERIELLA JAAPII ………………………………………...45 Introduction………………………………………………………….45 Materials and Methods………………………………………………49 Fungicide efficacy trials……………………………………...49 Statistical analysis of field data………………………………50 B. jaapii isolate collection……………………………………50 In vitro sensitivity of B. jaapii to boscalid…………………...52 Amplification and identification of the succinate dehydrogenase subunit b gene ( SDHB ) of B. jaapii …………………………..53 Results……………………………………………………………….55 Efficacy of Pristine for control of cherry leaf spot in fungicide field trials at the NWMHRS 1999–2013……………………..55 Grouping of B. jaapii isolates into boscalid sensitivity groups………………………………………………………...57 Sensitivity of B. jaapii isolates to boscalid (2010)…………...59 Sensitivity of B. jaapii isolates to boscalid (2011)…………...62 v Amplification of the SDHB gene and molecular detection of the H272R mutation………………………………………………65 Discussion…………………………………………………………...69 LITERATURE CITED……………………………………………...76 APPENDIX………………………………………………………85 LITERATURE CITED…………………………………………….108 vi LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Codon and amino acid residue in the third cysteine-rich cluster of the SDHB gene of 33 B. jaapii isolates grouped by boscalid sensitivity groups. Amino acid residues were changed from a histidine to arginine for all resistant isolates sequenced………….68 vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Efficacy trial results of Pristine treatments for control of CLS. Pristine was evaluated as a full season treatment from 2001 to 2003 and 2009 to 2011. Pristine was evaluated following two applications of chlorothalonil at petal fall and shuck split in 2005 and 2012. Trials were conducted in an experimental orchard of Prunus cerasus cv . Montmorency located at the Northwest Michigan Horticulture Research Center near Suttons Bay, Michigan. CLS incidence and defoliation was assessed in late August or early September of each year. Defoliation data for 2005 was not determined due to low disease pressure. Leaf spot infection and defoliation is scaled as the disease incidence or defoliation divided by the disease incidence or defoliation on unsprayed controls. Scaled infection is represented by black bars and scaled defoliation is represented by hash marked bars………………………………………………………………………………56 Figure 2. Isolates plated on boscalid amended media at concentrations of 0.1, 0.5, 1, -1 2.5, 5, 10, and 25 µg ml . Each colony on plates within a row represents a separate B. jaapii isolate. There are eight different isolates in the sensitive group, ten isolates in the reduced sensitivity group and ten isolates in the resistant group. Minimum inhibitory concentrations were determined as the lowest concentration that completely inhibits mycelial growth following a 14 day incubation period. -1 a. Minimum inhibitory concentration (0.1 µg ml ) of an isolate classified as sensitive. -1 b. Minimum inhibitory concentration (5 µg ml ) of an isolate classified as reduced sensitive. -1 c. Minimum inhibitory concentration (>25 µg ml ) of an isolate classified as resistant..............................................................................................................................58 Figure 3. Boscalid sensitivity distribution of 2010 non-treated and commercial B. jaapii isolates. Baseline isolates are represented by white bars and commercial isolates are represented by black bars………………………………………………………………60 Figure 4. Distribution of 2010 Orchard or site sensitivity groups. Orchards or sites classified as sensitive had average Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations between 0.1 and -1 0.5 µg ml and are identified by white bars. Orchards or sites classified as reduced -1 sensitivity had average Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations between 1 and 10 µg ml and are identified by hatched bars. Orchards or sites classified as resistant had average viii -1 Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations between 25 and > 25 µg ml and are identified by black bars………………………………………………………………………………...61 Figure 5. Boscalid sensitivity distribution of 2011 non-treated and commercial B. jaapii isolates. Non-treated isolates are represented by white bars and commercial isolates are represented by black bars………………………………………………………………63 Figure 6. Distribution of 2011 Orchard or site sensitivity groups. Orchards or sites classified as sensitive had average Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations between 0.1 and -1 0.5 µg ml and are identified by white bars. Orchards or sites classified as reduced -1 sensitivity had average Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations between 1 and 10 µg ml and are identified by hatched bars. Orchards or sites classified as resistant had average -1 Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations between 25 and > 25 µg ml and are identified by black bars………………………………………………………………………………...64 Figure 7. PCR amplification of the SDHB gene from 7 B. jaapii isolates utilizing the primer pairs SDHB-FL and SDHB-R, SDHB-FS and SDHB-R, and SDHBFEL and SDHB-R. B. jaapii baseline isolates 10PEBJ-1, 3, 4, 9, 11 and B. jaapii boscalid resistant isolates 10BWPB-21, 22 were used for each primer pair. Lanes 1 and 17, DNA ladder; lanes 2, 10 and 19, water control; lanes 3-9, amplification with primer pair SDHB-FL and SDHB-R; lanes 11-16 and 18, amplification with primer pair SDHB-FS and SDHB-R; lanes 20-26, amplification with primer pair SDHBFEL and SDHB-R………………………………………………………………………………….66 Figure 8. Sequences obtained from the second and third cysteine-rich clusters of the SDHB gene of B. jaapii . Both cysteine-rich clusters (shaded areas) were amplified from sensitive, reduced sensitive and resistant isolates. Amino acids highlighted in red have been previously associated with boscalid resistance. No amino acid mutations were detected from the second cysteine-rich cluster from the three sensitivity groups. An amino acid mutation from histidine to arginine was detected for resistant isolates in the third cysteine rich cluster………………………………………………………………...67 Figure A1. Fluopyram
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Cherry Leaf Spot
    CHERRY LEAF SPOT 695 maturely defoliated produced fewer blossoms the following year, the flowers were poorly developed and slower in opening, fewer cherries ripened, and the cherries were smaller. Many fruit spurs died, and the crop was greatly reduced on the spurs that survived. By reducing shoot growth and spur Cherry development, the defoliation lowered the yield for several years. Following the worst outbreak of Leaf Spot cherry leaf spot on record in the Cum- berland-Shenandoah Valley in 1945, thousands of sour cherry trees died and F. H. Lewis many others had severe injuries. In Virginia on trees defoliated in Cherry leaf spot, caused by the para- May and June of 1945, the average sitic fungus Coccomyces hiemalis^ is one of weight of the buds in late summer was the major factors that determine the 90 milligrams.' The buds on trees that cost of producing cherries and the had retained their foliage averaged 147 yield and quality of the fruit. milligrams in weight. The smaller buds The disease occurs on the sour did not have enough vitality to survive cherry, Prunus cerasus, sweet cherry, P, the winter. All unsprayed trees died. avium, and the mahaleb cherry, P, None of the trees died in one orchard mahaleb, wherever they are grown where sprays had delayed defoliation under conditions that favor the sur- 4 weeks or more. vival of the fungus. That includes our Heavy early defoliation in West Vir- eastern and central producing areas ginia in 1945 stimulated the produc- and the more humid areas in the West. tion of secondary growth on 64 percent Because it has been most serious on of the terminals about 2 weeks after sour cherry in the Eastern and Central harvest.
    [Show full text]
  • Old Woman Creek National Estuarine Research Reserve Management Plan 2011-2016
    Old Woman Creek National Estuarine Research Reserve Management Plan 2011-2016 April 1981 Revised, May 1982 2nd revision, April 1983 3rd revision, December 1999 4th revision, May 2011 Prepared for U.S. Department of Commerce Ohio Department of Natural Resources National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Division of Wildlife Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management 2045 Morse Road, Bldg. G Estuarine Reserves Division Columbus, Ohio 1305 East West Highway 43229-6693 Silver Spring, MD 20910 This management plan has been developed in accordance with NOAA regulations, including all provisions for public involvement. It is consistent with the congressional intent of Section 315 of the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, as amended, and the provisions of the Ohio Coastal Management Program. OWC NERR Management Plan, 2011 - 2016 Acknowledgements This management plan was prepared by the staff and Advisory Council of the Old Woman Creek National Estuarine Research Reserve (OWC NERR), in collaboration with the Ohio Department of Natural Resources-Division of Wildlife. Participants in the planning process included: Manager, Frank Lopez; Research Coordinator, Dr. David Klarer; Coastal Training Program Coordinator, Heather Elmer; Education Coordinator, Ann Keefe; Education Specialist Phoebe Van Zoest; and Office Assistant, Gloria Pasterak. Other Reserve staff including Dick Boyer and Marje Bernhardt contributed their expertise to numerous planning meetings. The Reserve is grateful for the input and recommendations provided by members of the Old Woman Creek NERR Advisory Council. The Reserve is appreciative of the review, guidance, and council of Division of Wildlife Executive Administrator Dave Scott and the mapping expertise of Keith Lott and the late Steve Barry.
    [Show full text]
  • Investigation of Biological Peculiarities of Blumeriella Jaapii
    Plant Protection Science – 2002 Investigation of Biological Peculiarities of Blumeriella jaapii A. VALIUSHKAITE Plant Protection Laboratory, Lithuanian Institute of Horticulture, LT-4335 Babtai, Kaunas District, Lithuania E-mail: apsauga@lsdi.lt Abstract Leaf spot pathogen is characterized as a highly developed parasite after investigation of development peculiarities of the fungus in pure culture and natural conditions. The degree of correlation depended on the medium. Impact of incubation temperature on Blumeriella jaapii (Rehm) Arx growth was different. Fungi colonies formed more intensively and their diameter increased significantly under higher temperature. Optimal conditions for the disease prevalence are 15–20°C and moisture. Relative humidity and precipitation influenced maturation of ascomycetes and discharge of ascospores (r = +0.89). Microscopic analysis of leaves showed that during winter thaw, when the average temperature is about 0 ± 5ºC and relative humidity is higher than 70%, was possible to detect mature ascomycetes and conidia. It is possible to affirm that lower temperature than it was assumed is sufficient for formation of ascomycetes. Keywords: Blumeriella jaapii; sour cherry; cherry leaf spot; medium, mycelium; growth speed; conditions INTRODUCTION expendient to investigate the biological peculiarities of Blumeriella jaapii. Cherry leaf spot, caused by Blumeriella jaapii (Rehm) Arx (syn. Coccomyces hiemlis Higg.), is a MATERIALS AND METHODS widespread disease of sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.). It is a major disease of sour cherries in North In 1996–1999 the fungus Blumeriella jaapii, a patho- America (SJULIN et al. 1989), and in Europe serious gen of sour cherry leaf spot, and the accompanying losses have been reported in Poland (BIELENIN et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Preliminary Classification of Leotiomycetes
    Mycosphere 10(1): 310–489 (2019) www.mycosphere.org ISSN 2077 7019 Article Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/10/1/7 Preliminary classification of Leotiomycetes Ekanayaka AH1,2, Hyde KD1,2, Gentekaki E2,3, McKenzie EHC4, Zhao Q1,*, Bulgakov TS5, Camporesi E6,7 1Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China 2Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand 3School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand 4Landcare Research Manaaki Whenua, Private Bag 92170, Auckland, New Zealand 5Russian Research Institute of Floriculture and Subtropical Crops, 2/28 Yana Fabritsiusa Street, Sochi 354002, Krasnodar region, Russia 6A.M.B. Gruppo Micologico Forlivese “Antonio Cicognani”, Via Roma 18, Forlì, Italy. 7A.M.B. Circolo Micologico “Giovanni Carini”, C.P. 314 Brescia, Italy. Ekanayaka AH, Hyde KD, Gentekaki E, McKenzie EHC, Zhao Q, Bulgakov TS, Camporesi E 2019 – Preliminary classification of Leotiomycetes. Mycosphere 10(1), 310–489, Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/10/1/7 Abstract Leotiomycetes is regarded as the inoperculate class of discomycetes within the phylum Ascomycota. Taxa are mainly characterized by asci with a simple pore blueing in Melzer’s reagent, although some taxa have lost this character. The monophyly of this class has been verified in several recent molecular studies. However, circumscription of the orders, families and generic level delimitation are still unsettled. This paper provides a modified backbone tree for the class Leotiomycetes based on phylogenetic analysis of combined ITS, LSU, SSU, TEF, and RPB2 loci. In the phylogenetic analysis, Leotiomycetes separates into 19 clades, which can be recognized as orders and order-level clades.
    [Show full text]
  • Diseases of Trees in the Great Plains
    United States Department of Agriculture Diseases of Trees in the Great Plains Forest Rocky Mountain General Technical Service Research Station Report RMRS-GTR-335 November 2016 Bergdahl, Aaron D.; Hill, Alison, tech. coords. 2016. Diseases of trees in the Great Plains. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-335. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 229 p. Abstract Hosts, distribution, symptoms and signs, disease cycle, and management strategies are described for 84 hardwood and 32 conifer diseases in 56 chapters. Color illustrations are provided to aid in accurate diagnosis. A glossary of technical terms and indexes to hosts and pathogens also are included. Keywords: Tree diseases, forest pathology, Great Plains, forest and tree health, windbreaks. Cover photos by: James A. Walla (top left), Laurie J. Stepanek (top right), David Leatherman (middle left), Aaron D. Bergdahl (middle right), James T. Blodgett (bottom left) and Laurie J. Stepanek (bottom right). To learn more about RMRS publications or search our online titles: www.fs.fed.us/rm/publications www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/ Background This technical report provides a guide to assist arborists, landowners, woody plant pest management specialists, foresters, and plant pathologists in the diagnosis and control of tree diseases encountered in the Great Plains. It contains 56 chapters on tree diseases prepared by 27 authors, and emphasizes disease situations as observed in the 10 states of the Great Plains: Colorado, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas, and Wyoming. The need for an updated tree disease guide for the Great Plains has been recog- nized for some time and an account of the history of this publication is provided here.
    [Show full text]
  • Cherry Leaf Spot, RPD No
    report on RPD No. 800 PLANT September 1995 DEPARTMENT OF CROP SCIENCES DISEASE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN CHERRY LEAF SPOT Cherry leaf spot is caused by the fungus Higginsia (Coccomyces) hiemalis. It is one of the most serious diseases of sweet and sour cherries in the Midwest. Trees are often defoliated by midsummer and sometimes produce dwarfed, unevenly ripened, soft, and watery fruit with an insipid taste. Repeated defoliation results in: (1) devitalized trees that are more susceptible to winter injury, (2) small and weak fruit buds; (3) the death of fruit spurs; (4) a reduction of fruit set and size; (5) reduced shoot growth; and (6) tree death. SYMPTOMS Figure 1. Spots on cherry leaves begin as discrete brown spots with a distinct border. Cherry leaf spot generally affects the leaves, but lesions can occur on the fruit, leaf stems (petioles), and fruit stems (pedicels). During the latter part of May and the first half of June, small circular purple spots appear on upper leaf surfaces (Figure 1). These spots gradually enlarge to 1/4 inch in diameter (6 millimeters) and turn reddish brown to purple with a definite border. On sweet cherry leaves the lesions are often larger and more nearly circular than those on sour cherry. Lesions often merge, producing a large irregular spot. During damp weather, white to light pink masses of sticky spores (conidia) form on the underside Figure 2. Leaves, particularly on sour cherries, turn bright of the leaves in the center of the spots. After six yellow immediately prior to dropping.
    [Show full text]
  • Of Tart Cherry
    Tart Cherry Pest Management in the Future: Development of a Strategic Plan Project Initiated by Industry Committee: Dec. 1999 Workshop for Planning / Outline Development: May 5, 2000 Industry Draft Review: May 19 – May 25, 2000 Workshop for Industry Review / Draft Revisions: May 26, 2000 Final Industry Review/Revision: Nov. 2000 – April 2001 Workshop to Update PMSP: Dec. 28, 2006 Industry Update Review/Submission: Dec. 28 – Jan. 26, 2007 Industry Update Review/Submission: June, 2011 Tart Cherry Pest Management Strategic Plan, 2011 Contributors to the 2011 update material for this Document: 1. Dr. Mark Whalon, Professor, Department of Entomology, B-11 Center for Integrated Plant Systems, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 2. Tyler Ash, Research Assistant, Department of Entomology, B-11 Center for Integrated Plant Systems, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 3. Paul Glasser, Research Assistant, Department of Entomology, B-11 Center for Integrated Plant Systems, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 4. Jeanette Wilson, Research Assistant, Department of Entomology, B-11 Center for Integrated Plant Systems, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 5. Jim Laubach, Private Crop Consultant, HortSystems, Inc., 10195 Dymond Rd., Honor, MI 49640 6. Dr. Larry Gut, Associate Professor, Department of Entomology, 205 Center for Integrated Plant Systems, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 7. Francis Otto, Cherry Bay Orchards, 13455 S. Coleman Rd., Empire, MI 49630 8. Dr. Nikki Rothwell, Coordinator, Northwest Michigan Horticultural Research Station, 6686 S. Center Highway, Traverse City, MI 49684 9. Jeff Send, Cherry Grower, Cherry Lane Farms, 2866 Lee Point Rd., Suttons Bay, MI 49682 10.
    [Show full text]
  • Fungicide Application and Residues in Control of Blumeriella Jaapii (Rehm) Arx in Sweet Cherry
    Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture. 2021. 33(3): 253-259 doi: 10.9755/ejfa.2021.v33.i3.2659 http://www.ejfa.me/ RESEARCH ARTICLE Fungicide application and residues in control of Blumeriella jaapii (Rehm) Arx in sweet cherry Vladimir Božić1, Slavica Vuković2, Mila Grahovac2, Sanja Lazić2, Goran Aleksić3, Dragana Šunjka2 1CI “Plant protection”, Toplicki partizanski odred 151, Niš, Serbia, 2University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Agriculture, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 8, Novi Sad, Serbia, 3Institute of Plant Protection and Environment, Teodora Drajzera 9, Belgrade, Serbia ABSTRACT Fungicides are significant disease control tool in increasing agricultural production, however, their intensive application has led to environmental problems including health hazards. To minimize harmful effects of the fungicide application in sweet cherry orchards, it is necessary to use them in accordance with the good agricultural practice and to monitor presence of their residues. Cherry leaf spot caused by Blumeriella jaapii is a significant sweet cherry disease which control is heavily dependent on fungicide treatments. In this study, effects of fungicide treatments against B. jaapii and fungicide residues remaining in sweet cherry fruits after the treatments were evaluated, and the causal agent of cherry leaf spot was confirmed on cherry leaves from untreated control plots using conventional phytopathological techniques (isolation on nutrient media and morphological traits of developed fungal colonies). The trial was set up at two localities in south Serbia (District of Niš), in sweet cherry orchards, according to EPPO methods. Fungicides tested against B. jaapii were based on dodine (650 g a.i./kg) WP formulation, at concentration of 0.1% and mancozeb (800 g a.i./kg) WP formulation, at concentration of 0.25%.
    [Show full text]
  • Reduction in the Use of Fungicides in Apple and Sour Cherry Production by Preventative Methods and Warning Systems
    Reduction in the use of fungicides in apple and sour cherry production by preventative methods and warning systems Pesticides Research No. 139 2012 Title: Authors & contributors: Reduction in the use of fungicides in apple and 1Hanne Lindhard Pedersen, 2Birgit Jensen, 3Lisa Munk, 2,4Marianne Bengtsson and 5Marc Trapman sour cherry production by preventative methods and warning systems 1Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Denmark. (AU- Aarslev) 2Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark 3Department of Agriculture and Ecology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark 4present address: Patent & Science Information Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Denmark 5BioFruit Advies, The Netherlands. 1 Institut for Fødevarer, Aarhus Universitet, (AU-Aarslev) 2 Institut for Plantebiologi og Bioteknologi, Det Biovidenskabelige Fakultet, Københavns Universitet 3 Institut for Jordbrug og Økologi, Det Biovidenskabelige Fakultet, Københavns Universitet. 4 Patent & Science Information Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Danmark. 5 BioFruit Advies, Holland. Publisher: Miljøstyrelsen Strandgade 29 1401 København K www.mst.dk Year: 2012 ISBN no. 978-87-92779-70-0 Disclaimer: The Danish Environmental Protection Agency will, when opportunity offers, publish reports and contributions relating to environmental research and development projects financed via the Danish EPA. Please note that publication does not signify that the contents of the reports necessarily reflect the views of the Danish EPA. The reports are, however, published because the Danish EPA finds that the studies represent a valuable contribution to the debate on environmental policy in Denmark. May be quoted provided the source is acknowledged. 2 Reduction in the use of fungicides in apple and sour cherry production by preventative methods and warning systems Content PREFACE 5 SAMMENFATNING OG KONKLUSIONER 7 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 9 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Container Production of Coreopsis Floridana
    SNA Research Conference Vol. 56 2011 Pathology and Nematology Pathology Section 192 SNA Research Conference Vol. 56 2011 Determine the Efficacy of Biological Fungicides for Control of Pythium Stem and Root Rot in Poinsettia Mengmeng Gu, Ph.D, Plant and Soil Sciences Maria Tomaso-Peterson, Ph.D, Entomology and Plant Pathology Yan Zhao, Plant and Soil Sciences Mississippi State University, MS 39762 mgu@pss.msstate.edu Index words: P. aphanidermatum, poinsettia stem and root rot, biological fungicides, conventional fungicides. Significance to Industry: Pythium stem and root rot is considered the most consistent and serious soil-borne disease problem in poinsettia production. Production greenhouse management practices typically include a fungicide drench when cuttings are transplanted. The standard conventional fungicide in the industry is mefenoxam (metalaxyl) (Subdue Maxx) a high risk fungicide for resistance, which targets RNA polymerase I in nucleic acid synthesis. Fungicide insensitivity metalaxyl exists in P. aphanidermatum isolated from turfgrass as well as poinsettia roots. Resistance management is a vital component of greenhouse production of floriculture crops when pathogens such as Pythium spp. are the target fungi. A key component of resistance management is integrating biofungicides into a disease management program. Nature of Work: Pythium stem and root rot is favored by cool, saturated, poorly drained soils. Moderately low soil temperatures reduces water usage by plants, which favors Pythium stem and root rot in greenhouse production systems. Other factors that favor disease development in poinsettias include excessive fertilizer levels and high pH. The pathogen typically attacks below the soil surface and may extend up into the base of the stem.
    [Show full text]
  • Cherry Leaf Spot
    http://hdl.handle.net/1813/43084 102GTSTF-D8 TREE FRUIT 1993 Integrated Pest Management Disease Cycle and Causal Organism Cherry Leaf Spot Cherry leaf spot is caused by the fungus Blumeriella jaapii (previously Blumeriella jaapii (Rehm) Arx called Coccomyces hiemalis), which overwinters in leaves that (synonym = Coccomyces hiemalis Higgins) became infected and fell to the ground during the previous growing season. In the spring, minute fruiting bodies (apothecia) are formed Wayne F. Wilcox on the surface of the old lesions, and sacs (asci) of the spring or Department of Plant Pathology, NYS Agricultural Experiment Station, primary spores (ascospores) are formed on the apothecia. The Cornell University first ascospores become mature about the end of bloom and are discharged into the air during rainy periods. Ascospores continue to mature and be discharged until about 6 wk after petal fall. The optimal temperatures for ascospore discharge are 61°F (16°C) and higher, whereas very few ascospores are discharged at temperatures below 46°F (8°C). Leaf spot is a common and sometimes serious disease of sour Infection occurs through the breathing pores (stomates) on the cherries in the Northeast. In wet years, high levels of infection can underside of the leaves. Because stomates do not finish developing cause trees to defoliate by mid-summer, leading to inferior crop until a leaf has unfolded, leaves are resistant to infection until this time quality, significantly reduced winter hardiness, poor return bloom the (usually, around petal fall). Ascospores germinate in a film of water following spring, and reduced ability of blossom buds to withstand and can continue growing and cause infection if the leaf remains wet spring frosts.
    [Show full text]
  • Fire Blight, Apple Scab, and Cherry Leaf Spot Disease Update
    Northern Michigan FruitNet 2015 Northwest Michigan Horticultural Research Center Special Update Special FruitNet - May 15, 2015 CALENDAR OF EVENTS 2015 5/5-7/14 Leelanau County IPM Updates Bardenhagen Farm 5/5-7/14 Grand Traverse County IPM Updates Wunsch Farm 5/6-7/15 Antrim County IPM Updates Jack White Farms 5/6-7/15 Benzie County IPM Updates Blaine Christian Church 5/28 Hazardous Waste and Pesticide Collection for Grand Traverse County 5/30 Hazardous Waste and Pesticide Collection for Leelanau County 6/1 Producers Need to Certify Conservation Compliance by June 1 Fire blight, apple scab, and cherry leaf spot disease update E. Pochubay and N. Rothwell We were grateful to have warmth and sunshine on Wednesday and Thursday, and we observed many bees visiting cherry flowers on those two days while we were collecting data for the pollination project. Growers throughout the region took advantage of the dry weather and protected flowers and leaves from potential disease infections. On Thursday, we observed some damage to unopened cherry buds and blossoms due to overnight cold temperatures in Leelanau County. While this damage was primarily found in low-lying areas within orchards and in trees along orchard edges, we did notice some damage in trees on good fruit sites north of the research station; if orchards had good pollination, we anticipate a normal crop in these blocks. Overnight (15 May) temperatures were warmer in the upper 40s and 50s, but wet conditions returned early this morning. Currently, temperatures are predicted to continue to warm up on Saturday and Sunday, and although there is no rain in the forecast for Saturday, there is a chance of rain on Sunday.
    [Show full text]