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e Socie y s a o e es o si e o s a eme s o o i io s a a ce i a e s o i iscussio a mee i gs o e Socie y o o i s i isio s o Sec io s o i e i i s u ica io s n pr nt d Copyright © 1978 by ASME nl f th p p r published in an ASME journal r r d n . Downloaded from http://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/GT/proceedings-pdf/GT1978/79726/V01BT02A064/2392542/v01bt02a064-78-gt-165.pdf by guest on 28 September 2021 e ease o ge e a u ica io u o ese a io u c e i s ou e gi e o ASME e ec ica i isio a e $ .00 E CO Y au o (s $ . 0 O ASME MEM E S .00£ ll A th r t t l El tr n C ntr l — hl ht f xt G n r t n r p l n C ntr l hn l
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is a e esc i es e esu s o a & W i ey Ai c a e imi a y esig s u ies o a u au o i y igi a e ec o ic co o ( A E sys em wi ca a i i y o co o i g a a a ce a ia e cyc e gas u i e e gi e i a a a ce su e so ic a y ig e - y e ai c a a ica io e A EC sys em co ce w ic esu e om ese s u ies ea u es esse ia y ai -o e a io a au o e a ce ca a i i y o o -augme e o e a io oug e use o e u a se si g com u a io a comma a s; a ame e sy esis; a se - es ec iques I co o a io o a a ce e ec o ic ci cui ec o ogy a mi imi a- io o com e y omec a ica a wa e o ec e o esu i o e 3 e ce e uc io i i e cyc e cos 1 e ce e uc io i acquisi io cos e ce e uc io i weig a 13 e ce im o eme i iece a e ia i i y e a i e o a sys em co igu a io wi a es cu e o uc io co o ec o ogy
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A S AC OM — ea O y Memo y
SOS — Si ico O Sa i e is a e esc i es e esu s o a W i ey Ai c a e- — a I e o a em e a u e imi a y esig s u ies o a u au o i y igi a e ec o ic co o ( A EC sys em wi ca a i i y o co o i g a a a ce a ia e — Com esso I e o a em e a u e
cyc e gas u i e e gi e i a a a ce su e so ic a y ig e - y e — u i e a e em e a u e ai c a a ica io e a a ce A EC sys em co ce w ic e- — e y a ge Sca e I eg a e Ci cui su e om ese s u ies ea u es esse ia y ai -o e a io a au SI o e a ce ca a i i y o o -augme e o e a io oug e use WA3 — Com esso E i Ai ow
o e u a se si g com u a io a comma a s; a ame e WA — a uc S eam Ai ow sy esis; a se es ec iques I co o a io o a a ce e ec- o ic ci cui ec o ogy a mi imi a io o com e y omec - W — Gas Ge e a o ue ow ica a wa e a e o ec e o esu i o e 3 e ce e uc io i W I — uc Augme a io ue ow i s Segme i e cyc e cos 1 e ce e uc io i acquisi io cos e ce e uc io i weig a 13 e ce im o eme i iece a e- W — uc Augme a io ue ow Seco Segme ia i i y e a i e o a sys em co igu a io wi a es cu e o uc- W 3 — uc Augme a io ue ow i Segme io co o ec o ogy W I — Gas Ge e a o ima y I ec o ue ow
OME C A U E W SEC — Gas Ge e a o Seco a y I ec o ue ow M — Ai c a ig Mac um e A — ig essu e u i e I e A ea — ig essu e o o S ee A 1 — ow essu e u i e I e A ea — ow essu e o o S ee
AI — a uc S eam o e A ea I O UC IO A E — Co e S eam o e A ea e e o u io o e ai c a gas u i e e gi e as ee c a - CMOS — Com ime a y Me a O i e Semico uc o e i e y i c ease e gi e com e i y i es o se o e ema CS A — Com esso S a o a e A g e o i c ease e gi e us a im o e ue co sum io o ay s EA OM® — E ec ica y A e a e ea O y Memo y a a ce e gi es em oy a ia e geome y a com esso a e - aus o e com o e s o mai ai cyc e o imi a io o e a oa E — E gi e essu e a io ( 5/ a ge o o e a i g co i io s e e ge e a io o e gi es may A EC — u Au o i y igi a E ec o ic Co o em oy a i io a a ia e com o e s o ac ie e ue cyc e a ia - IG — a I e Gui e a e i i y wi sig i ica im o eme s i i s a e e gi e e o ma ce
O — Augme o ig -O e ec o I c ease e gi e com e i y a ig e e o ma ce e e s a e SI — a ge Sca e I eg a e Ci cui g ea y e a e e ema s ace o e e gi e co o sys em 13 — a E i o a essu e Co o o e a i e y sim e e gi es was accom is e wi y o- mec a ica com u i g u i s w ic sc e u e o y ue ow a o e S13 — a E i S a ic essu e o wo a ia e com o e s i es o se o i o comma s a ig A 13 — a E i o a o S a ic i e e ia essu e co i io s Co o o mo e e gi es s i e ies o e o e y o- — a I e o a essu e mec a ica a oac u is com eme e wi a a og o igi a e ec-
3 — Com esso E i o a essu e o ic su e iso y co o sys ems o ma i u a e se ec e o -c i ica e gi e com o e s o e ec imi e commu ica io wi ai c a S3 — Com esso E i S a io essu e co o sys ems a o o i e ig e accu acy ue sc e u i g a O 3 — Com esso E i o a o S a ic i e e ia essu e ig owe se i gs
5 — ow essu e u i e E i o a essu e A owe e e A g e S u ies a e i ica e a co o o mo e com e e gi es cou e wi e equi eme o i c ease i eg a io o ig co - OM — og amma e ea O y Memo y o s e gi e co o s a iag os ic sys ems ca e ac ica y im- AM — a om Access (Sc a c a Memo y eme e o y wi so is ica e e ec o ic com u i g sys ems
1 e u au o i y igi a e ec o ic a oac o e gi e co o as a ia e co e e gi e a a uc s eam e aus o es A s age e o e wi i us y s a es a a ces i mi ia u i e ow owe mai e gi e com us o co igu a io was se ec e equi i g mo u a- ig s ee igi a e ec o ics e s i o ue ow o ima y a seco a y ue i ec o s o o - imi i g e o ma ce a a essi g o e ia u u e e aus emis- e u Au o i y igi a E ec o ic Co o ( A EC co ce sio s equi eme s A u y mo u a e uc ea e augme o wi o e s im o e co o sys em cos a weig e e si e com u a- ee o es o ue i ec io was a so se ec e O e a ia es i c u e io a owe i c ease commu ica io wi ai c a com u i g sys- i e com esso ai ee a ai ee o a us o o us a a c ems a missio e ia i i y com a a e wi mo e ma u e y ome- is e gi e co igu a io w ic i co o a es i ee co o a i- c a ica co o ec o ogy a es oses u c io a equi eme s i ica i e o e mos com e a ia e cyc e owe a co ce s w ic a e a ima y mo i a io e A EC og am was i i ia e i 197 ( e 1 wi e o - o A EC ec o ogy e e o me Downloaded from http://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/GT/proceedings-pdf/GT1978/79726/V01BT02A064/2392542/v01bt02a064-78-gt-165.pdf by guest on 28 September 2021 ec i e o co ce ua y esig e e o a emo s a e a e gi e- mou e u au o i y igi a e ec o ic co o o a a ce mi i- a y ai c a e gi es i e 19 s a a W i ey Ai c a a ami o S a a i isio o U i e ec o ogies Co o a io e e gi e co igu a io s ow i igu e 1 as ee s u ie as a e eame oge e o co uc is 3-yea A a ce e e o me a o o u sio a ai c a sys em a a ysis u e e A a ce og am u e s o so s i o e a a Ai Sys ems Comma e a S a i i y a e o ma ce og am Ai o ce Co ac 33 57- a a Ai o u sio Ce e o i es ec ica a a mi is a i e 71-C- 7 Com e e si e co o mo e a a ysis was co uc e o ma ageme o e e e o me co ac is e gi e co igu a io u e su seque Ai o ce A a ce o- u sio Sys em I eg a io (A SI ( e a a y /S O ( e is a e ese s e esu s o e e imi a y esig o io 3 og ams e A EC sys em e imi a y esig as ee ase o e - ase A EC og am E o s w ic a e ee com e e o im eme i g e co o mo es a e ai e ogic e i e u i g o a e i c u e e i i io o co o e i o me a u c io a e- ese s u ies A ma o ea u e a e o ma ce e e i o e a i- qui eme s co o com o e a e s u ies i e cyc e cos s u ies a e u i e e gi e co igu a io is e ca a i i y o o e a e a co - a e gi e co o so wa e a a wa e esig s e ase II a - s a i e ai ow a e e y mi imi e i e s i age ag o e a sig- wa e e e o me e o as ee i i ia e a i c u es co o sys- i ica o io o e o augme e ig owe a ge Mai ai i g e a ica io o e oo e i o me a es s c ose oo u c io a co s a ai ow o e a a ge o owe se i gs is accom is e es s a e gi e es s a sea e e a a i u e co i io s oug a mo e o o e a io w ic mai ai s co s a o o s ee s essu e a ios a co ec e ai ow o e a a com esso as SYS EM ESIG EQUI EME S u i e i e em e a u e is a ie is is accom is e y mo u a - i g ue ow o c a ge owe w i e mo u a i g e u i e a e - A asic o ec i e o e A EC og am is o e e o a sys em aus o e a eas o mai ai co s a a ues o ig a ow es- w ic o i es a o e u c io s equi e o co o o so is ica e su e u i e wo k a co s a gas ow oug e u i es a ig e o ma ce a ia e cyc e u o a e gi es o ec e o u u e a uc I is ma e owe ca e e uce om e i e me i- a a ce su e so ic mi i a y ai c a a ica io s e e gi e co ig- a e e e u i e imi s o e a ia e geome y a e eac e Co o u a io use o e i e s eci ic esig equi eme s o e WA A EC mo es se ec e o e e gi e a e ge e a y c ose - oo ; a is a i- e imi a y esig is sc ema ica y e ic e i igu e 1 is a a ce a es a e mo u a e u i some measu e e gi e e o ma ce c i e ia ec o ogy e gi e is a o mi e ow augme e u o a ea u i g a e me a e I is s e co o mo es se ec e o eac o e a i- a ia e a a com esso geome y a ia e u i e geome y a a es i e e gi e oge e wi e e a e se se a ame e s
WE IG CS A IG ESSU E A 1 A GAS GE E A O A I E COM ESSO U I E OW ESSU E UC S EAM UE OW _ _- __ II I AIIC
AUGME A IO A A CE UE OW EE
Figure 1 FADEC Advanced Technology Engine Configuration
A E I
CO O MO E
Measu e Engine Variable Type Loop Parameters
a I e Gui e a e A g e ( IG O e oo Com esso S a o a e A g e (CS A O e oo
Gas Ge e a o ue ow (W C ose oo (I eg a 5/ Downloaded from http://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/GT/proceedings-pdf/GT1978/79726/V01BT02A064/2392542/v01bt02a064-78-gt-165.pdf by guest on 28 September 2021
ig essu e u i e I e A ea (A C ose oo (I eg a ( 3 - S3 / 3 ow essu e u i e I e A ea (A I C ose oo (I eg a Co e S eam E aus o e A ea (A E C ose oo (I eg a
uc S eam E aus o e A ea (A C ose oo (I eg a ( 13 - S13 / 13 uc ea e ue ow (W O e oo WA Ca cu a e uc S eam Ai ow S a i g ee O e oo us a a ce ee O e oo
imi i g oo s a e a so o i e o e e e cee i g u i e a e 5 em e a u e u e case essu e a e gi e o o s ee imi s A sim i ie ogic ock iag am is s ow i igu e o i us a e e asic co o a s a e i u a ame e s em oye a i e gui e a e ( IG a com esso s a o a e a g e (CS A a e sc e- u e as a u c io o co ec e ow a ig essu e o o s ee s
es ec i e y ig essu e u i e a ea (A co o s com esso 11 isc a ge Mac um e [c a ac e i e y ( 3- S3 / 3] a a w uc o e a ea (A co o s a isc a ge Mac um e [( 13-
S13 / 13] o mai ai esi e a a com esso o e a i g i es I-1 ow essu e u i e a ea (A 1 co o s com esso co ec e a s ee ( a co e e aus o e a ea (A E co o s a co ec e s ee ( Gas ge e a o ue ow (W co o s e - gi e essu e a io ( 5/ o E o se owe e ow e co s a ai ow o e a i g egio a oo a si io is ma e so a W co o s ow o o s ee o se owe a A E is e co s a Augme a io 0.5 ue ow (W is sc e u e as a u c io o owe e e a g e ( A 1 1 5 5 a com u e a uc ai ow is co o mo e em oyi g c ose MAC UM E Figure oo co o o a ame e s s o g y co e a i g wi us s a i i y 3 FADEC Engine Flight Envelope ma gi a ai ow esu s i accu a e a e ea a e owe se i g wi ou e ee o im e A EC co o o e gi e o e a ces o e e io a io a wi ou e oga o y e ec s ue o a ia io i A EC SYS EM O GA I A IO s a owe a ai ee e ac io e A EC sys em co ce e e o e y a W i ey Ai - e ai c a a ica io use as a asis o A EC e imi a y c a a ami o S a a i isio o sa is y e co o equi e- esig is a wi e gi e mu i-missio ig e wi Mac 5 as ca - me s iscusse a o e ea u es esse ia y ai -o e a io a au o e - a i i y A missio mi a u i i a io a e simi a o a o ec e a ce ca a i i y o o -augme e o e a io oug e use o e- o u u e a y ig e y e ai c a we e use o assess i e cyc e u a se si g owe su y com u a io a comma a s; cos igu e 3 i us a es e e gi e ig e e o e use o es a is a ame e sy esis; a se es ec iques Com a e o cu e A EC esig equi eme s e A EC sys em was a so equi e o uc io co o sys em esig s e use o u au o i y e ec o- o o e a e wi a 37 ° K ma imum ue em e a u e su ie o e ic co o e oi i g o ec e a a ce e ec o ic ec o ogy as e gi e ue um e imi a e com e y omec a ica com u a io a wa e a e- su e i a sim i ie o e a sys em co igu a io wi e uce sys- e A EC sys em was equi e o o i e a sa e e e o e - em cos a weig a im o e e ia i i y gi e co o i e e e o ima y co o sys em ma u c io s As a mi imum acku co o was equi e o o i e sa e o e a io o e e gi e a 9 % i e me ia e a e us o e e e i e o e a - e sc ema ic i us a e i igu e i e i ies e com o e s i g e e o e com isi g e A EC sys em ese com o e s i c u e e A EC e ec o ic u i gas ge e a o ue me e i g u i augme a- I eg a io wi e ai c a i e co o a ai c a ig co - io ue me e i g u i gas ge e a o ue um augme o ue um o as iscusse i e e e ces 5 a is a esi a e ea u e o a co o a e a o ou a ia e geome y y au ic am ac ua- e A EC sys em o s wo e gi e o e euma ic ac ua io sys ems wo ee ai a e ac ua o s si e gi e a ame e se so s a i e co ec - e ec o ogy em oye i e A EC e imi a y esig i g um i g a e ec ica ca i g e sys em is esig e o ake was ase o a ai a i i y o i co o a io i a o uc io sys em ma imum a a age o e ec o ic ec o ogy o sim i y e o e - esig o e accom is e i e 19 ime ame a co o sys ema mi imi e cos o ow e s i W I S/ S AGI G A E COM E SA IO & S FUEL SPLIT W SEC OWE SE I G SE EC — SC E U I G OGIC 3 E E E CE E OW 5/ SC E U I G CO S AI OW E COM E SA IO M
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+ ACCE IMI 3 E COM E SA IO SC E U E
AP/P3 W ECE IMI WA SC E U E
3 S3 WA3 CA CU A IO - ► im IG
-> + IG - -
+ CS A SC E U E CS A ->
CSVA
- - E E E CE COM E SA IO A E S M SC E U E
O 3 E E E CE COM E SA IO A S SC E U E - 1 3 + COM E SA IO E E E CE S A 1 M SC E U E _
13 E E E CE + COM E SA IO A SC E U E O 13
A AUGME A IO W 1 UE SC E U I G - W & OGIC O W 3
Figure 2 Simplified Control Mode Block Oiagram
O IC A A I K UM I G ESSU ES — — — E EC ICA CA ES S13 13 3 S3 5 5E SO AC UA O S 1
I IG SE SO — — — — COMMA S & EE ACKS_
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SE SO
(I 1 A IG O I I E EC O COO A A E I Aa1 A E A O _ 1i IG I IO ( UA GAS GE E A O W IMA Y —y SYS EMS GAS GE E A O I UE ME E I G UE UM W SECO A Y I US U I UE OM I A EE A/C A K
Y AU IC E U I A E
UM I 3 AI CO O I WFD 1 I SU Y AUGME A IO 3 AI W AUGME O UE ME E I G A SU Y UM U I W 3
Y AU IC SU Y
r 4 A EC S t S h t
The heart of the FADEC system is the electronic unit, which plumbing and cabling, as well as facilitating identification of a mal- performs all of the signal conditioning, computation, and output functioning component for replacement action. signal processing functions necessary for controlling the variable turbine engine, including backup control. The FADEC electronic The gas generator fuel metering unit employs separate metering unit incorporates six vibrating cylinder type transducers for the valves for each segment of burning. These valves are positioned using pressure measurements required to implement the control mode. dual coil torque motor electro-hydraulic servo valves and dual resol- The unit also communicates with the aircraft via a fiber optic data ver position feedback. Dual coil solenoid valves activate fuel shut-off link. A description of electronic unit design characteristics is pre- and staging valves within the unit. The unit is mounted on the gas sented in a subsequent section of this paper. generator fuel pump to minimize plumbing interconnections.
Electrical power for the electronic unit and the engine ignition The augmentation fuel metering unit utilizes individual meter- system is provided by an engine accessory gearbox mounted perman- ing valves for each zone or segment of burning. This permits use of ent magnet alternator. The alternator incorporates separate windings the electronics to program valve opening for quick fill of manifolding feeding the primary and secondary sections of the electronic unit, during transients and minimizes hydromechanical complexity. This such that operational capability is preserved in the event of an elec- approach also provides flexibility for maximizing augmentor perfor- trical fault in either section. The control derives an XNH speed mea- mance throughout the flight envelope. Metering valves are positioned surement directly from the unrectified alternator output. using torque motor servo valves with resolver pcsition feedback, and fuel shut off valves are solenoid activated. Manifold drain valves are Separate engine parameter sensors include a dual winding mag- included for each burning segment. The augmentation fuel metering netic pickup for XNL, redundant platinum resistance probes for T2. unit mounts on the engine case. a thermocouple probe for T22, an optical pyrometer for TBT, and an Ultra-violet detector for augmentor light-off detection. Fan, compressor, and turbine variable geometry actuation is ac- Fuel metering and engine geometry actuation components are complished using hydraulic rains supplied with fuel from the engine configured to incorporate both the electrically commanded servo ele- pumping system. Each actuator assembly contains a dual winding ments and feedback transducers. This arrangement minimizes system torque motor servo valve and dual resolver feedback.
I - E aus o e ac ua io o A E a A is accom is e us- i io i g com u a io a ou u sig a ocessi g u c io s eces- i g euma ic mo o / e ca e/sc ew ack sys ems owe e wi sa y o co o i g e a ia e u i e e gi e e co o u i is com esso ee ai Com a e o y au ic ac ua io o e e a- o ga i e i o ima y a seco a y sec io s s ow i igu e 5 i e y ig oa e aus o e sys ems e euma ic a oac is eac wi i s ow igi a ocesso memo y a com eme o i - ig e weig mi imi es e gi e y au ic equi eme s a associa- u a ou u sig a co i io i g ci cui y o e ima y a e sys em ea oa s a im o es su i a i i y/ u e a i i y e seco a y sec io s a e ca a e o o e a i g e e gi e om s a u euma ic mo o ai a es a e y au ica y osi io e wi ue o i e me ia e owe e ima y a so i co o a es ci cui y eces- usi g ua wi i g o que mo o se o a es Mo o s a osi io sa y o co o i g augme a io co o u c io s Eac sec io i - ee ack is o i e y ua eso e s c u es owe egu a io ci cui y su ie y se a a e ima y a seco a y wi i gs i e a e a o e e ec o ic u i a so ouses e ue um i g sys em uses a e gi e accesso y gea o i- si i a i g cy i e y e essu e a s uce s o 13 A 13 Downloaded from http://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/GT/proceedings-pdf/GT1978/79726/V01BT02A064/2392542/v01bt02a064-78-gt-165.pdf by guest on 28 September 2021 e a ia e is aceme a e y e um o su y gas ge e a o 3 A 3 a 5 measu eme s equi e o im eme e e gi e ow equi eme s a a ai u i e i e ce i uga u i o su - co o mo e e i a i g cy i e a s uce s o i e ig y accu- y augme a io ow a y au ic ac ua io ema s A oug a e measu eme wi a igi a y com a i e eque cy ou u sig- somew a com e is um sys em a oac was ecessa y o a ( e e e ce 7 ee essu e a s uce s ee i o eac igi a sa is y e ue em e a u e equi eme s esu i g om e wi e ocesso a a e o ga i e suc a a ame e sy esi a io o- o e a i g a ge associa e wi mu i-missio ig e a ica io s i es o co i ue sa e o e a io o e e gi e s ou o e ocesso e ai su y a e o e augme o u o um is co o e y a /o owe su y ma u c io a a e igi a commu ica io e- e e ec o ic u i oug a ua wi i g o que mo o se o a e wee e ima y a seco a y ocesso s is o i e usi g a ua o a om access memo y ( AM a a geme Eac igi a oces- A EC E EC O IC U I ESIG EA U ES so commu ica es wi e ai c a ia a se ia igi a o ica a a us usi g MI -S -1553A a a o ma e e ec o ic u i i co o a es u c io s o i e com e e si e ui -i es so wa e a a wa e ea u es o i e i y ma u c io s o wi i i se a o e sys em com o e s o a- e A EC e ec o ic u i o i es a o e se so sig a co - ci i a i g mai e a ce a o im eme i g e u a cy ma ageme
ESSU E A S UCE S MEMO Y
A E A O OWE ( IMA Y WI I G
AM S/ AGS S EE S IMA Y I I OU U OCESSO I U I E ACI E ACE EM E A U ES O QUE MO O S
OSI IO I EE ACKS UA I I C I G O OGIC AM I IS IMA Y SEC IO AI C A SO E OI S SYS EMS SECO A Y SEC IO UA O I I AM S EE S I I AI C A SYS EMS
I U EM E A U ES• SECO A Y OU U I E A( OCESSO II E AC AM S/ AGS OSI IO EE ACKS
A E A O (SECO A Y OWE WI I G MEMO Y ESSU E A S UCE S __ ---
Figure 5 FADEC Electronic Unit Organization e a ame e s a y es o e 1 i u s ocesse wi i e ima y o seco a y w ic co ai s e ma u c io A o e o- ima y a seco a y o io s o e e ec o ic u i a e is e i cesse se so i o ma io is a ai a e o iag os ic u oses o e a e II a e III is s simi a i o ma io o e 3 co o ou u s se ia ou u c a e I a i io o u e ai i e mai e a ce cyc e e co o as e a i i y o e e au e ec io a a i o igu e 5 s ows a sim i ie ock iag am o e A EC e ec- e ec ica y a e a e ea o y memo y (EA OM ® w ic ca e o ic u i I u s a e e i o eac igi a ocesso ia ime mu i- e i e oga e y e mai e a ce c ew is is a icu a y use u e e a a og o igi a co e e s eso e o igi a co e e s a i e e ec io a co ec io o i e mi e y es o mai e a ce igi a u se cou e s A o ese i e aces a e ea i o e o- i ems a wi se e o e uce e um e o com o e emo a s cesso o a 3-s a e i u /ou u us ocesso i u s a e ecei e as w e e ma u c io s a e o co i me
a a e 1 - i wo s Downloaded from http://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/GT/proceedings-pdf/GT1978/79726/V01BT02A064/2392542/v01bt02a064-78-gt-165.pdf by guest on 28 September 2021 e com u a io u a e i e a is 1 3 msec owe e e i - Ou u sig a s om e ocesso a e a e simi a y wi u s a ou u s a e u a e a 1 3 msec 3 53 msec o 5 5 comma s ei g se ou se ia y ia e i u /ou u us o e i- msec e e i g u o e sys em y amic equi eme s o e gi e gi a o a a og co e e s e igi a o a a og co e e s c a ge e a ame e igi a wo s o a o age e e o o io a o e mag i u e o e Ce a ocesso U i comma o i i g co o o e i e s w ic owe e ou u s e A EC ocesso is a e i e co o s-o ie e i a a - A so i c u e a e se ia igi a a a i u /ou u i e s a ag e ac io a y sca e wo s com eme com i a io a ogic s a e i e s e se ia igi a a a o ica us o i es a mea s o com- mac i e e ee-c i ocesso im eme e i e A EC u i mu ica i g e wee e A EC u i a o e a io ic equi me o is a ec o ogica y im o e e sio o a e is i g 11 SI-c i e ai c a w ic a e ie o e us ia i e o ic ca es I u s a e io -im a e u k Com eme a y Me a O i e Semico uc o ecei e om e ai i e co o ig co o a ai a a com u- (CMOS ami o S a a ocesso esig e ee c i s a e cus- e o o u sio co o i eg a io u oses Ou u s i c u e e - om e y a ge sca e i eg a io ( SI CMOS si ico -o -sa i e gi e a ame e a a a A EC u i o e a io a s a us o o u sio (SOS e ices w ic co sis o wo - i a i me ic s ices a o e i eg a io a co i io mo i o i g u oses e ag ou u s o- co o ogic e ice e igi a ocesso use i e ima y o - i e a mea s o commu ica i g au co i io s o e i o a io o e co o is u ica e i e seco a y o io o e co - g ou e so e as we as i e i yi g e o io o e sys em o
A E II
E EC O IC U I I U S
oca io ai u e Accommo a io a ame e y e Sig a ima y Seco a y o isio
A eso e e u a cy esis a ce o e e u a cy e mocou e a ame e Sy esis A a og o age A e a e Mo e euma ic a ame e Sy esis 3 euma ic a ame e Sy esis O 3 euma ic a ame e Sy esis 5 euma ic A e a e Mo e 13 euma ic a ame e Sy esis A 13 euma ic A e a e Mo e eque cy (Mag icku e u a cy eque cy (A e a o Aug um S ee eque cy (Mag icku IG eso e CS A eso e W I eso e W SEC eso e A eso e A 1 eso e A E eso e A eso e e u a cy W I eso e A e a e Mo e W eso e A e a e Mo e W 3 eso e A e a e Mo e O eque cy A e a e Mo e Weig -O -W ee s Swi c C osu e e u a cy ocke i e Swi c C osu e e u a cy ima y/Seco a y Swi c C osu e e u a cy igi a a a O ic-Mi -S -I 553A o ma e u a cy TABLE III
ELECTRONIC UNIT OUTPUTS
Location Failure Accommodation Parameter Type Signal Primary Secondary Provision
FICV Torque Motor Drive X X Redundancy CSVA Torque Motor Drive X X WFPRI Torque Motor Drive X X WFSEC Torque Motor Drive X X A4 Torque Motor Drive X X A41 Torque Motor Drive X X Downloaded from http://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/GT/proceedings-pdf/GT1978/79726/V01BT02A064/2392542/v01bt02a064-78-gt-165.pdf by guest on 28 September 2021 AJE Torque Motor Drive X X Redundancy AJD Torque Motor Drive X X Alternate Mode WFD1 Torque Motor Drive x Alternate Mode WFD2 Torque Motor Drive X WFD3 Torque Motor Drive X Alternate Mode Turbo Pump Control Torque Motor Drive X X Redundancy Valve Start Bleed Solenoid Drive X X Thrust Bal. Bleed Solenoid Drive X X Staging Valve Solenoid Drive X X Redundancy WF Shut Off Valve Solenoid Drive X X WFD1 Shut Off Valve Solenoid Drive x Alternate Mode WFD2 Shut Off Valve Solenoid Drive X Alternate Mode WFD3 Shut Off Valve Solenoid Drive X Alternate Mode Redundancy Fault Flag Solenoid Drive X X Alternate Mode Aug. Ignition Solenoid Solenoid Drive x Redundancy Digital Data Optic-Mil-Std-1 553A Format X X Alternate Mode LOD Test A. C. Voltage x
Features of the FADEC SOS/CMOS processor are: control logic required to interface with the processor. This configura- tion allows only the processor to alter memory, preventing improper • 16 bit full parallel operation external programming of the L AROM® devices. In this way, the pro- • 1.17 micro-second addition time cessor will have strict control over the number of read cycles, re- • 7.0 micro-second multiply time fresh cycles, and the programming cycle times. • 87 instruction repetoire • 666,000 operations per second throughput A dual-port cross-talk random access memory is provided in each • 1.7 Megahertz clock rate FADEC primary and secondary subsystem to provide a real-time data • low power: 0.9 watts at 1.7 MHz, 10 VDC access link between processors. It should first be clarified that a dual- • full mil spec: 218 ° K to 398° K port RAM is a device with dual independent data and address busses which allows simultaneous asynchronous access to two different data Memory words. Each FADEC processor, primary and secondary, will have read and write control over its own associated 64-word dual-port RAM, The primary processor will service the following memory but will have read-only control of its port on the other processor's systems: dual-port RAM. Therefore, neither system can change the others memory in the event of a failure. The dual port RAM arrangement al- • 10K - 16-bit words of Programmable Read Only Memory lows sharing of redundant as well as non-redundant measurements be- (PROM) tween processors. In addition to facilitating self test and fault toler- ance approaches, this cross talk capability provides latitude for physi- • 384 - 16 bit words of Random Access Memory (RAM) cal placement of non-redundant input and output signal conditioning circuitry in either the primary or secondary portion of the control. • 64 - 16 bit words of Processor - Alterable ROM Self Test and Fault Tolerance Features • 64 - 16 bit words of Dual-Port (Processor "Crosstalk") RAM Automatic reversion to back-up control paths requires the abi- lity to determine that a failure has occurred in a primary path. A simple way to determine failures would be to use triple (or more) re- The secondary processor will service the same complement of dundancy on inputs and outputs. "Majority-rule" type logic could Random Access Memory but only 8K words of PROM, due to the eli- then be implemented. This approach is undesirable from parts count mination of augmentation fuel control logic in the backup mode. reliability, weight, and cost standpoints. The FADEC design employs a combination of selected input/output redundancy, parameter syn- thesis, and alternate control logic to provide essentially fail-opera- The use of high density 16K bit CMOS PROM's and 4K bit tional capability for non-augmented operation and capability for aug- CMOS RAM's are projected for the 1980 design. mented operation with many failures. The failure accommodation approaches employed for each of the input and output signal paths The processor alterable read-only memory is a single 42-pin hy- are listed on Tables 11 and III respectively. These provisions, coin- brid flat-pack comprised of two 32 X 16-bit EAROM's® and all the bined with redundant processors and power supplies. eliminate
most failure consequences. The dual port RAM technology develop- predetermined tolerance hand, a software failure flag is set. Unique ment allows a dramatic increase in the fault-tolerance capability with combinations of the failure flags are used to determine which input a redundant system. For example, the primary system can utilize the signal has failed, and to substitute the appropriate synthesized value information from any of the input channels of the secondary system in control computations. via the dual-port RAM. The converse is also true. The processor out- In range multiple failure detection is also accommodated for by put information from either primary or secondary can also be used by the other. This ability to share and interweave signals represents a using this parameter validity check scheme. A failure flag matrix is significant advance toward a truly fault-tolerant system. employed to detect double failure combinations. This matrix and as- sociated failure detection logic is capable of detecting all double fail- The FADEC employs self test techniques which detect failures ure combinations of these input parameters within two computation and switch the control unit to an alternate control path, allowing con- cycles, provided the remainder of the input signals remain valid. Downloaded from http://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/GT/proceedings-pdf/GT1978/79726/V01BT02A064/2392542/v01bt02a064-78-gt-165.pdf by guest on 28 September 2021 tinued safe operation. A summary of the tests performed within the FADEC unit is shown on Table IV. As indicated on this table, some A relatively uncomplex gas generator curve set has provided very of the tests are performed only during pre-flight ground check while satisfactory parameter synthesis and failure detection performance, the remainder are performed in-flight as well. The pre-flight ground based on computer simulation studies. Although other parameter check can be initiated by a command from the aircraft mission com- synthesis approaches (such as described in Reference 9) were consi- puter, with ground check continuing until signaled by the mission dered, the gas generator relationship approach was judged more cost computer to enter the flight mode of control. The in-flight tests are effective for the variable turbine engine than more sophisticated ap- performed on a continuous basis, independent of any externally gen- proaches such as Kalman filtering, due to the imposition of a smaller erated command signals. memory and computational burden on the system.
Studies have been made to minimize, where possible, the need Power Supply Description for redundant inputs by synthesizing failed inputs through computa- tion using other parameters measured within the control system. With A simple and highly reliable power supply system has been de- the decreasing cost of digital hardware and software, it was deter- signed to satisfy FADEC system electrical power requirements. Elec- mined that parameter synthesis techniques would be a cost effective trical power is provided by an engine accessory gearbox driven per- backup approach, provided satisfactory engine control could be ob- manent magnet alternator which provides three phase alternating cur- tained. Providing parameter synthesizing capability within the con- rent to power regulation circuitry located in the electronic unit. Sep- trol also enables detection of in-range input failures by comparing the arate windings are provided for the primary and secondary portions sensed values with the computed values and determining the health of the control. Two Zener referenced shunt regulators form the basic of the inputs from this information. building block of the electronic unit regulation circuitry and provide ± 15 VDC for the circuits and loads. High power transistors with low Gas turbine relationships of the engine were studied to arrive at thermal resistance are used for the output (shunt) elements. Their a set of curves capable of synthesizing input parameters within the cases are mounted in close proximity to the coolant heat exchanger control system in the event of failure. A parameter correlation check for maximum heat transfer and minimum junction temperature rise. compares the input signals to synthesized signals calculated from +10 VDC power supplies are derived from the ± 15 VDC buses via other inputs to detect in-range sensor failures. Curves of the gas gen- series regulators to power FADEC digital logic circuits. A voltage erator relationships are used to calculate the synthesized inputs simi- doubler is incorporated to develop -24 VDC for the electrically al- lar to the approach reported in Reference 8. The parameter correla- terable read only memory. Effector power or heavy load switching tion check compares the output of these curves with the correspond- demand is thereby isolated to the shunt regulators. Identical power ing input signals. If the difference in the two values is greater than a supplies have been designed for the primary and secondary systems.
TABLE IV
BUILT-IN-TEST SUMMARY
In-Flight Pre-Flight Test Tests Tests
Input Range Limit Check X X Parameter Correlation Check X X Parameter Cross-Reference Check X X Read Only Memory Check X X Computer Cycle Time Test X X Output Wraparound Test X X Injected Input Test X Canned Output Computation X Loop Continuity Check X X Reference Signal Check X X Power Supply Test X X Processor Instruction Test X X Read-Write (Scratchpad) Memory Check X X a e gi es a a u a io o e omi a a ma imum owe co ec io ea u es e es ima e y weig o e u i as s ow issi a io i e ima y a seco a y e owe issi a io is is 1 kg is si e a weig com a e c ose y wi a e ec o ic i ci a y ue o e e ec o oa a ia io s si ce e c usi e o e e gi e co o cu e y i o uc io w ose o ume a weig a e e ec o owe e owe equi e is a o ima e y 15 wa s e 1 cu ic me e s a 11 3 kg es ec i e y owe e e cu e c a e o uc io u i o y co o s oo s a is a si g e c a e co - igu a io w e eas e A EC u i co o s 13 oo s a is esse - A E ia y ua c a e I is mo e o ewo y a e A EC u i com- o e iece a cou is ess a a o e cu e o uc io OWE ISSI A IO u i es i e sig i ica y g ea e ca a i i y
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Figure 6 FADEC Electronic Unit Physical Characteristics 1 i eg a ea e c a ge ame- y e a o m o e ou u ci cui E imi a io o im equi eme s sa es ue cos as we as a o asso- oa osses a e o i e o mou e ame mo u e a a a ge cia e wi im ac i i y su ace o ma i g e o osi e ousi g es co ec o s a e o i e o o e ima y a seco a y SUMMA Y o io s o e u i o a ow owe i g o e u i a i e oga io o e ase I esig e o as s ow e A EC sys em o e e u i y mai e a ce e so e usi g a sui case es e o aci i a e ca a e o o i i g sig i ica y im o e e gi e e o ma ce e- mai e a ce a ci cui oa s a se so s a e easi y emo a e A so uce cos o ow e s i a e a ce i eg a io o ai c a /e gi e ey a e i e c a gea e so a o im o ca i a io is equi e co o sys ems Co o a ica io a so wa e e a a io a e o owi g a mai e a ce ac io ow ei g com e e a a com e e si e se ies o e c a e gi e es s wi e co uc e o u y e a ua e e A EC esig a o Downloaded from http://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/GT/proceedings-pdf/GT1978/79726/V01BT02A064/2392542/v01bt02a064-78-gt-165.pdf by guest on 28 September 2021 E E I S e i y o ec e sys em ayo s
A assessme was ma e o e A EC sys em co ce esc i e O e oo a o a o y e c es s wi e co uc e o e a ua e a o e e a i e o a sys em co igu a io ase o a es o uc io co o sys em u a i i y o e e a ici a e se ice e i o me a co o ec o ogy is com a iso s owe e A EC sys em o e emes o em e a u e umi i y i a io a e ec omag e ic i - o i e e o owi g im o eme s i cos e ia i i y weig a e e e ce C ose oo e c es s u i i i g a ea - ime com u e i e cyc e cos o e o a co o sys em mo e o a a a ce e gi e wi e e co uc e o a a y e A EC u c io a c a ac e is ics a o e i y co o ogic esig • 1% e uc io i acquisi io cos O -e gi e com a i i i y es s wi e co uc e u i g a s a e e gi e • 13 % im o eme i iece a mea - ime- e wee - ai u es es og am i w ic e A EC wi e eco igu e o o e a e a a W i ey Ai c a 1 a e u i g u o a e gi e A e • % e uc io i weig co c usio o e - ou sea e e a a i u e es og am e • 3% e uc io i i e cyc e cos co o wi e a ai a e o a a ce ec o ogy emo s a o e - ese su s a ia e e i s esu a ge y om e use o a a - gi e es s ce ig e si y e ec o ic ci cui y o im eme a i u sig a co i io i g com u a io a ou u comma u c io s i c u - A oug e A EC sys em as ee esig e o mee e se- i g acku co o E imi a i g y omec a ica se si g a com- e e e i o me a a u c io a equi eme s o a a ce 19 s u a io u c io s om ue me e i g a ac ua io com o e s o u sio sys ems e oa a ge o a wa e a so wa e ec - im o es o e a sys em cos weig e ia i i y a mai e a ce as- o ogy im o eme s ei g e e o e a emo s a e i is o- socia e cos s I a i io sys em um i g a mou i g acke y g am ca e i ec y a ica e o ea e - e m e gi es ese ec o- a e e uce wi e u au o i y e ec o ic im eme a io a - ogy a a ceme s i c u e igi a y com a i e se so s a ac ua o s oac sim i ie ue um i g a me e i g esig s SI a SI ci cui y a e e og amma e memo ies c ose oo ( o- im co o e A EC sys em is esig e o o i e accu a e us a mo es ai u e o e a a wa e/so wa e esig s a se ia igi a ai ow co o a im o e a sie es o se oug c ose oo o ic a a commu ica io wi ai c a sys ems A y o a o ese co o o e gi e a ia e geome y Com u e simu a io s u ies A EC emo s a e a a ceme s cou e a ie o a wi e a e s ow a e co o mo es a ogic im eme e i e a ie y o 19 s mi i a y a comme cia o u sio sys ems wi A EC mi imi e e ec s o ee a s a owe e ac io a sig i ica im o eme s i e gi e e o ma ce e ia i i y a cos im o e e gi e s a i i y ese s u ies a so i ica e e A EC ogic o ow e s i mi imi es se si i i y o e gi e com o e e o ma ce a ia io s suc a im o e co o is o equi e o com e sa e o e gi e E E E CES o uc io o e a ces o e gi e e e io a io 1 A a c ay FADEC - Digital Propulsion Control of the Future e au o e a A EC esig o i es im o e missio AIAA a e 7 - 5 u y 197 com e io ca a i i y im o e su i a i i y a e a ce ig sa e y e a i e o cu e mi i a y e gi e co o sys ems e u a E C ea ie Control Mode Studies for Advanced Variable- se si g ocesso s ou u a owe su y ci cui y a a ame- Geometry Turbine Engines ec ica e o A A - -75-7 e sy esis ogic o i e acku co o ca a i i y wi o eg a a- o 197 io i e o ma ce o ma y si g e ai u es a e e ma y com i a- io s o ai u es 3 E C ea ie e a , Final Report - Attitude Control/ Engine Con - trol Systems WA e o 5 75 ecem e 1975 Se es ci cui y a ogic i co o a e i e e ec o ic u i mo i o sys em o e a io au oma ica y swi c o e u a a s C E e a e e Integrated Propulsion Control w e a au is e ec e a a u cia e sys em ea s a us o e System Program, SAE a e 73 359 A i 1973 ai c a co i io mo i o i g sys em ia a o ica a a i k e om eac co o ocesso 5 G Se ic a E C ea ie Integra e ight/Propulsion Control Design Techniques Starting with the E gine, SAE e A EC sys em sig i ica y e uces mai e a ce ac i i y a e 7 1 May 197 Asi e om e 13 e ce im o eme i o e a sys em mea - ime- e wee - ai u es a co es o i g e uc io i emo e a e ace E ac o i sky Opportunities in Flight/Propulsion Control ac io s com o e emo e a e ace imes a e e uce y 5 e - Coupling (FPCC), ese e a e SAE Ai a s o a io ce ue o e uce um i g co ec io s a quick isco ec ea- Mee i g a as e as May 197 u es e se es ea u es i co o a e i e e ec o ic co o u i sim i y ou es oo i g y i e i yi g au y com o e s Sim i- 7 C Meye A New Digital Pressure Transducer ocee i gs o ie ue me e i g u i s ama ica y e uce a o associa e wi e- e 7 A ua Co e e ce a E i i o e I s ume ai a ca i a io com a e o y omec a ica com u i g co - Socie y o Ame ica ew Yo k Y Oc o e 197 o s
11
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