DOCSLIB.ORG

Insights from Crystal Zoning Patterns and Volatile Contents Titan Tholins

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Insights from Crystal Zoning Patterns and Volatile Contents Titan Tholins Goldschmidt 2012 Conference Abstracts The Mayon Volcano (Philippines) Titan tholins: A synopsis of our plumbing system: Insights from current understanding of simulated crystal zoning patterns and volatile Titan aerosols 1* 2 1 contents MORGAN L. CABLE , SARAH M. HÖRST , ROBERT HODYSS , 1 3 1* 2 3 PATRICIA M. BEAUCHAMP , MARK A. SMITH AND PETER A. JOAN CABATO , FIDEL COSTA , CHRIS NEWHALL 1 WILLIS 1Earth Observatory of Singapore, [email protected] 1NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of (* presenting author) Technology, Pasadena, USA, [email protected] (* 2Earth Observatory of Singapore, [email protected] presenting author) 3Earth Observatory of Singapore, [email protected] 2 University of Colorado, Boulder, USA, [email protected] 3 Mayon is a persistently degassing volcano, producing vulcanian- Universty of Houston, Houston, USA, [email protected] strombolian eruptions every few years, and perhaps a plinian eruption every century. We investigate the plumbing system beneath Mayon What Are Tholins? using phenocrysts, microlites and melt inclusions, which record Since the term ‘tholin’ was first applied by Carl Sagan to the processes in the magma chamber and conduit. We also inspect matrix dark organic residue formed from gas phase activation of cosmically glass composition to relate the magmatic history all the way to the last stages of cooling during an eruption. relevant mixtures, [1] many hundreds of papers have been published Eruptive products of Mayon are consistently basaltic andesite in on the generation and/or analysis of this material. In particular, the composition. Petrological data for this study are derived mostly from similarity of tholin optical properties to those of the Titan haze has bread-crust bombs of the 2000 eruption, which have inclusions of up caused new investigations into laboratory simulation of these to 40cm in size. These inclusions have the same bulk composition aerosols. Much has changed both in terms of our abilities to and phenocryst populations as the host rock, the difference lies only in their more crystalline matrix. The coarse microlites in the simulate conditions of the Titan atmosphere and to analyze the inclusions imply relatively slow degassing rates, revealing an upward samples produced. magma movement slower than that of an eruption, as would occur We will summarize work involving laboratory analogues of during convection in the conduit. Titan complex organic material (tholins) in the context of recent Similarity in the phenocrysts of the host and inclusions indicate discoveries. Our current understanding of Titan as a prebiotic the same magma at depth. Plagioclase phenocrysts show complex patterns, from oscillatory zoning to pervasive sieve textures that may system is constantly evolving, and recent data from the Cassini- occur multiple times in a single crystal. The most calcic end member Huygens mission has greatly improved physical and chemical resorbs more sodic zones, forming geometrically complex zones rich constraints on models of the atmosphere. However, laboratory in glass that result to the sieve texture. Clinopyroxene and experiments are still necessary to provide critical insight for orthopyroxene phenocrysts are also zoned, but show less complexity defining the next series of in situ experiments to perform on Titan, than the plagioclase. In many cases, pyroxene cores are more iron- rich than the rims, although iron-rich outermost rims are also which will better elucidate processes occurring in the atmosphere common. These textures and zonations can be explained by the and on the surface. mixing of at least two end-members in the reservoir, one more primitive (An80, Mg#75) and probably more volatile-rich than the Are Any Tholins Titan-Like? other (An60, Mg#65). The extent to which these patterns reflect a A variety of complex organic aerosols produced using gas phase single – versus multiple – replenishment, is unclear. Fe-Mg diffusion modelling in pyroxenes suggests timescales of activation techniques (cold plasma/corona discharge, hot less than 10 years between mafic injection and subsequent eruption. plasma/spark discharge, UV irradiation, etc.) have all been labeled Preliminary volatile data from melt inclusions in tephra fall deposits ‘tholins’, despite the fact that their physical and chemical properties of the 2000 eruption yield source depths of about 9km. Additional can be enormously different. This variability begs the question: volatile analyses of different Mayon eruption deposits are underway which, if any, of these tholins are truly Titan-like? to further characterise the inner workings of the volcano. We examine various tholin generation methods and compare the organic material produced to the expected composition of the aerosols in Titan’s haze and precipitates settled onto the surface. Tholins are assessed in terms of their optical properties, physical characteristics and chemical composition. We also investigate the possibility of additional chemistry occurring on the surface of Titan, and examine potential in situ analysis techniques that could be used on future landed missions to search for evidence of this chemistry. Finally, we develop a metric to classify tholins based on how effectively the relevant properties of the Titan atmosphere (temperature, pressure, energy density, etc.) are replicated during tholin formation. This metric should also help inform the next generation of chemical protocols and instrumentation for use on the surface or in the atmosphere of future Titan in situ missions. [1] Sagan (1979) Nature 277, 102-107. Mineralogical Magazine | www.minersoc.org 1534 Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/minmag/article-pdf/76/6/1534/2919827/gsminmag.76.6.03-C.pdf by guest on 29 September 2021 Goldschmidt 2012 Conference Abstracts Oceanic gabbro signature in Petrologic evidence for rapid Mangaia melt inclusions exhumation of Alpine UHP rocks 1 1 2 R.A. CABRAL *, M.G. JACKSON , E.F. ROSE-KOGA , J.M.D. from > 100 km depth 3 2 4 5 DAY , K.T. KOGA , N. SHIMIZU , M.J. WHITEHOUSE , A. 1* 1 1 1 MARK J. CADDICK , ROBERT J. TRACY , NANCY L. ROSS PRICE 1Department of Geosciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, 1Boston University, Dept. Earth Sciences, Boston, MA 02215 United States, [email protected] (* presenting author) (*correspondence: [email protected]) 2Universite Blaise Pascal, Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans, CNRS, UMR 6524, Clermont-Ferrand, France We report on a whiteschist from the Brossasco Zone in the 3Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA 92093-0244 Dora Maira UHP Alpine massif – a sample that preserves a 4Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543 remarkably well-constrained record of its late-prograde to peak 5Swedish Museum of Natural History, Laboratory for Isotope pressure history, and allows exploration of the processes, Geology, SE-104 05, Stockholm, Sweden mechanisms and timescales of burial and exhumation in rocks reaching ultra-high pressure conditions. Thermodynamic modeling Lavas from Mangaia exhibit an extreme HIMU (high-μ, or high suggests that the abundance and composition of the major phases 238U/204Pb) signature that has been attributed to melting of ancient (garnet, kyanite, Mg-phengite, phlogopite, Na-phlogopite, recycled oceanic crust within ocean island basalt (OIB) mantle quartz/coesite, talc and rutile) are consistent with equilibration at sources [1]. In a landmark study, Saal et al. [2], measured extreme ~ 3.5 GPa, 775 ˚C. Well-preserved palisades-textured quartz around lead isotopic diversity in melt inclusions (MI) from Mangaia, large coesite inclusions in garnet attests to this high-pressure phase spanning half of the global range observed in OIBs. In Pb-isotopic of the rock’s history, whilst complete coe-qtz inversion during space, these MI display a trend towards an unradiogenic end member exhumation is reflected in the matrix. Unusual evidence of the path similar to MORB. However, the origin of Pb isotope diversity and the taken to reach maximum P and T can be inferred from asymmetric, identity of the unradiogenic end member could not be resolved due to high-Ca bands within pyrope-rich (~ prp92) garnet. These bands, lack of coupled major-trace-volatile element abundances for the MI. which mimic their host crystal’s shape and contain ~ 3 times higher This study examines homogenized olivine-hosted MI in Mangaia Xgro than the host, are sharply defined at their inner margin (towards lavas. We present the first coupled measurements of major-trace- the crystal core) but decay gradually to a low-Ca rim. We interpret volatile element abundances and Pb-isotopic measurements on the this as fractionation of Ca from a finite matrix source during garnet same MI. Critically, we identify Pb-isotopic variability in our MI, and growth. Thermodynamic constraints strongly indicate that the Pb-isotopic ratios correlate with ratios of major, trace, and volatile precursor host for this Ca was lawsonite, which is now entirely elements. For example, the anomalous MI with MORB-like Pb- absent from the sample but helps to constrain the early heating isotopic ratios exhibit geochemical signatures associated with oceanic history. gabbro, including elevated Sr/Nd, Ca/Al, Cl/La, and K/La. Indicators such as retained strain in matrix quartz crystals and It is difficult to constrain the origin—modern plate or ancient sharp boundaries in garnet zoning profiles suggest that exhumation recycled lithosphere—of the gabbroic signature. One hypothesis is
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Harmful Algal Blooms Associated with Volcanic Eruptions in Indonesia and Philippines for Korean Fishery Damage
    Advances in Bioscience and Biotechnology, 2020, 11, 217-236 https://www.scirp.org/journal/abb ISSN Online: 2156-8502 ISSN Print: 2156-8456 Harmful Algal Blooms Associated with Volcanic Eruptions in Indonesia and Philippines for Korean Fishery Damage Tai-Jin Kim Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Suwon, Hwaseong City, South Korea How to cite this paper: Kim, T.-J. (2020) Abstract Harmful Algal Blooms Associated with Volcanic Eruptions in Indonesia and Phil- Harmful Algal Blooms (HAB) were analyzed to trace the outbreak of dinofla- ippines for Korean Fishery Damage. Ad- gellate Cochlonidium polykrikoides on the Korean coast from 1993 to 2019 vances in Bioscience and Biotechnology, along with relationship to volcanic eruptions. Parameters associated with 11, 217-236. https://doi.org/10.4236/abb.2020.115017 blooms and fishery damage were sunspot number, El Niño/La Niña events, Kuroshio Current, and volcanic eruptions in the South China Sea including Received: December 18, 2019 Indonesia and the Philippines. HAB development was halted in seawater due Accepted: May 26, 2020 to the sulfur compounds (H2S, SO2, sulfates) from volcanic eruptions induc- Published: May 29, 2020 ing the deficiency of the dissolved iron (Fe) in the seawater. Cochlonidium Copyright © 2020 by author(s) and polykrikoides blooms could be predicted by the minimal sunspot number Scientific Research Publishing Inc. during La Niña event or weak volcanic eruptions in Indonesia and the Philip- This work is licensed under the Creative pines. On line monitoring of HAB was suggested using a prototype detector Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0). of Cochlonidium polykrikoides at wavelength of 300 nm with the concentra- 2 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ tion linearity (R = 0.9972) between 1000 and 6000 cells/ml.
    [Show full text]
  • Use of Airsar / Jers-1 Sar Datasets in Geologic / Structural Mapping at the Northern Negros Geothermal Project (Nngp), Negros Occidental, Philippines
    ISPRS IGU CIG Table of contents Authors index Search Exit SIPT UCI ACSG Table des matières Index des auteurs Recherches Sortir USE OF AIRSAR / JERS-1 SAR DATASETS IN GEOLOGIC / STRUCTURAL MAPPING AT THE NORTHERN NEGROS GEOTHERMAL PROJECT (NNGP), NEGROS OCCIDENTAL, PHILIPPINES R. A. Camit, L.F. Bayrante, C.C. Panem, O.C. Bien and J.A. Espiridion PNOC Energy Development Corporation, Merritt Road, Fort Bonifacio, Metro Manila 1201, Philippines [email protected] Commission IV, WG IV/7 KEYWORDS: Airborne SAR, Topographic SAR, Polarimetric SAR, DEM, aerial photography, high resolution, hillshading ABSTRACT: A remote sensing study of the Northern Negros Geothermal Project (NNGP) was conducted using Airborne Synthetic Aperture Radar (AIRSAR) AND JERS-1 SAR images. A digital elevation model (DEM) was generated from the topographic SAR (TOPSAR) data sets where various hillshading maps were extracted to emphasize the general geology and the structural configuration of the study area. Due to the high resolution of the imagery, geologic mapping interpretations were done to refine the traditional and existing aerial photography interpretations including the volcanic history and its implication to the project. The over-all result of this study have dealt with (1) the delineation of the semi-detailed geology at NNGP, thereby, giving way to the reinterpretation of the volcanic history of Canlaon volcano; (2) refinement of the structural map of Panem and Leynes (1996) with the establishment of chronological order of fault events where NW, WNW and ENE
    [Show full text]
  • The Conservation Status of Biological Resources in the Philippines
    : -.^,rhr:"-i-3'^^=£#?^-j^.r-^a^ Sj2 r:iw0,">::^^'^ \^^' Cfl|*ti-»;;^ THE CONSERVATION STATUS OF BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES IN THE PHILIPPINES A RRF'OHT V^Y THK lUCN CONSKRVATION MONITORING CENT:-!E PfcparGd by Roger Cox for the lnLf5rnaLion?.l InsLituLo Cor Knvironment and Development (IIED) February 1988 / fgrMsa^jnt-^'-agyga-- •r-r- ;.«-'> t ^-' isr* 1*.- i^^s. , r^^, ^».|;; ^b-^ ^.*%-^ *i,r^-v . iinnc [ '»/' C'A'. aSM!': Vi - '«.;s^ ; a-* f%h '3;riti7;.:- n'^'ji K ;ii;!'r ' <s:ii.uiy.. viii. K A xo.^ jf^'r;.' 3 10 ciJuJi i\ Ji\{ :::) Jnj:kf- .i. n ( im'.i) •V'lt r'v - -V.-^f~^?fl LP-ife- f^^ s.:.... --11 -^M.jj^^^ riB CC./Sfc^RvAriON .<*TC.rj^. OF EI3U:i' "I.VJ, JbO'TSOURCES ^^a THE PHILIPPlVl'fC ;j^...^..-r'^^ I ilRPOHT BY THK ILCJJ CGJJSIiKVA'ilCN M0N:.V:..):;1NG CKNT ^ Pc'jpas-fjr' ')y Roto* C(/X for the TiKD). {'obruary 1988 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2010 with funding from UNEP-WCIVIC, Cambridge http://www.archive.org/details/conservationstat88coxr . 7' CONTENTS List of Figures, Appendices and Tables iii Summary iy Acknowledgements vii 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Objectives 3 2 METHODS 4 3. FLORA, VEGETATION AND FOREST COVER 3.1 Description of the natural vegetation 4 3.1.1 The forests 4 3.1.2 Other vegetation types 7 3 2 Conservation status of the Philippine flora 8 3.2.1 Introduction 8 3.2.2 Causes of habitat destruction 9 3.2.3 Threatened plant species 11 3. 2. A Centres of plant diversity and endemism 12 4 COASTAL AND MARINE ECOSYSTEMS 4.1 Background 17 4.2 Mangroves 18 4.3 Coral reefs 19 4.4 Seagrass beds 22 5.
    [Show full text]
  • A Boon to Philippine Energy Self-Reliance Efforts
    PH9800007 Geothermal Energy Development - A Boon to Philippine Energy Self-Reliance Efforts by A.P. Alcaraz1 and M./s. Ogena2 ABSTRACT The Philippine success story in geothermal energy development is the first of the nation's intensified search for locally available alternative energy sources to oil. Due to its favorable location in the Pacific belt of fire, teogether with the presence of the right geologic condition sfor the formaiton of geothermal (earth heat) reservoirs, the country has been able to develop commeercially six geothermal fields. These are the Makiling-Banahaw area, just south of Manila, Tiwi in Albay, Bacon-Manilto in Sorsogon, Tongonan in Leyte, Palinpinon in Southern Negros, and the Mt. Apo region of Mindanao. Together these six geothermal fields have a combined installed generation capacity of 1,448 Mwe, which makes the Philippines second largest user of geothermal energy in the world today. Since 1977 to mid-1997, a total of 88,475 gigawatt-hours have been generated equivalent to 152.54 million barrels of oil. Based on the average yearly price of oil for the period, this translates into a savings of $3,122 billion for the country that otherwise would have gone for oil importations. It is planned that by the year 2,000, geothermal shall be accounting for 28.4% of the 42,000 gigawatt-hours of the energy needed for that year, coal-based plants will contribute 24.6% and hydropower 18.6%. This will reduce oil-based contribution to just 28.4%. Geothermal energy as an indigenous energy resource provides the country a sustainable option to other conventionla energy sources such as coal, oil and even hydro.
    [Show full text]
  • USGS Open-File Report 2009-1133, V. 1.2, Table 3
    Table 3. (following pages). Spreadsheet of volcanoes of the world with eruption type assignments for each volcano. [Columns are as follows: A, Catalog of Active Volcanoes of the World (CAVW) volcano identification number; E, volcano name; F, country in which the volcano resides; H, volcano latitude; I, position north or south of the equator (N, north, S, south); K, volcano longitude; L, position east or west of the Greenwich Meridian (E, east, W, west); M, volcano elevation in meters above mean sea level; N, volcano type as defined in the Smithsonian database (Siebert and Simkin, 2002-9); P, eruption type for eruption source parameter assignment, as described in this document. An Excel spreadsheet of this table accompanies this document.] Volcanoes of the World with ESP, v 1.2.xls AE FHIKLMNP 1 NUMBER NAME LOCATION LATITUDE NS LONGITUDE EW ELEV TYPE ERUPTION TYPE 2 0100-01- West Eifel Volc Field Germany 50.17 N 6.85 E 600 Maars S0 3 0100-02- Chaîne des Puys France 45.775 N 2.97 E 1464 Cinder cones M0 4 0100-03- Olot Volc Field Spain 42.17 N 2.53 E 893 Pyroclastic cones M0 5 0100-04- Calatrava Volc Field Spain 38.87 N 4.02 W 1117 Pyroclastic cones M0 6 0101-001 Larderello Italy 43.25 N 10.87 E 500 Explosion craters S0 7 0101-003 Vulsini Italy 42.60 N 11.93 E 800 Caldera S0 8 0101-004 Alban Hills Italy 41.73 N 12.70 E 949 Caldera S0 9 0101-01= Campi Flegrei Italy 40.827 N 14.139 E 458 Caldera S0 10 0101-02= Vesuvius Italy 40.821 N 14.426 E 1281 Somma volcano S2 11 0101-03= Ischia Italy 40.73 N 13.897 E 789 Complex volcano S0 12 0101-041
    [Show full text]
  • Primary Succession Along an Elevation Gradient 15 Years After the Eruption of Mount Pinatubo, Luzon, Philippines1
    Primary Succession along an Elevation Gradient 15 Years after the Eruption of Mount Pinatubo, Luzon, Philippines1 Thomas E. Marler 2,4 and Roger del Moral 3 Abstract: We determined vegetation structure and environmental variables in the Pasig-Potrero and Sacobia River systems on the east flank of Mount Pina- tubo, Luzon, Philippines, to define growth form and taxonomic groups that have influenced primary succession during the 15 yr since the eruption. We selected eight sites within an east-west range of 11.5 km, a north-south range of 7 km, and an elevation gradient of ca. 500 m. The 58 plant taxa we encountered among 63 sampled plots belonged to 21 families. Cover was dominated by Parasponia rugosa (tree) and Saccharum spontaneum (large grass). Cover of these two species was inversely related at the plot level. Exotic species represented nearly 60% of this flora but only 32% of the vegetation cover. Family richness was high for Asteraceae, Fabaceae, and Poaceae. Elevation, distance to the caldera, and dis- tance to human settlement exhibited the most control over the vegetation. The influence of elevation on cover, species composition, and structure differed in these adjacent canyons. Plot species richness, cover, and diversity indices were greatest at the highest elevation of the Pasig-Potrero River. On a small scale, current dominant species may control progression of species assemblages as me- diated by geophysical, chemical, facilitative, and competitive changes. Our find- ings indicate that ongoing anthropogenic disturbances and the prevalence of exotic species may prevent the vegetation from returning to its preeruption state. The invasive Pennisetum setaceum and Chromolaena odorata were widespread in this landscape, and their negative influence on vegetation recovery is probable.
    [Show full text]
  • A Case Study of a Typhoon-Triggered Lahars Disaster at Mayon
    Anticipating disasters using community knowledge: A case study of a typhoon-triggered lahars disaster at Mayon volcano, Philippines Melanie Duncan1 ([email protected]), 1 1 2 3 Stephen Edwards , Christopher Kilburn , John Twigg and Kate Crowley (1) Aon Benfield UCL Hazard Centre, Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK. (2) Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK. (3) Catholic Agency for Overseas Development, Romero House, 55 Westminster Bridge Road, SE1 7JB, UK. 1. Introduction 4. Anticipation of the Typhoon Reming lahars The importance of integrating communities’ knowledge of their own risk into risk reduction Community representatives across five barangays noted prior experience of lahars but were still strategies is widely acknowledged. Furthermore, communities’ knowledge of previous disasters surprised by the Reming event, whilst others (particularly further downslope of the volcano) had can be a vital source of information to scientists and local governments in the absence of wide- no recollection of previous lahars. Communities had no memory of an event as devastating as scale scientific monitoring. However, anticipating disasters necessitates acknowledging when this and therefore had no contingency plan for addressing it. This is in spite of a history of past experience is not necessarily indicative of the future and, therefore, when communities’ deadly post-eruption lahars (see Ramos-Villarta et al., 1985): memories of previous events may not sufficiently prepare them for subsequent disasters. This o 1875 lahars that killed 1500 people (most similar event to the Reming lahars) is particularly relevant in the case of multi-hazard disasters because communities may not have o 1981 tropical storm lahars that killed 40 people previously experienced the combinations of interactions between hazards.
    [Show full text]
  • Notice Concerning Copyright Restrictions
    NOTICE CONCERNING COPYRIGHT RESTRICTIONS This document may contain copyrighted materials. These materials have been made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, but may not be used for any commercial purpose. Users may not otherwise copy, reproduce, retransmit, distribute, publish, commercially exploit or otherwise transfer any material. The copyright law of the United States (Title 17, United States Code) governs the making of photocopies or other reproductions of copyrighted material. Under certain conditions specified in the law, libraries and archives are authorized to furnish a photocopy or other reproduction. One of these specific conditions is that the photocopy or reproduction is not to be "used for any purpose other than private study, scholarship, or research." If a user makes a request for, or later uses, a photocopy or reproduction for purposes in excess of "fair use," that user may be liable for copyright infringement. This institution reserves the right to refuse to accept a copying order if, in its judgment, fulfillment of the order would involve violation of copyright law. 26. Geothermal Legacy from the Filipinos and Later Migrants by Leonard0 M. Ote Arturo P. Alcaru Agnes C. de Jesus Abstract The early Filipinos did not make much use of the terrestrial heat so abundantly manifested in the region. However, they may have used a mixture of oil and bits of sulfur-rich rocks for medicinal and mystical PROLOGUE purposes. References to fire or heat were associated with volcanoes, which early Filipinos revered as homes for TmPmLIPPmE ARcmELAGo CONSISTS OF mom 7,100 their gods and as symbols of fair islands and islets on the western margin of the Pacific Ocean.
    [Show full text]
  • Mayon Volcano Mount Bulusan
    APAC VOLCEX/SG/1 - SP/04 (Version: 27/05/2015) 1 of 46 MOUNTMAYON BULUSANVOLCANO APAC VOLCEX/SG/1 - SP/04 (Version: 27/05/2015) 2 of 46 THE MOST ACTIVE VOLCANO Mount Mayon is the most active volcano in the Philippines. Since 1616 there were 47 eruptions. From 1616 until 2002 at least 1300 people died and thousands of people got homeless as a result of all the eruptions. The most recent eruptions were in 1947, 1984 and 1993. In 1993 the activity started with explosions. Half an hour later, flows of lava (molten rock) and pyroclastic flows (flows with mixtures of hot, dry rock fragments and hot gases. APAC VOLCEX/SG/1 - SP/04 (Version: 27/05/2015) 3 of 46 MAYON VOLCANO THE MOST ACTIVE VOLCANO They flows may result from the explosive eruption of molten or solid rock fragments, or both) came out of the crater in the top of the volcano. It killed 68 people and 60.000 people had to be evacuated. APAC VOLCEX/SG/1 - SP/04 (Version: 27/05/2015) 4 of 46 VOLCANO TYPE Mount Mayon is a splendid example of a strato volcano. Mount Mayon rises up 2462 meters above sea level. 8077FT ,131458.8677 N ,1234146.0947 E This type of volcano is typically steep-sided and composed of alternating layers of lava (the melted mass - magma - which came out of the crater) and other volcanic material, especially ash layers. APAC VOLCEX/SG/1 - SP/04 (Version: 27/05/2015) 5 of 46 THE LOST VILLAGE OF CAGSAWA In 1818 enormous flows of lava came over the village of Cagsawa.
    [Show full text]
  • Catalogue of Satellite Photography of the Active Volcanoes of the World
    General Disclaimer One or more of the Following Statements may affect this Document This document has been reproduced from the best copy furnished by the organizational source. It is being released in the interest of making available as much information as possible. This document may contain data, which exceeds the sheet parameters. It was furnished in this condition by the organizational source and is the best copy available. This document may contain tone-on-tone or color graphs, charts and/or pictures, which have been reproduced in black and white. This document is paginated as submitted by the original source. Portions of this document are not fully legible due to the historical nature of some of the material. However, it is the best reproduction available from the original submission. Produced by the NASA Center for Aerospace Information (CASI) LA-6279-1 Informal Report UC-11 Reporting Date: March 1976 Issued: March 1976 63AS 1H Catalogue of Satellite Photography of the Active Volcanoes of the World by Grant Heiken IO5\MAlofIamoS scientific laboratory of the University of California LOS ALAMOS, NEW MEXICO 87545 An Affirmative Action/Equal Opportunity Employer UNITED STATES ENERGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION CONTRACT W7185 •ENO. DS DISTRIBUTION OF THI S DOCUMENT IS UNLIMITED RW^]CavSt.Y.:..wyr^trlaF....^ewa..k^. ,..a_,. zv.ieJ SR .t ^_...,^.. ... ..a.,, .pRsnxa3.s .;.., ., .^... _.. .. _.. - ._. ... .-.^., .r.. ,°1 , ;a ^ Kul h Ij t: z. u ;' i a t 1 n e (^1 BLANKPA GE d 1 Ati.. j: 3 h ^ YC f .w 5 Y6t..a.>. •gym ... .. [...a...... ,.I .. rt... \ ,. .. .. fi 1 L 4 t Earlier stages of this compilation were made while the i) author was employed by the National Aeronautics and Space i Administration.
    [Show full text]
  • The 1991 Pinatubo Eruptions and Their Effects on Aircraft Operations
    The 1991 Pinatubo Eruptions and Their Effects on Aircraft Operations By Thomas J. Casadevall,1 Perla J. Delos Reyes,2 and David J. Schneider3 1U.S. Geological Survey. 2Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology, Quezon City, Philippines. 3Michigan Technological University, Department of Geological Engineering, Houghton, MI 49931. ABSTRACT The explosive eruptions of Mount Pinatubo in June 1991 injected enormous clouds of volcanic ash and acid gases into the stratosphere to altitudes in excess of 100,000 feet. The largest ash cloud, from the June 15 eruption, was carried by upper level winds to the west and circled the globe in 22 days. The June 15 cloud spread laterally to cover a broad equatorial band from about 10°S. to 20° N. latitude and contaminated some of the world's busiest air traffic corridors. Sixteen damaging encounters were reported between jet aircraft and the drifting ash clouds from the June 12 and 15, 1991, eruptions. Three encounters occurred within 200 kilometers from the volcano with ash clouds less than 3 hours old. Twelve encounters occurred over Southeast Asia at distances of 720 to 1,740 kilometers west from the volcano when the ash cloud was between 12 and 24 hours old. Encounters with the Pinatubo ash cloud caused in-flight loss of power to one engine on each of two different aircraft. A total of 10 engines were damaged and replaced, including all four engines on a single jumbo jet. Following the 1991 eruptions, longer term damage to aircraft and engines related to volcanogenic SO2 gas has been documented including crazing of acrylic airplane windows, premature fading of polyurethane paint on jetliners, and accumulation of sulfate deposits in engines.
    [Show full text]
  • FCSEC Technical Report Volume 3
    Department of Public Works and Highways Project Management Office - Flood Control and Sabo Engineering Center Napindan Hydraulic Control Structure (NHCS) Compound E. Santos Avenue cor. Lopez Jaena St., Brgy. Sta. Rosa, Pasig City 1600 Philippines Tel. No. (+63) 02 - 6281227, Fax No. (+63) 02 – 6281227 FCSEC Technical Report Volume 3 Jerry A. Fano, Engineer III Michael T. Alpasan, Engineer IV Takeo Mitsunaga, JICA Sabo Engineering Expert Yoshio Tokunaga, JICA Chief Advisor October 2007 Table of Contents Abstract 1 1. Physical Settings and Hazards Around Mayon 1.1 Topography 2 1.2 Meteorology and Hydrology 2 1.3 Geology 2 2. Geomorphologic Classification of Mayon Volcano 3 3. Typhoon Reming 3 4. Disaster Data 5 5. Japan – JICA – FCSEC Survey Team Site Investigation 5 6. Mechanism of Disaster 6.1 Mayon Mountain Slope Profile and Riverbed Slopes 6 6.2 Factors That Contributed to Debris Flow 6.2.1 Guinobatan, Albay 7 6.2.2 Daraga, Albay 10 6.2.3 Padang, Albay 14 7. Analysis 15 8. Recommendations 16 8.1 Strengthening the Organizations for Disaster Prevention 8.1.1 Updating of Hazard Map 17 8.1.2 Collection & Utilization of Meteorological / Hydrological Data 17 8.2 Emergency Countermeasures 8.2.1 Construction of Training Dike 18 7.2.2 Elevating of Possible Evacuation Sites 18 7.2.3 Arrangement of Evacuation Areas 18 8.3 Updating of Sabo Plan 18 9. References 20 The Mayon 2006 Debris Flow1 The Destructive Path of Typhoon Reming (Int’l Name: Durian) Jerry A. Fano 2 Michael T. Alpasan 3 Takeo. Mitsunaga 4 Yoshio Tokunaga 5 Key words : landslide, debris flow, flashflood, hazard mapping, early warning system, public information & education campaign Abstract The Philippines geographical location and natural conditions expose the country to hydrometeorological hazards like landslide, debris flow and flashfloods.
    [Show full text]