DOCSLIB.ORG

Library of Congress Magazine- July/August 2021

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

LIBRARY OF CONGRESS MAGAZINE JULY/AUGUST 2021 ROAD TRIP! Inside Finding America Out on the Road Taking a Full-Length Portrait of the U.S. Plus 10 Seconds to Glory Parks for the People Whitman’s Journeys FEATURES ▪ A neon sign in Amarillo, Texas, marks the path 12 14 20 of historic Route 66 through town. Carol Parks for the People Finding America On the Road Again M. Highsmith Archive/ The Olmsted family created A journey through an Photographer Carol M. Prints and Photographs an amazing array of American phenomenon: the Highsmith is taking a full- Division outdoor spaces. family vacation by car. length portrait of the U.S. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS MAGAZINE ▪ On the cover: This poster for the United States Travel Bureau, created by Alexander Dux in the 1930s under the auspices of the federal Works Progress Administration, promoted tourism across America. Prints and Photographs Division LIBRARY OF CONGRESS MAGAZINE DEPARTMENTS JULY / AUGUST 2021 VOL. 10 NO. 4 Mission of the 2 Trending Library of Congress The Library’s mission is to engage, 3 Off the Shelf inspire and inform Congress and the American people with a universal and enduring source of 4 Online Offerings knowledge and creativity. 6 Technology Library of Congress Magazine is issued bimonthly by the Office of Communications of the Library 7 Extremes of Congress and distributed free of charge to publicly 8 Page from the Past 4 supported libraries and research institutions, donors, academic libraries, learned societies and 10 Curator’s Picks allied organizations in the United States. Research institutions and educational organizations in other 24 My Job countries may arrange to receive Library of Congress Magazine on an exchange basis by applying in 25 News Briefs writing to the Library’s Director for Acquisitions and Bibliographic Access, 101 Independence Ave. 26 Shop the Library S.E., Washington DC 20540- 4100. LCM is also available on the web at loc.gov/lcm/. All 27 Support the Library other correspondence should 6 be addressed to the Office of Communications, Library of 28 Last Word Congress, 101 Independence Ave. S.E., Washington DC 20540-1610. [email protected] loc.gov/lcm ISSN 2169-0855 (print) ISSN 2169-0863 (online) Carla Hayden Librarian of Congress April Slayton Executive Editor Mark Hartsell 8 Editor Ashley Jones Designer Shawn Miller Photo Editor Contributors Barbara Bair Andrew Davis Jan Grenci Megan Harris Josh Levy Sahar Kazmi CONNECT ON Roxana Robinson loc.gov/connect 28 JULY/AUGUST 2021 LOC.GOV/LCM 1 TRENDING Jesse Owens and went to Baldwin Wallace College on a track scholarship. During his 10 SECONDS TO sophomore year, he was drafted and later GLORY assigned to the 92nd. By 1944, he was in combat in Italy. For ▪ Top: William Harrison A WWII veteran won gold at six months, the 92nd slowly advanced, Dillard won the 100 liberating towns as they went. In his meters sprint in this the London Olympics in the Veterans History Project interview, Dillard photo finish at the 1948 Olympics in London. first photo finish. recalls mortar fire, minefields, the bravery of his comrades, and Italian civilians, their Above: Dillard, a World London, summer 1948. All eyes are on the War II veteran, as he villages destroyed, begging U.S. servicemen appeared around first Olympic Games held since 1936. After for food. the time he donated years of war, countries from around the service-related material world meet not on the battlefield, but on With the end of the war, Dillard’s focus to the Veterans History the track, in the swimming pool, inside the turned from survival to running. While Project. Smith Archive/ boxing ring. stationed in Europe during the occupation, Alamy Stock Photo, he won four gold medals at the GI Veterans History Project At Wembley Stadium, six sprinters crouch Olympics. At the London Games, he won on the track for the finals of the 100-meter the 100-meter dash and the 4x100 relay. dash. The gun sounds, and in 10 seconds Four years later, at the Helsinki Games, he it’s over. The race is so close that, for the won the 110-meter hurdles and another first time in history, a photograph is used to relay — making him a four-time Olympic gold declare the winner. medalist, just like his idol, Owens. But the photo makes it clear: William Grit and resilience are among the qualities Harrison Dillard won the gold; he is the that make Olympic athletes great — many “fastest man alive.” overcome formidable challenges just to The feat is all the more stirring because, reach the games. Few survive the rigors, three years earlier, Dillard had been dodging deprivation and dangers of combat only to mortar fire in Italy as part of the U.S. Army’s arrive, like Dillard, at the medals podium a 92nd Infantry Division, a segregated unit mere three years later. known as the “Buffalo Soldiers.” —Megan Harris is a reference specialist in Today, Dillard’s story, told in his own words, the Veterans History Project. is preserved at the Library in the collections of the Veterans History Project. MORE INFORMATION Born in Cleveland, Dillard attended the Veterans History Project same high school as legendary Olympian loc.gov/vets/ 2 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS MAGAZINE OFF THE SHELF the Folklife Center, and interviews she conducted with owners of businesses listed in the Green Book are available on the Library’s website. The Green Book was founded by Harlem postal worker Victor Hugo THE GREEN BOOK Green in 1936 and over the next three decades This guide helped Black became so indispensable travelers navigate the country that it earned the nickname in safety and with dignity. “the Bible of Black travel.” The passage of the Civil For African American travelers of the mid- Rights Act of 1964, however, 20th century, discrimination had no borders. made the book less necessary, and in 1967 ▪ African American it ceased publication. patrons fill the Dew Drop At that time, open and often legal Inn, a nightclub listed in discrimination made it difficult for Blacks to Today, historical copies of the Green Book the New Orleans section travel around not just the South but much provide a record of places that played of the Green Book. of the United States because they couldn’t an important role in the lives of both The club hosted such eat, sleep or buy gas at most white-owned ordinary people and great figures in African great musicians as Ray Charles, James Brown, businesses. American history. Martin Luther King Jr. Etta James and Little previewed his “I Have a Dream” speech The Negro Motorist Green Book helped Richard, who wrote a for associates at the Hampton House in song about the place. them do so in safety and with dignity: The Miami and got haircuts at the Ben Moore American Folklife Center book identified businesses — lodgings, Hotel in Montgomery, Alabama. Cassius Clay restaurants, gas stations and others — celebrated his upset of Sonny Liston — and friendly to Black travelers so they could get met with Malcolm X — at the Hampton’s café. service along the road. Five decades after it ceased publication, “The gift of the Green Book was that it really the Green Book still stands as a milestone did show the communities where Black for African Americans along the road to culture was happening, where there were freedom. Black-owned businesses where you knew you could get services,” said Candacy Taylor, author of “Overground Railroad: The Green Book and the Roots of Black Travel in MORE INFORMATION America,” in an interview with the Library’s The Green Book: Documenting African American American Folklife Center. “It was literally a Entrepreneurs lifesaver.” go.usa.gov/xHXND Taylor’s research for the book was funded Podcast with Candacy Taylor in part by an Archie Green fellowship from go.usa.gov/xHnxY JULY/AUGUST 2021 LOC.GOV/LCM 3 ONLINE OFFERINGS THEY’RE A TRIP Travel posters from the golden age still inspire viewers to explore. Great travel art takes you places, even when you haven’t left home. Just by looking, one can feel the color and excitement of Times Square, the sea air in a lush garden in Puerto Rico, the spray from an eruption of Old Faithful in Yellowstone National Park. The Library holds thousands of travel posters designed to inspire viewers to visit points of interest, to revel in holiday activities and to enjoy the journey itself through various modes of transportation. Many date from the golden age of the travel poster, which began in the 1920s, when travel by land or sea was more common than travel by air. The golden age ended in the 1960s, when photographic imagery and other forms of advertising began to be used more than graphically designed posters. A selection of the Library’s collection of travel posters are available online in the Free to Use and Reuse set; most of these were produced by the Work Projects Administration between 1936 and 1943. These posters, some created for the United States Travel Bureau, celebrated national parks and encouraged all to “See America” — the catchphrase on a number of them. The bureau was established in 1937 to promote travel within the United States. Gifts, purchases and copyright deposit have added to the variety of travel posters in the broader collection. Eye-catching examples made in the U.S. and in other countries ▪ Clockwise from encourage exploration of places near and top left: Vintage travel posters far — still today, an inspiration to pack a bag present an abstract and go explore. view of Times Square; provide a —Jan Grenci is a reference specialist in the look across the bay Prints and Photographs Division.
Recommended publications
  • WHTP-2009-06-National-Security-1.Pdf

    WHTP-2009-06-National-Security-1.Pdf

    ABOUT THE AUTHOR Louis Fisher is Specialist in Constitutional Law with the Law Library of the Library of Congress. The views expressed here are personal, not institutional. Earlier in his career at the Library of Congress, Fisher worked for the Congressional Research Service from 1970 to March 3, 2006. During his service with CRS he was Senior Specialist in Separation of Powers and research director of the House Iran-Contra Committee in 1987, writing major sections of the final report. Fisher received his doctorate in political science from the New School for Social Research and has taught at a number of universities and law schools. He is the author of eighteen books, including In the Name of National Security: Unchecked Presidential Power and the Reynolds Case (2006), Presidential War Power (2d ed. 2004), Military Tribunals and Presidential Power (2005), The Politics of Executive Privilege (2004), American Constitutional Law (with Katy J. Harriger, 8th ed. 2009), Constitutional Conflicts between Congress and the Presidency (5th ed. 2005), Nazi Saboteurs on Trial: A Military Tribunal and American Law (2003), and, most recently, The Constitution and 9/11: Recurring Threats to America’s Freedoms (2008). He has received four book awards. Fisher has been invited to testify before Congress on such issues as war powers, state secrets, CIA whistle-blowing, covert spending, NSA surveillance, executive privilege, executive spending discretion, presidential reorganization authority, Congress and the Constitution, the legislative veto, the item veto, the pocket veto, recess appointments, the budget process, the Gramm-Rudman-Hollings Act, the balanced budget amendment, biennial budgeting, presidential impoundment powers, and executive lobbying.
  • Pressemappe American Photography

    Pressemappe American Photography

    Exhibition Facts Duration 24 August – 28 November 2021 Virtual Opening 23. August 2021 | 6.30 PM | on Facebook-Live & YouTube Venue Bastion Hall Curator Walter Moser Co-Curator Anna Hanreich Works ca. 180 Catalogue Available for EUR EUR 29,90 (English & German) onsite at the Museum Shop as well as via www.albertina.at Contact Albertinaplatz 1 | 1010 Vienna T +43 (01) 534 83 0 [email protected] www.albertina.at Opening Hours Daily 10 am – 6 pm Press contact Daniel Benyes T +43 (01) 534 83 511 | M +43 (0)699 12178720 [email protected] Sarah Wulbrandt T +43 (01) 534 83 512 | M +43 (0)699 10981743 [email protected] 2 American Photography 24 August - 28 November 2021 The exhibition American Photography presents an overview of the development of US American photography between the 1930s and the 2000s. With works by 33 artists on display, it introduces the essential currents that once revolutionized the canon of classic motifs and photographic practices. The effects of this have reached far beyond the country’s borders to the present day. The main focus of the works is on offering a visual survey of the United States by depicting its people and their living environments. A microcosm frequently viewed through the lens of everyday occurrences permits us to draw conclusions about the prevalent political circumstances and social conditions in the United States, capturing the country and its inhabitants in their idiosyncrasies and contradictions. In several instances, artists having immigrated from Europe successfully perceived hitherto unknown aspects through their eyes as outsiders, thus providing new impulses.
  • Ralph W. Judd Collection on Cross-Dressing in the Performing Arts

    Ralph W. Judd Collection on Cross-Dressing in the Performing Arts

    http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt487035r5 No online items Finding Aid to the Ralph W. Judd Collection on Cross-Dressing in the Performing Arts Michael P. Palmer Processing partially funded by generous grants from Jim Deeton and David Hensley. ONE National Gay and Lesbian Archives 909 West Adams Boulevard Los Angeles, California 90007 Phone: (213) 741-0094 Fax: (213) 741-0220 Email: [email protected] URL: http://www.onearchives.org © 2009 ONE National Gay and Lesbian Archives. All rights reserved. Finding Aid to the Ralph W. Judd Coll2007-020 1 Collection on Cross-Dressing in the Performing Arts Finding Aid to the Ralph W. Judd Collection on Cross-Dressing in the Performing Arts Collection number: Coll2007-020 ONE National Gay and Lesbian Archives Los Angeles, California Processed by: Michael P. Palmer, Jim Deeton, and David Hensley Date Completed: September 30, 2009 Encoded by: Michael P. Palmer Processing partially funded by generous grants from Jim Deeton and David Hensley. © 2009 ONE National Gay and Lesbian Archives. All rights reserved. Descriptive Summary Title: Ralph W. Judd collection on Cross-Dressing in the Performing Arts Dates: 1848-circa 2000 Collection number: Coll2007-020 Creator: Judd, Ralph W., 1930-2007 Collection Size: 11 archive cartons + 2 archive half-cartons + 1 records box + 8 oversize boxes + 19 clamshell albums + 14 albums.(20 linear feet). Repository: ONE National Gay and Lesbian Archives. Los Angeles, California 90007 Abstract: Materials collected by Ralph Judd relating to the history of cross-dressing in the performing arts. The collection is focused on popular music and vaudeville from the 1890s through the 1930s, and on film and television: it contains few materials on musical theater, non-musical theater, ballet, opera, or contemporary popular music.
  • The Capitol Dome

    The Capitol Dome

    THE CAPITOL DOME The Capitol in the Movies John Quincy Adams and Speakers of the House Irish Artists in the Capitol Complex Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way A MAGAZINE OF HISTORY PUBLISHED BY THE UNITED STATES CAPITOL HISTORICAL SOCIETYVOLUME 55, NUMBER 22018 From the Editor’s Desk Like the lantern shining within the Tholos Dr. Paula Murphy, like Peart, studies atop the Dome whenever either or both America from the British Isles. Her research chambers of Congress are in session, this into Irish and Irish-American contributions issue of The Capitol Dome sheds light in all to the Capitol complex confirms an import- directions. Two of the four articles deal pri- ant artistic legacy while revealing some sur- marily with art, one focuses on politics, and prising contributions from important but one is a fascinating exposé of how the two unsung artists. Her research on this side of can overlap. “the Pond” was supported by a USCHS In the first article, Michael Canning Capitol Fellowship. reveals how the Capitol, far from being only Another Capitol Fellow alumnus, John a palette for other artist’s creations, has been Busch, makes an ingenious case-study of an artist (actor) in its own right. Whether as the historical impact of steam navigation. a walk-on in a cameo role (as in Quiz Show), Throughout the nineteenth century, steam- or a featured performer sharing the marquee boats shared top billing with locomotives as (as in Mr. Smith Goes to Washington), the the most celebrated and recognizable motif of Capitol, Library of Congress, and other sites technological progress.
  • M. H< Fass Collection

    M. H< Fass Collection

    3^'W)albua í^txm s -DLM j Ajglt£r £\¿&ns : P haiq^io-pVVb -fo r M. H< fass Collection s e r ie s ■+tvß- Panivi ^ecQoVvf A dyvuVi >~St \ ¿ x t ^ n ,1*135' l*fö ¿ o ? o o ? ' 0 °l SUB SERIES b o x _____ __ ïr=t FOLDER. .... .... A f Photographs for the Farm Security Administration, 1935-1938 A Catalog of Photographic Prints Available from the Farm Security Administration Collection in the Library of Congress Introduction by Jerald C. Maddox A DACAPO PAPERBACK Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Da Capo Press. Walker Evans, photographs for the Farm Security Administration, 1935-1938. (A Da Capo paperback) 1. United States—Rural conditions—Pictorial works— Catalogs. 2. Photographs—Catalogs. I. Evans, Walker, 1903- II. Maddox, Jerald C. III. United States. Farm Security Administration. IV. United States. Library of Congress. V. Title. HN57.D22 1975 779'.9'3092630973 74-23992 ISBN 0-306-80008-X First Paperback Printing 1975 ISBN 0-306-80008-X Copyright © 1973 by Da Capo Press, Inc. All Rights Reserved The copyright on this volume does not apply individually to the photographs which are illustrated. These photographs, commissioned by the Farm Security Administra'ion, U.S. Department of Agriculture, are in the public domain and may be reproduced without permission. Published by Da Capo Press A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation 227 West 17th Street, New York, N. Y. 10011 Manufactured in the United States of America Publisher’s Preface The Prints and Photographs Division of the Library of Congress is the greatest repository of visual material documenting the development of the American nation.
  • Oral History Interview with Walker Evans, 1971 Oct. 13-Dec. 23

    Oral History Interview with Walker Evans, 1971 Oct. 13-Dec. 23

    Oral history interview with Walker Evans, 1971 Oct. 13-Dec. 23 Contact Information Reference Department Archives of American Art Smithsonian Institution Washington. D.C. 20560 www.aaa.si.edu/askus Transcript Preface The following oral history transcript is the result of a tape-recorded interview with Walker Evans conducted by Paul Cummings for the Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution. The interview took place at the home of Walker Evans in Connecticut on October 13, 1971 and in his apartment in New York City on December 23, 1971. Interview PAUL CUMMINGS: It’s October 13, 1971 – Paul Cummings talking to Walker Evans at his home in Connecticut with all the beautiful trees and leaves around today. It’s gorgeous here. You were born in Kenilworth, Illinois – right? WALKER EVANS: Not at all. St. Louis. There’s a big difference. Though in St. Louis it was just babyhood, so really it amounts to the same thing. PAUL CUMMINGS: St. Louis, Missouri. WALKER EVANS: I think I must have been two years old when we left St. Louis; I was a baby and therefore knew nothing. PAUL CUMMINGS: You moved to Illinois. Do you know why your family moved at that point? WALKER EVANS: Sure. Business. There was an opening in an advertising agency called Lord & Thomas, a very famous one. I think Lasker was head of it. Business was just starting then, that is, advertising was just becoming an American profession I suppose you would call it. Anyway, it was very naïve and not at all corrupt the way it became later.
  • The Building As Completed, from Walter's Designs

    The Building As Completed, from Walter's Designs

    CHAPTER XVI THE BUILDING AS COMPLETED, FROM WALTER’S DESIGNS DWARD CLARK supervised the completion of the Capitol the old Senate Chamber being devoted to the court room and the west from the designs of Thomas U. Walter, leaving the building as front being used by the court officials for office and robing rooms.1 it stands to-day. The terraces on the west, north, and south are The attic story [Plate 223] is so arranged in each wing that the a part of the general landscape scheme of Frederick Law Olm- public has access from its corridors to the galleries of the House and Ested. The building consists of the central or old building, and two wings, Senate Chambers, with provision for the press and committee rooms or the Capitol extension, with the new Dome on the old building. facing the exterior walls of the building. Document rooms are also pro- The cellar [Plate 220] contained space on the central western vided on this floor. extension available for office and committee rooms. Other portions of Plates 224, 225, 225a show the eastern front of the building as the cellar are given up to the heating and ventilating apparatus, or are completed, the principal new features being the porticoes on the wings, used for storage. Beneath the center of the Dome a vault was built in which are similar to the central portico designed by Latrobe. Although the cellar to contain the remains of George Washington, but because of the original design of Thornton contemplated a central portico he did the objection of the family to his burial in the Capitol his body never not contemplate the broad flight of steps which extends to the ground rested in the contemplated spot.
  • Congressional Record United States Th of America PROCEEDINGS and DEBATES of the 112 CONGRESS, FIRST SESSION

    Congressional Record United States Th of America PROCEEDINGS and DEBATES of the 112 CONGRESS, FIRST SESSION

    E PL UR UM IB N U U S Congressional Record United States th of America PROCEEDINGS AND DEBATES OF THE 112 CONGRESS, FIRST SESSION Vol. 157 WASHINGTON, WEDNESDAY, JUNE 15, 2011 No. 86 House of Representatives The House met at 10 a.m. and was of country that has provided an exam- Graham Purcell led a rich, full, re- called to order by the Speaker pro tem- ple and an inspiration for many people, markable life. How many others can pore (Mr. NUGENT). including me. A man of deep faith, say that they shook hands with Win- f Graham possessed a generosity of spirit ston Churchill while serving as a sol- that extended to all aspects of his life. dier in Italy; had Vice President John- DESIGNATION OF SPEAKER PRO He was a member of the Greatest Gen- son come pick him and his family up at TEMPORE eration that saved the world from to- the airport just after he was elected in The SPEAKER pro tempore laid be- talitarianism and then came home to a special election to take them to the fore the House the following commu- build the most prosperous nation the Johnson home so they could stay for a nication from the Speaker: world has ever known. But Graham while until they had a chance to find a place of their own; or, on the last night WASHINGTON, DC, Purcell was also an individual who June 15, 2011. would stand out in any generation, ris- of President Kennedy’s life spent more I hereby appoint the Honorable RICH ing from humble roots to help make than an hour with him on the plane NUGENT to act as Speaker pro tempore on history.
  • The Premier Luxury Destination Management Company for the U.S., Canada and the Caribbean

    The Premier Luxury Destination Management Company for the U.S., Canada and the Caribbean

    THE PREMIER LUXURY DESTINATION MANAGEMENT COMPANY FOR THE U.S., CANADA AND THE CARIBBEAN 2 3 CONTENTS ABOUT US Our Story 5 Why Excursionist? 7 What We Offer 7 TRAVEL STYLES Luxury Family Travel 13 Romance Travel 14 Corporate Travel 15 Educational Travel 16 Festival + Event Travel 18 TRAVEL BY PASSION Food + Drink 21 The Arts 22 People + Culture 23 Nature 24 Wellness 25 Sports + Adventure 26 THE REGIONS New England 28 New York State 32 The Mid-Atlantic 36 The South 40 Florida 44 The Southwest 48 The West 52 The Pacific Northwest 56 California 60 Alaska 64 Hawaii 68 Western Canada 72 Eastern Canada 76 The Caribbean 80 HOTELS + MAPS Hotel Collection 84 Maps 94 3 “Our mission is to empower luxury travelers — whether a couple, family, or corporate group — to live out their diverse passions through exceptional, life-changing experiences that we design and deliver.” 4 Our Story Excursionist was founded in 2010 by three friends who immigrated to North America from various corners of the world and developed a dedication to sharing this continent’s rich history, nature, cuisine and culture with others. Identifying a gap in the marketplace for a true luxury-focused destination management company for the United States, Canada and the Caribbean, we have built an organization that not only has geographical breadth across our territory, but also an intense depth of local knowledge in each destination where we work. We achieve this by bringing to bear our diverse expertise in the industry, as well as our personal relationships in the sciences, arts, education, government and business.
  • Woman's Club to Hear Reading Choir

    Woman's Club to Hear Reading Choir

    THE KUTZTOWN PATRIOT Serving The East Penn Valley For More Than Seventy-five Years NO. 33 VOL. LXXVI KUTZTOWN, PA., THURSDAY, DECEMBER 21, 1950 £ $ ^P f^# STORY-TELLING "Clipper" Smith Orioles Entertain J. P. AND DAVID'S SANTA Children from kindergarten to So real is the life-size Santa fifth grade are cordially invited to Claus on the porch of J. P. and the first story-telling hour to be Speaks at Banquet Supreme Officials David Adam's home on College held Saturday in the community Hill, that the occupants of pass­ library on the second floor of the in! ing cars stop to gaze. And every Gonser Home. The time is 10 For KSTC Gridders At Fleetwood Nest now and then J. P. and David hear a. m. Those who would like to the click of a camera and see the tell stories are also invited. flash of a bulb. Mrs. Platon Gottlund and Mrs. Remarks Made by Faculty WORLD'S LARGEST SANTA . .*. Part of a crowd of 10,000 watch Welcome 23 Members to The jolly old fellow has a new Jacob Esser will tell the stories. mask that's even more alluring Members; Many Awards the ceremony of turning on the lights on the biggest Santa Clans Nest and Auxiliary; There is no charge for admis­ in tbe world and his seven-story Christmas tree in Miami. than last year's, and he seems to sion. Given; 100 Attend Buffet Luncheon like it best when the lights are Come early! turned on. He's waiting for Christ­ "It was 'fierce pride' that won the Fleetwood Nest No.
  • University Microfilms International 300 N

    University Microfilms International 300 N

    THE CRITICISM OF ROBERT FRANK'S "THE AMERICANS" Item Type text; Thesis-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Alexander, Stuart Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 23/09/2021 11:13:03 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/277059 INFORMATION TO USERS This reproduction was made from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. While the most advanced technology has been used to photograph and reproduce this document, the quality of the reproduction is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help clarify markings or notations which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting through an image and duplicating adjacent pages to assure complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a round black mark, it is an indication of either blurred copy because of movement during exposure, duplicate copy, or copyrighted materials that should not have been filmed. For blurred pages, a good image of the page can be found in the adjacent frame. If copyrighted materials were deleted, a target note will appear listing the pages in the adjacent frame.
  • 9/11 Report”), July 2, 2004, Pp

    9/11 Report”), July 2, 2004, Pp

    Final FM.1pp 7/17/04 5:25 PM Page i THE 9/11 COMMISSION REPORT Final FM.1pp 7/17/04 5:25 PM Page v CONTENTS List of Illustrations and Tables ix Member List xi Staff List xiii–xiv Preface xv 1. “WE HAVE SOME PLANES” 1 1.1 Inside the Four Flights 1 1.2 Improvising a Homeland Defense 14 1.3 National Crisis Management 35 2. THE FOUNDATION OF THE NEW TERRORISM 47 2.1 A Declaration of War 47 2.2 Bin Ladin’s Appeal in the Islamic World 48 2.3 The Rise of Bin Ladin and al Qaeda (1988–1992) 55 2.4 Building an Organization, Declaring War on the United States (1992–1996) 59 2.5 Al Qaeda’s Renewal in Afghanistan (1996–1998) 63 3. COUNTERTERRORISM EVOLVES 71 3.1 From the Old Terrorism to the New: The First World Trade Center Bombing 71 3.2 Adaptation—and Nonadaptation— ...in the Law Enforcement Community 73 3.3 . and in the Federal Aviation Administration 82 3.4 . and in the Intelligence Community 86 v Final FM.1pp 7/17/04 5:25 PM Page vi 3.5 . and in the State Department and the Defense Department 93 3.6 . and in the White House 98 3.7 . and in the Congress 102 4. RESPONSES TO AL QAEDA’S INITIAL ASSAULTS 108 4.1 Before the Bombings in Kenya and Tanzania 108 4.2 Crisis:August 1998 115 4.3 Diplomacy 121 4.4 Covert Action 126 4.5 Searching for Fresh Options 134 5.