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Le Lac Tanganika (Principalement D'après Les Résultats Dbs Dragages De L Institut Royal Colonial Belge Koninklijk Belgisch Koloniaal Instituut SECTION DES SCIENCES NATURELLES SECTIE VOOK NATÜÜK- ET MÉDICALES EN GENEESKUNDIGE WETENSCHAPPEN Mémoires. — Collection in-8°. Verhandelingen. — Verzameling Tome XIV. — Fasc. 5. in-8». - Boek XIV. — Afl. 5. CONTRIBUTION A L'ÉTUDE DE LA FAUNE MALACOLOGIQÜE DES GRANDS LACS AFRICAINS DEUXIEME ETUDE LE LAC TANGANIKA (PRINCIPALEMENT D'APRÈS LES RÉSULTATS DBS DRAGAGES DE L. STAPPERS) E. DARTEVELLE et J. SCHWET2 (Musóe du Con^o Belge, (Université Libre de Bruxelles), Tei-vueren.) 1 CARTE *ET 6 PLANCHE S BRUXELLES BRUSSEL Librairie Falk fils. Boekhandel Falk zoon, GEORGES VAN CAMPENHOUT, Succeiseur, GEORGES VAN CAMPENHOUT, Opvolger, 22, rue des Paroissiens, 22. 22, Parochianenstraat, 22. 1948 Publications de l'iustitut Royal Publicatiën van tiet Koninlilijk Colonial Belge Belgisch Koloniaal Instituât En vente à la Librairie FALK Fils, G. VAN CAMPENHOUT, Succ. Téièph. : 12.39.70 22, rue des Paroissiens, Bruxelles C. C. P. 110142.90 Te koop in den Boekhandel FALK Zoon, G. VAN CAMPENHOUT, Opvolger. TeleT. : 12.39.70 22, Parochianenstraat, te Brussel Postrekening : 142 90 LISTE DES MÉMOIRES PUBLIÉS AU 1 ' AVRIL 1948. COLLECTION IN-8» SECTION DES SCIENCES MORALES ET POLITIQUES Tome 1. PACÈS, le R. P., Au Ruanda, sur les bords du lac Klvu (Congo Belge). Un royaume harnite au centre de l'Afrique (703 pages, 29 planches, 1 carte, 1933) . fr. 250 » Tome II. LAMAN, K.-E., Dictionnaire kikongo français (Xciv-1183 pages, 1 carte, 1936) . fr. 600 » Tome III. 1. PLANQUAERT, le fl. P. M., tes Jaga et les Bayaka du Kwango (184 pages, 18 plan• ches, 1 carte, 1932) fr. 90 » 2. LouwERS, O., Le problème financier et le problème économique au Congo Belge en 1932 (69 pages, 1933) fr. 25 » 3. MorrouLLE, le D' L., Contribution d l'étude du déterminisme fonctionnel de l'industrie dans l'éducation de l'indigène congolais (48 p., 16 pl., 1934) . fr. 60 » Tome IV. .MEHTENS, le U P. .)., iJ-s lia Dziiuj dt' ht Kanilslia : 1. Première partie : Ethnographie (381 pages, 3 cartes, 42 figures, 10 planches, 1935) fr. 120 » 2. Deuxième partie : Grammaire de l'Idzing de la Kamtsha (xxxi-388 pages, 1938) . 230 » 3. Troisième partie : Dictionnaire Idzing-Français suivi d'un aide-mémoire Français-ldzlng (240 pages, 1 carte, 1939) fr. 140 » Tome V. 1. VAN REETH, de E. P., De Bol van den moederlijken oom, in de inlandsche familie (Vtühundeliiig bekroond in den jaarlijksen Wedstrijd voor 1935) (3.j blz., 1935) fr. 10 » 2. LouwERS, O., Le problème colonial du point de vue international (130 pages, 1936) fr. 50 » 3. BITTREMIEUX, le R. P. L., La Société secrète des Bakhimba au Mayombe (327 pages, 1 carte, 8 planches, 1936) fr. 110 ii Tome VI. MOELLER, A., Les grandes lignes des migrations des Bantous de la Province Orien• tale du Congo belge (578 pages, 2 cartes, 6 planches, 19.'<6) fr. 200 » Tome VII. 1. STRUYF, le R. p. I., Les Bakongo dans leurs légendes (280 pages, 1936) . fr. 35 » 2. LOTAR, le R. P. L., La grande chronique de l'Ubangi (99 p., 1 fig., 1937) . fr. 30 11 9. VAN CAENEGHEM, de E. P. R., Studie over de gewoontelijke strafbepalingen tegen het niierspel bij de Baluha en Ha T.ulna. van Kasaî (Verhandeling WPlkp in den .laarlijkseii, Wedstrijd voor 1937. den tweeden priis bekomen beeft) (.JG blz., 1938_) fr. 20 » i. HuLSTAEBT, Ie R. P. G., Les sanctions coutumières contre l'adultère chez les Nkundô (Mémoire couronné au Concours annuel de 1937) (53 pages, 1938) . fr. 20 » -1 O Ui 9i S « .2 .S S O w U « •>5 1 W ^ CMQM I la [JL) O CQ S W-I s il Q § S - W«2H 3 ;5 CONTRIBUTION A L'ÉTUDE DE LA FAUNE MALACOLOGIQÜE DES GRANDS LACS AFRICAINS DEUXIEME ETUDE LE LAC TANGANIKA (PRINCIPALEMENT D'APRÈS LES RÉSULTATS DES DRAOAGES DE L. STAPPERS) E. DARTEVELLE et J. SCHWETZ (Musée du Congo Belge, (Université Libre de Bruxelles). Tervueren.) 1 CARTE ET 6 PLANCHES MÉM. INST. ROYAL COLONIAL BELGE. Mémoire présenté à la séance du 17 mars 1945. liNTRODUCTION Nous cileroiip, en guise d'introduction, le passage suivant de C. F. ANCEY : « Le lac Tanyanika (on <( Tanga• nyika » des Anglais) (') est à coup sur celui d(\-^ lacs afri• cains qui présente le 1)1MS d'originalité an point de vue des mollusques; il n'en est nicine aucun sur la surface du globe, à mon avis du moins, dont la faune soit aussi remanpiahle et soidèvc des problèmes ])lus intéressants. Il est le seid où cocxisteni en aussi grand uombie des formes franchement lacustres, dont on rencontre de nombreux représentants sur d'aulres points de l'Afiique, et des formes « tlialassoïdes », suivant l'expTession de M. Boi RGTiic.îVAT, c'est-à-dire reproduisant le faciès et les caractèi'cs extériein's des genres essentiellement maT'ins » (2. p. 229). Nous ne nous étendrons pas ici sur la description géné- lale du lac Tanganika, ce dernier étant bien connu tant au point de vue géographique qu'aux points de vue géolo• gique et hydrographique, grâce à divers ouvrages parus ces dernières années. C) A propos de t'orthographf du mof Tanganyika, citons les remav qut's suivantes de CUNMNGION : « ... I called attention to ttie ortliograpliy of the name « Tanganyika », advocating the adoption of tlie spelling « Tanganika » by English writers [« Tanganyika or Tanganika » [Geogr. Jovrnal, vol. XXVIL 1905, p. 411)]. » The arguments advanced in favour of the change have not lost their force, and still seem worthy of consideration. As there is no indication that writers in this country are prepared to accept the modification. I adhere reluctantly to the old form » (CUNNINGTON, 26, p. 507). LE LAC TANGANIKA On trouve toutefois clans les ouvrages malacologiques, et surtout chez les anciens auteurs, un grand nombre de renseignements sur le lac en question qui sont erronés ou même de pures légendes. Telles sont, par exemple, la description des marées du Tanganika, la question de la potabilité et du goût spécial des eaux, les soi-disant émanations gazeuses et même des détails topographiques sur les rives elles-mêmes. Ces erreurs s'expliquent évidem• ment par le fail que les anciens auteurs, n'ayant pas visité l'Afrique, se contentaient de transcrire les renseignements fournis par les voyageurs ou les missionnaires qui eux- mêmes ne les transmettaient souvent que par ouï-dire. Il ne convient toutefois pas que nous nous étendions ici à ce sujet; nous renvoyons pour cela à des ouvrages spéciaux et récents. D'ailleurs, PILSBKY et BE^LAEivr ont consacré un passage de la partie écologique de leur mémoire à la description du lac Tanganika, passage auquel nous renvoyons également. LE LAC TANGANIKA I. — Historique. « Les premiers mollusques connus du lac Tanganika oui été recueillis par le capitaine SPEKK en 1858. Ils ne comprenaicnl que 4 espèces, qui ont été décrites en 1859 par S. P. WOODWARD, sous les dénominations suivantes : (( Iridina (Pleiodon) Spekii, Unio Burtom, Lithoglyphus zonatas, Melania (MelanelJa) nussa » » (CROSSE, 21, p. 3). Déjà, en décrivant ces quelques espèces, WOODWARD avait été frappé par l'aspect marin que présentaient cer• taines d'entre elles. Il disait à propos de l'une de celles-ci, décrite par lui sous le nom de Lithoglyphus zonatas, connue actuellement comme »S'pe/î('a ronaia : « ... so much lesembles a Nerita, or Calyptraea, that it would he taken for a sea-shell if its history were not well authenti• cated » (118, p. 348). En ce qui concerne le second gastéropode décrit : Melania (Melanellà) nassa, devenu Edgaria nassa, il écrit : <i ... Its colour, solidity, and 1 uheiculated ribs give it much the appearance of a small marine whelk (Nassa) ». Par après, grâce aux récoltes des missionnaires protes• tants, qui furent les premiers installés au lac, à Udjiji (le révérend E. C. HOIUÎ en particulier), à celles <\e l'explorateur .1. TuoMst)j\ et du 1)"^ KIFIK de Zanzibar ('), (1) E. A. Smith a également décrit des mollusques du Tanganika reçus de M. Damon, de Weymouth. 11 semble que celui-ci ne les ait pas récoltés lui-même. « Mr. Damon, of Weymouth, knowing the interest I have taken in the shells of this lake, has kindly submitted to me for examination a small collection which he recently obtained from this locality » (SMITH, 88, p. 558). 6 LE LAC TANGAMKA E. \. SMI I U reçut des séries beaucoup plus iiiipoi laiiles de mollusques du lac. A peu près à la même époque ('), J.-B. Boi u(;i l^^AT recevait également des séries considérables de mollusques du Tanganika, récoltés et envoyés par l(>s missionnaires eatholiques (") et en particulier par leur auxiliaire, le ca])ifaine L. .TOUBKRT, ainsi que par l'explora leur \ . (llRAl 1). (^es mollusques donnèienl lieu à de tionibreux travaux et études de la part de SMITH et BOL KGI IGNAT, dans lesquels fluent décrits un grand nombre d'espèces et de genres nouveaux. Ce uombre, comme nous le venons, a été for• tement exagéi'é, siutout dans les ouvrages de .l.-B. Boui;- GLiGNAT, et nombre il'espèces et même <le genres sont actuellement considérés comme synonymes. D'autres auteurs égalemeni s'occupèrent de celte faune lualacologique : CROSSE, VON MARTEIVS, — ce dernier siutout d'après les résultats de l'expédition allemande, — GR\M)IDIEH, GiRAun, PELSENEER, — celui-ci d'après les récoltes du capitaine STORMS, — ANCEY, etc. En 1897-1898, E. FOA fit un voyage aux grands lacs africains, au cours duquel il effectua des récoltes du Tan• ganika, récoltes qui furent étudiées par L. GERMAIN. Tous ces auteurs étaient fiappés pai' l'apparence marine de la plupart des mollusques récoltés. A cela s'ajfxitait encore la découverte par Bihivi, en 1883, d'une petite méduse dans le lac, découverte qui semblait insister encore davantage sur le caractèie marin de la faun(> du lac (111).
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