Plant Medicines for Clinical Trial Edited by James David Adams Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in Medicines www.mdpi.com/journal/medicines Plant Medicines for Clinical Trial Plant Medicines for Clinical Trial Special Issue Editor James David Adams MDPI • Basel • Beijing • Wuhan • Barcelona • Belgrade Special Issue Editor James David Adams University of Southern California USA Editorial Office MDPI St. Alban-Anlage 66 Basel, Switzerland This is a reprint of articles from the Special Issue published online in the open access journal Medicines (ISSN 2305-6320) from 2016 to 2018 (available at: http://www.mdpi.com/journal/medicines/ special issues/clinical trial) For citation purposes, cite each article independently as indicated on the article page online and as indicated below: LastName, A.A.; LastName, B.B.; LastName, C.C. Article Title. Journal Name Year, Article Number, Page Range. ISBN 978-3-03897-023-1 (Pbk) ISBN 978-3-03897-024-8 (PDF) Cover image courtesy of James David Adams. Articles in this volume are Open Access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. The book taken as a whole is c 2018 MDPI, Basel, Switzerland, distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons license CC BY-NC-ND (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Contents About the Special Issue Editor ...................................... vii Preface to ”Plant Medicines for Clinical Trial” ............................. ix James David Adams Does the World Need Plant Medicines? Reprinted from: Medicines 2018, 5, 39, doi: 10.3390/medicines5020039 ................ 1 Olubukola Sinbad Olorunnisola, Olumide Samuel Fadahunsi and Peter Adegbola A Review on Ethno-Medicinal and Pharmacological Activities of Sphenocentrum jollyanum Pierre Reprinted from: Medicines 2017, 4, 50, doi: 10.3390/medicines4030050 ................ 5 Chidi Edenta, Stanley I. R. Okoduwa and Oche Okpe Effects of Aqueous Extract of Three Cultivars of Banana (Musa acuminata) Fruit Peel on Kidney and Liver Function Indices in Wistar Rats Reprinted from: Medicines 2017, 4, 77, doi: 10.3390/medicines4040077 ................ 16 Prosper T. Kinda, Patrice Zerbo, Samson Guenn´e, Moussa Compaor´e, Alin Ciobica and Martin Kiendrebeogo Medicinal Plants Used for Neuropsychiatric Disorders Treatment in the Hauts Bassins Region of Burkina Faso Reprinted from: Medicines 2017, 4, 32, doi: 10.3390/medicines4020032 ................ 23 Marthe Aim´ee Tchuente Tchuenmogne, Thierry Ngouana Kammalac, Sebastian Gohlke, Rufin Marie Toghueo Kouipou, Abdulselam Aslan, Muslum Kuzu, Veysel Comakli, Ramazan Demirdag, Silv`ere Augustin Ngouela, Etienne Tsamo, Norbert Sewald, Bruno Ndjakou Lenta and Fabrice Fekam Boyom Compounds from Terminalia mantaly L. (Combretaceae) Stem Bark Exhibit Potent Inhibition against Some Pathogenic Yeasts and Enzymes of Metabolic Significance Reprinted from: Medicines 2017, 4, 6, doi: 10.3390/medicines4010006 ................ 44 Olaoye S. Balogun, Olukayode S. Ajayi and Olayinka S. Lawal Isolation and Cytotoxic Investigation of Flacourtin from Oncoba spinosa Reprinted from: Medicines 2016, 3, 31, doi: 10.3390/medicines3040031 ................ 56 Mohammad A. Al-Tamimi, Bob Rastall and Ibrahim M. Abu-Reidah Chemical Composition, Cytotoxic, Apoptotic and Antioxidant Activities of Main Commercial Essential Oils in Palestine: A Comparative Study Reprinted from: Medicines 2016, 3, 27, doi: 10.3390/medicines3040027 ................ 60 Vincent Ouedraogo and Martin Kiendrebeogo Methanol Extract from Anogeissus leiocarpus (DC) Guill. et Perr. (Combretaceae) Stem Bark Quenches the Quorum Sensing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 Reprinted from: Medicines 2016, 3, 26, doi: 10.3390/medicines3040026 ................ 71 Ashutosh Pathak, Dalip Kumar Upreti and Anupam Dikshit Antidermatophytic Activity of the Fruticose Lichen Usnea orientalis Reprinted from: Medicines 2016, 3, 24, doi: 10.3390/medicines3030024 ................ 81 v Nara O. dos Santos, Renata C. Pascon, Marcelo A. Vallim, Carlos R. Figueiredo, Marisi G. Soares, Jo˜ao Henrique G. Lago and Patricia Sartorelli Cytotoxic and Antimicrobial Constituents from the Essential Oil of Lippia alba (Verbenaceae) Reprinted from: Medicines 2016, 3, 22, doi: 10.3390/medicines3030022 ................ 87 Muhammad Khurm, Bashir A. Chaudhry, Muhammad Uzair and Khalid H. Janbaz Antimicrobial, Cytotoxic, Phytotoxic and Antioxidant Potential of Heliotropium strigosum Willd. Reprinted from: Medicines 2016, 3, 20, doi: 10.3390/medicines3030020 ................ 96 Xiaogang Wang, Raphael Dubois, Caitlyn Young, Eric J. Lien and James D. Adams Heteromeles Arbutifolia, a Traditional Treatment for Alzheimer’s Disease, Phytochemistry and Safety Reprinted from: Medicines 2016, 3, 17, doi: 10.3390/medicines3030017 ................108 Javier Rodr´ıguez Villanueva, Jorge Mart´ın Esteban and Laura Rodr´ıguez Villanueva A Reassessment of the Marrubium Vulgare L. Herb’s Potential Role in Diabetes Mellitus Type 2: First Results Guide the Investigation toward New Horizons Reprinted from: Medicines 2017, 4, 57, doi: 10.3390/medicines4030057 ................114 Benqi Teng, Jie Peng, Madeleine Ong and Xianqin Qu Successful Pregnancy after Treatment with Chinese Herbal Medicine in a 43-Year-Old Woman with Diminished Ovarian Reserve and Multiple Uterus Fibrosis: A Case Report Reprinted from: Medicines 2017, 4, 7, doi: 10.3390/medicines4010007 ................120 vi About the Special Issue Editor James David Adams, PhD, Associate Professor examines the chemistry and clinical uses of California medicinal plants. He was trained for 14 years by a Chumash Indian Healer. Dr. Adams practices traditional California healing and writes about the pharmacological basis for the use of plant medicines. He has written several papers that teach one how to cure chronic pain with plant medicines. If these medicines can be tested in clinical trials and used in modern medicine, many thousands of lives will be saved from opioid and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug toxicity. vii Preface to ”Plant Medicines for Clinical Trial” Plant medicines are natural medicines that humans have always used. Many people continue to use plant medicines today including teas, coffee, chocolate, ginger, tobacco, marijuana, and other medicines. Traditional medicine is based on plant medicines and is the primary form of medicine for many people throughout the world. The current volume discusses traditional medicines and presents various plant medicines that could be tested in clinical trials. Modern medicine continues to use many drugs that are derived from plants. The current work has much to teach modern medicine about the treatment of several diseases. Traditional healers have used plant medicines to treat psychiatric and other conditions that modern medicine struggles with. Safety issues are always a concern with plant medicines, especially allergies to plant medicines. Clinical trials must be conducted with plant medicines to help bring these traditional treatments into use by modern medicine. Modern medicine, especially cancer medicine, seeks drugs from plant medicines. Single purified agents from plants are tested in clinical trials and may become accepted medicines in the clinic. The modern attitude is that medicines are magic bullets that find single targets in the body to treat disease. Modern medicine hopes that the magic bullet approach will minimize drug toxicity. However, every drug is toxic, depending on the dose. We human beings have used crude plant medicines for our entire existence. Our bodies have adapted to and evolved with crude plant medicines that have kept us alive. We do not purify single nutrients from our foods. We eat crude fruits and vegetables. Our bodies benefit from many constituents in our food. Purifying the protein out of a fruit eliminates the fiber that helps with blood sugar and cholesterol. We forget that the body is the most powerful medicine we have. Treating the body of a cancer patient as if it were a flask of cancer cells is dangerous. It may be better to follow a short course of therapy with a period of recuperation that allows that body to heal itself and eliminate the cancer. Prevention should be the basis of modern medicine. We should learn from Traditional Healers about how to live in balance and let our bodies heal themselves. We can prevent heart disease, type 2 diabetes, osteoarthritis, and cancer. James David Adams Special Issue Editor ix medicines Editorial Does the World Need Plant Medicines? James David Adams School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9121, USA; [email protected] Received: 19 April 2018; Accepted: 19 April 2018; Published: 23 April 2018 Our species has always used plants as medicines, during our 200,000 year existence. This is made obvious by the plant medicines found in mummy burials, around the world, dating back thousands of years. Human beings evolved using plant medicines to stay alive. This has resulted in a genetic selection in which those who were healed by plant medicines and survived were able to pass on their genes. Modern humans must continue to use plant medicines. When a Traditional Healer is asked how her people learned how to use a specific plant medicine, the answer is usually that God taught them. Each of us has a