El Héroe De Las Mil Caras. Psicoanálisis Del Mito

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El Héroe De Las Mil Caras. Psicoanálisis Del Mito JOSEPH CAMPBELL El héroe de las mil caras Psicoanálisis del mito HUNAB KU PROYECTO BAKTUN JOSEPH CAMPBELL El héroe de las mil caras Psicoanálisis del mito FONDO DE CULTURA ECONÓMICA MÉXICO—BUENOS AIRES EL HÉROE DE LAS MIL CARAS Psicoanálisis del mito En esta notable obra, Joseph Campbell intenta aplicar los postulados del psicoanálisis —especialmente de la escuela de C. G. Jung— al estudio de las mitologías. Después de señalar las significativas coincidencias que se han observado entre el simbolismo de los sueños y ciertos elementos característicos de los mitos, el autor inicia la ex- posición ordenada de dichos elementos, que ilustra mediante profusas referencias a las mitologías de los grupos culturales más diversos. La partida, la iniciación, la apoteosis y el re- greso son componentes esenciales de la aventura del héroe y se identifican una y otra vez en leyendas, tradiciones y rituales de todos los pueblos del mundo: en los mitos poli- nesios o griegos, en las leyendas africanas, en los cuentos de hadas y aun en ciertos símbolos de las grandes religiones actuales. El autor indica la posibilidad de que estos sistemas sim- bólicos representen creaciones naturales de la mente humana —de ahí su difusión— y señala que la situación perturbada de la sociedad occidental en los últimos tiempos bien pudie- ra deberse al descrédito progresivo en que han caído las mitologías y a la racionalización sufrida por ellas, con lo cual las imágenes simbólicas se refugian en su lugar de ori- gen —el inconsciente— y el individuo aislado ha de enfren- tarse a los dilemas que en un tiempo resolvían satisfactoria- mente los sistemas mitológicos colectivos. No es el mérito menor de la obra de Campbell el haber conseguido concentrar en un número reducido de páginas los episodios sobresalientes de numerosas leyendas y mitos, con lo cual —aparte las interpretaciones teóricas— el libro resulta sobremanera ameno. ÍNDICE GENERAL Prefacio Prólogo: EL MONOMITO 1. El mito y el sueño 11 2. Tragedia y comedia 31 3. El héroe y el dios 35 4. El ombligo del mundo 44 PRIMERA PARTE: LA AVENTURA DEL HÉROE Capítulo I: LA PARTIDA 1. La llamada de la aventura 53 2. La negativa al llamado 61 3. La ayuda sobrenatural 70 4. El cruce del primer umbral 77 5. El vientre de la ballena 88 Capítulo II: LA INICIACIÓN 1. El camino de las pruebas 94 2. El encuentro con la diosa 104 3. La mujer como tentación 114 4. La reconciliación con el padre 119 5. Apoteosis 139 6. La gracia última 159 Capítulo III: EL REGRESO 1. La negativa al regreso 179 2. La huida mágica 182 3. El rescate del mundo exterior 191 4. El cruce del umbral del regreso 200 5. La posesión de los dos mundos 210 6. Libertad para vivir 218 Capítulo IV: LAS LLAVES 223 SEGUNDA PARTE: EL CICLO COSMOGÓNICO Capítulo I: EMANACIONES 1. De la psicología a la metafísica 233 371 372 ÍNDICE GENERAL 2. El ciclo universal 238 3. A partir del vacío: el espacio 245 4. En el espacio: la vida 248 5. La transformación de lo Uno en lo Múltiple . 255 6. Historias populares sobre la creación .... 261 Capítulo II: EL NACIMIENTO DE VIRGEN 1. El universo maternal 268 2. La matriz del destino 272 3. El vientre de la redención 276 4. Cuentos populares sobre la maternidad de las vírgenes 279 Capítulo III: TRANSFORMACIONES DEL HÉROE 1. El héroe primordial y el héroe humano . 282 2. La infancia del héroe humano 285 3. El héroe como guerrero 298 4. El héroe como amante 304 5. El héroe como emperador y como tirano . 307 6. El héroe como redentor del mundo 310 7. El héroe como santo 314 8. La partida del héroe 316 Capítulo IV: DISOLUCIONES 1. El fin del microcosmos 324 2. El fin del macrocosmos 331 Epílogo: EL MITO Y LA SOCIEDAD 1. El que cambia de forma 336 2. La función del mito, del culto y de la meditación 337 3. El héroe de hoy 340 índice de ilustraciones en el texto 347 índice de láminas 350 Índice analítico 353 Traducción de LUISA JOSEFINA HERNÁNDEZ La edición de esta obra ha sido patrocinada por el CENTRO MEXICANO DE ESCRITORES y por la BOLLINGEN FOUNDATION, Inc. Primera edición en inglés, 1949 Primera edición en español, 1959 La edición original de esta obra fue registrada por Bollingen Foundation Inc., Nueva York, con el título The Hero with a Thousand Faces Derechos reservados conforme a la ley © 1959 Fondo de Cultura Económica Av. de la Universidad, 975 - México 12, D. F. Impreso y hecho en México Printed and made in México A MI PADRE Y A MI MADRE PREFACIO "LAS VERDADES contenidas en las doctrinas religiosas apa- recen tan deformadas y tan temáticamente disfrazadas —escribe Sigmund Freud— que la inmensa mayoría de los hombres no puede reconocerlas como tales. Es lo mismo que cuando contamos a los niños que la cigüeña trae a los recién nacidos. También les decimos la verdad, disimulán- dola con un ropaje simbólico, pues sabemos lo que aquella gran ave significa. Pero el niño no lo sabe; se da cuenta únicamente de que se le oculta algo, se considera engañado, y ya sabemos que de esta temprana impresión nace, en mu- chos casos, una general desconfianza contra los mayores y una oposición hostil a ellos. Hemos llegado a la convic- ción de que es mejor prescindir de estas veladuras simbó- licas de la verdad y no negar al niño el conocimiento de las circunstancias reales, en una medida proporcional a su nivel intelectual." 1 La finalidad del presente libro es descubrir algunas ver- dades que han estado escondidas bajo las figuras de la religión y de la mitología; el método a seguir será com- parar una multitud de ejemplos bastante sencillos y dejar que el antiguo significado se haga aparente por sí mismo. Los viejos maestros sabían lo que decían. En cuanto ha- yamos aprendido a leer su lenguaje simbólico, no requiere más talento que el de un recopilador el dejar que se escu- che su enseñanza. Primero debemos aprender la gramática de los símbolos y como llave de este misterio no conozco mejor instrumento moderno que el psicoanálisis. Sin acep- tar al psicoanálisis como la última palabra en la materia, puede servir como método de aproximación a ella. El se- gundo paso será reunir un grupo de mitos y cuentos popu- lares de todas partes del mundo y dejar que los símbolos hablen por sí mismos. Los paralelos se harán inmediata- mente aparentes, y se ha de desarrollar una constante vasta y asombrosa de las verdades básicas que el hombre ha vivido en los milenios de su residencia en el planeta. 1 Sigmund Freud, El porvenir de una ilusión (Obras Completas, vol. I, p. 1297; traducción de Luis López-Ballesteros y de Torres, Editorial Bi- blioteca Nueva, Madrid, 1948). 9 10 PREFACIO Tal vez ha de objetárseme que al resaltar las corres- pondencias, he pasado por alto las diferencias entre las tradiciones, orientales y occidentales, modernas, antiguas y primitivas. La misma objeción puede hacerse a cual- quier libro de texto o carta anatómica, en que las diferen- cias fisiológicas de raza son desatendidas con el objeto de dar mayor importancia a una comprensión general básica de la psique humana. Por supuesto que hay diferencias entre las numerosas mitologías y religiones de los hom- bres, pero este libro está dedicado a sus semejanzas; y una vez que éstas hayan sido entendidas, ha de descubrirse que las diferencias son mucho menos grandes de lo que popular (y políticamente) se supone. Espero que un es- tudio comparativo contribuya a la causa, tal vez no per- dida, de las fuerzas que luchan por la unificación en el mundo actual, no en nombre de un imperio eclesiástico o político, sino con la meta del mutuo entendimiento huma- no. Como se nos dice en los Vedas: "La Verdad es una, los sabios hablan de ella con muchos nombres." Deseo agradecer al Sr. Henry Morton Robinson su ayu- da en el largo trabajo de poner mi material en forma legi- ble ; sus consejos me fueron de gran utilidad en la pri- mera y en la última etapa del libro; lo mismo a las señoras Peter Geiger, Margaret Wing y Helen MacMaster, quienes leyeron mi manuscrito muchas veces y me ofrecieron va- liosas sugestiones, y a mi esposa, que trabajó conmigo del principio al fin, escuchando, leyendo y revisando. J.C. Nueva York Junio 10, 1948 PRÓLOGO EL MONOMITO 1. EL MITO Y EL SUEÑO Sea que escuchemos con divertida indiferencia el sortile- gio fantástico de un médico brujo de ojos enrojecidos del Congo, o que leamos con refinado embeleso las pálidas traducciones de las estrofas del místico Lao-Tse, o que tra- temos de romper, una y otra vez, la dura cascara de un argumento de Santo Tomás, o que captemos repentina- mente el brillante significado de un extraño cuento de hadas esquimal, encontraremos siempre la misma historia de forma variable y sin embargo maravillosamente cons- tante, junto con una incitante y persistente sugestión de que nos queda por experimentar algo más que lo que podrá ser nunca sabido o contado. En todo el mundo habitado, en todos los tiempos y en todas las circunstancias, han florecido los mitos del hom- bre; han sido la inspiración viva de todo lo que haya po- dido surgir de las actividades del cuerpo y de la mente humanos. No sería exagerado decir que el mito es la en- trada secreta por la cual las inagotables energías del cosmos se vierten en las manifestaciones culturales humanas.
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