Module AR2035 the Mediterranean in the Ancient World: Archaeologies of Contact

AR2035 - The Mediterranean in the Ancient World

School of Archaeology & Ancient History

Module AR2035 The Mediterranean in the Ancient World: Archaeologies of Contact

Academic Year: 2009–2010 Semester: 2

Time and location: Thursday – 14.00-15.00 PHY LTC Friday – 12.00-13.00 BEN LT8 First meeting: 28th January, 2010 Module coordinator: Borja Legarra Herrero e-mail: [email protected] Office: Att. 1615 Office hours: Thursday: 10.00–13.30 (contact me by e-mail for arranging meetings at other times)

Your individual appointments: Seminar slots are in the main lecture schedule, on p. 2 (e.g. tutorials, seminars):

Document prepared by: Borja Legarra Herrero –13/01/2010 AR2035 - The Mediterranean in the Ancient World

AR 2035 The Mediterranean in the Ancient World

Weighting: 20 credits

Coordinator: Borja Legarra Herrero

Other Pim Allison, Simon James, Borja Legarra Herrero, David Mattingly, Andrew tutors: Merrills, Alessandro Quercia, Denis Sami, Dan Stewart, Ian Whitbread.

Module This module covers the time span c.800/700 BC – c.AD 600. It examines the outline: varied and important archaeologies of diverse powers and regions which emerged and interacted to significant effect across the first millennia BC and AD. It seeks to identify the ways in which the Mediterranean – its waters, landscapes, resources, climates, and peoples – fostered and stimulated the growth of such states. The course charts the archaeologies of the first Mediterranean superpowers from the Iron Age to Roman times, highlighting in particular the connectivity of cultures within and beyond the Mediterranean. Key aspects to be analysed are urbanism, the rural economy, religion, trade and contact. Throughout, the range and problems of the major sources are assessed, and key archaeological case studies presented.

Aims: 1. To build on topics introduced in AR1004 and 1005 2. To examine the range of archaeological sources for studying and understanding the ancient Mediterranean 3. To examine key themes within the time frame (including urbanism, material culture, economies, religion) 4. To enable students to develop independent learning skills 5. To allow students to discuss aspects of the ancient Mediterranean past through seminar contributions.

Intended On completion of the module students will be able to: Learning 1. Demonstrate a broad knowledge of the archaeology and of the historical outcomes: development of the Mediterranean world between 800/700 BC and Late Antiquity 2. Show in both written and oral work a grasp of the interplay between archaeological and other sources 3. Critically evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the archaeological sources for this period 4. Outline the development of key aspects of ancient Mediterranean life (e.g. urbanism, religion, trade) 5. Identify the range and character of structural survival of elements of the ancient Mediterranean past.

AR2035 - The Mediterranean in the Ancient World

Methods of Two one-hour lecture sessions per week sessions. All students will attend ONE teaching: seminar, linked to the essay topic they choose.

Method of (i) 1 essay x 2500 words (50%) – deadline: 5pm, Monday 10 May 2010. assessment: (ii) 1 two-hour exam (50%) held in the Semester Two examination period.

Teaching schedule

Thurs 28 Jan Archaeologies of the Mediterranean BLH

Fri 29 Jan Diaspora and connectivity: Greeks, Phoenicians and indigenous AQ peoples.

Thu 4 Feb Early Italian expansion: Etruscans, Greeks and Romans. BLH

Fri 5 Feb Roman Italy: colonization and urbanisation. DS

Thu 11 Feb Seminar 1: The impact of cultural contact BLH

Fri 12 Feb Greek rural landscapes DS

Thu 18 Feb Greek sanctuaries and their material culture. AQ

Fri 19 Feb Greek urban landscapes. DS

Thu 25 Feb Seminar 2: Archaeological survey and Mediterranean landscapes. BLH

Fri 26 Feb Mediterranean Gaul. SJ

1-5 Mar READING WEEK

Thu 11 Mar Urban life beyond Rome (Athens, Carthage, Pompeii). PA

Fri 12 Mar Pompeii: cultural and artistic horizons. PA Thurs 18 Mar Seminar 3: Houses and households in the Mediterranean. PA

Fri 19 Mar Trade and exchange in the archaic and classical Mediterranean. IW

Thu 25 Mar Mediterranean economies under Rome.. DM

Fri 26 Mar Seminar 4: Trade: pots and the positivist fallacy IW

EASTER VACATION Thu 6 May Roman Syria SJ

Fri 7 May The end of the ancient Mediterranean? A fragmented world. AM

AR2035 - The Mediterranean in the Ancient World

Assignments, deadlines and seminars

There are two elements of assessment for module AR2035: (i) 1 essay (counting 50% of the module assessment); (ii) 1 two-hour exam (50%).

The essay should be word-processed, properly formatted, illustrated with maps, plans, photos where useful (see section 7.8 to 7.12 in your Handbook). The maximum length is 2500 words. Remember, you are expected to provide specific evidence, case studies and examples to support your arguments, and to cite your sources fully.

The essay deadline is 5 pm, Monday 10 May 2010. Hand in TWO copies with only one coversheet attached in the essay box in the foyer.

All students will be required to attend ALL lectures and ONE at least of the four seminars. Numbers in seminars will be limited (approx. 12), and sign-up sheets can be found on Dr. Legarra Herrero’s door. Seminars will be related directly to the essay topics: you must write your essay on one of the questions related to and covered by the seminar you attend. Seminars will cover theoretical approaches to ancient Mediterranean archaeology, with specific questions ranging across the different periods and cultures discussed. Descriptions of the seminar themes, essay questions, specific bibliographies and some research materials will be uploaded to Blackboard.

The bibliography listed on the following pages is purely for starters and should not be used as the total sum of your research! Use your full course bibliography, the research material on Blackboard, and the Library catalogue to search out other books and papers. We encourage you to ask course tutors for further specific guidance on your reading and essay.

Reading List

Some key journals to explore for seminar topics, essays and exam preparation: Journal of Hellenic Studies Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology Journal of Mediterranean Studies Journal of Roman Archaeology Journal of Roman Studies Annual of the British School at Athens Papers of the British School at Rome

AR2035 - The Mediterranean in the Ancient World

General Books on the Mediterranean

Alcock, S. & Cherry, J. eds 2004: Side by Side Survey: comparative regional studies in the Mediterranean world. Oxford Alcock, S. and Osborne, R. 2007 (eds) Classical Archaeology. Oxford, Blackwell. Bintliff, J. L. 1982. Palaeoclimates, Palaeoenvironments and Human Communities in the Eastern Mediterranean Region in Later Prehistory. Oxford. BAR. Braudel, F. 1995. The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II. University

of California Press. Bugh, G. R. (ed.) 2006. The Cambridge Companion to the Hellenistic World. Cambridge, CUP. Grant, M. 1969. The Ancient Mediterranean. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. [use with caution – very old and general] Grant, M. and Kitzinger, R. 1988. Civilizations of the Ancient Mediterranean: Greece and Rome. New York, Scribner's. Harris, W. (ed.) 2005 Rethinking the Mediterranean. Oxford, Oxford University Press. Horden, P. and Purcell, N. 2000. The Corrupting Sea: a Study of Mediterranean History. Oxford, Blackwell. King, R. 1997. The Mediterranean : Environment and Society. Arnold Osborne, R. and Cunliffe, B. (2005) (eds) Mediterranean Urbanization, 800-600 BC. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Shipley, G. and Salmon, J. (eds.) 1996. Human Landscapes in Classical Antiquity. Environment and culture. London, Routledge. Vita Finzi, C. 1969. The Mediterranean Valleys. Geological Changes in Historical Times, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. [use with caution – very old and more recent accounts have disagreed with this work] Whitley. J. 2001. The Archaeology of Ancient Greece. Cambridge: CUP.

Diaspora: Greeks, Phoenicians and indigenous peoples

Attema, P. et al. (eds) 2002. New Developments in Italian Landscape Archaeology. BAR International Series 1091. Oxford: BAR. [last section most useful, but there is a lot of good stuff.] Aubet Semmler, M. 2001 The Phoenicians in the West: Politics, colonies and trade. 2nd edn. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. Bietti Sestieri, A (1992) The Iron Age Community of Osteria dell’Osa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Bonet Rosado, H., C Mata Pareño and A. Moreno Martín 2009 Iron Age Landscape and rural habitat in the Edetan territory (4th-3rd C. BC), Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 21. Boardman, J. 1999. The Greeks Overseas (4th edn). London: Thames and Hudson [NB do not use 1964 or 1980 editions] Burgers, Gert-Jan and Crielaard, J.-P.2007 Greek colonists and indigenous populations at L'Amastuola, Southern Italy, BABESCH 82: 77-114. AVAILABLE ON SHORT LOAN Burgers, Gert-Jan 2004 Western Greeks in their regional setting: rethinking early Greek-indigenous encounters in Southern Italy, Ancient West and East 3: 252-82. AVAILABLE ON SHORT LOAN De Angelis, F. (2003) Megara Hyblaia and Selinous: The development of two Greek City-states in archaic Sicily.

AR2035 - The Mediterranean in the Ancient World

Oxford: Oxford University School of Archaeology. Fisher, N. and van Wees, H. (eds), 1997, Archaic Greece: New Approaches and New Evidence. London and Swansea: Duckworth and the Classical Press of Wales. [especially chapters 1 and 9] Leighton, R. 1996 Early Societies in Sicily: New developments in archaeological research. London, Accordia Research Centre. Malkin, I (1987) Religion and Colonization in Ancient Greece Neville, A. 2007 Mountains of Silver and Rivers of Gold: the Phoenicians in Iberia. Oxford: Oxbow Osborne, R. 1998. Early Greek colonization? The nature of Greek settlement in the west, in N. Fisher and H. van Wees (eds) Archaic Greece: New approaches and new evidence. London and Swansea: Duckworth and the Classical Press of Wales, pp. 251-69. Owens, E.J. 1991 The City in the Greek and Roman World. London and New York: Routledge. [especially chapter 3] Pugliese Carratelli, G. (ed) 1996. The Western Greeks : classical civilization in the Western Mediterranean. London : Thames and Hudson (mainly pp. 109-116, 121-132, 141-178, 233-308, 523-554) Ridgway, D. 1992. The First Western Greeks. Cambridge: CUP. Tsetskhladze, G. and De Angelis, F. (eds) 2004. The Archaeology of Greek Colonization, Oxford: OUP. Tsetskhladze, G. R. 1999. Ancient Greeks West and East. Leiden, Brill. *Tsetskhladze, G.R. (ed) 2006 Greek Colonisation: An Account of Greek Colonies and other settlements overseas. Two Volumes. Leiden, Brill (not in library). van Dommelen, P. and C. Gómez Bellard (eds) 2008 Rural Landscapes of the Punic World. Oxford: Oxbow.

Greek Sanctuaries

Alcock, S. 2002. Archaeologies of the Greek Past. Landscape, Monuments, and Memories. Cambridge: CUP Alcock, S. and Osborne, R. (eds) 1999. Placing the Gods. Sanctuaries and Sacred Space in Ancient Greece. Oxford: Clarendon Press Coldstream, J.N. 1993. Greek temples: Why and where? In P.E. Easterling and J.V. Muir (eds) Greek Religion and Society. Cambridge: CUP. Pp. 67–97 *Cole, S.G. 2004. Landscapes, Gender and Ritual Space. The Ancient Greek Experience. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press (not in library) van Dommelen, P. 1999. Exploring Everyday Places and Cosmologies. In W. Ashmore and A.B. Knapp (eds) Archaeologies of Landscape. Contemporary Perspectives. Oxford: Blackwell. Pp. 277–285 Crumley, C. L. 1999. Sacred Landscapes: Constructed and Conceptualized. In W. Ashmore and A.B. Knapp (eds) Archaeologies of Landscape. Contemporary Perspectives. Oxford: Blackwell. Pp. 269–276 Mikalson, J.D. 2005. Ancient Greek Religion [chapter 1] Pedley, J.G. 2005. Sanctuaries and the sacred in the ancient Greek world. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press de Polignac, F. 1995. Cults, Territory, and the origins of the Greek City-State. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Sourvinou-Inwood, C. 1993. Early sanctuaries, the eighth century and ritual space: fragments of disclosure. In N. Marinatos and R. Hägg (eds) Greek Sanctuaries. New Approaches. London: Routledge. Pp. 1–17

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Greek Rural Landscapes

Alcock, S. E. 1994a. Breaking up the hellenistic world: survey and society. In I. Morris (ed.), Classical Greece: Ancient Histories and Modern Archaeologies (New Directions in Archaeology; Cambridge: CUP), 171–90. 938 CLA Alcock, S. E. 1994b. Minding the gap in hellenistic and Roman Greece. In S. E. Alcock and R. Osborne (eds), Placing the Gods: Sanctuaries and Sacred Space in Ancient Greece (Oxford: Clarendon Press), 247– 61. 938 PLA Alcock, S. E. & Cherry, J. F. (Eds.) 2004. Side-by-Side Survey: Comparative Regional Studies in the Mediterranean World, Oxford, Oxbow Books. 930.1028 SID Alcock, S. E., Cherry, J. F. & Davis, J. L. 1994. Intensive survey, agricultural practice and the classical landscape of Greece. In Morris, I. (Ed.) Classical Greece: Ancient Histories and Modern Archaeologies. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. 137-170. Bintliff, J. 1997. Regional survey, demography, and the rise of complex societies in the ancient Aegean: core- periphery, neo-Malthusian, and other interpretive models. Journal of Field Archaeology, 24, 1-38. Knapp, A. B. & Ashmore, W. (Eds.) 1999. Archaeologies of Landscape: Contemporary Perspectives, Oxford, Blackwell Publishing. Shipley, G. 2002a. Hidden landscapes: Greek field survey data and hellenistic history. In D. Ogden (ed.), The Hellenistic World: New Perspectives (Swansea/London: Classical Press of Wales/Duckworth), 177–98 (ch. 10). 938.08 HEL [rather than Shipley 2002b] Shipley, G. 2002b. Rural landscape change in hellenistic Greece. In K. Ascani, V. Gabrielsen, et al. (eds), Ancient History Matters: Studies presented to Jens Erik Skydsgaard on his 70th Birthday (Analecta Romana Instituti Danici, supplementum 30; Romae: 'L'Erma' di Bretschneider), 39–45. 936

ANC [if you can’t find Shipley 2002a. Shipley, G. 2005. Between Macedonia and Rome: political landscapes and social change in southern Greece in the early hellenistic period. Annual of the British School at Athens, 100: 315–30. PER 913 B8038 Snodgrass, A. 1990. Survey archaeology and the rural landscape of the Greek city. In O. Murray and S. Price (eds), The Greek City: From Homer to Alexander (Oxford: Clarendon Press), 113–36. 938 GRE

Debate in JMA (in date order) Mee, C. B., and Cavanagh, W. G. 2000. The hidden landscape in ancient Greece: a view from Laconia and Methana. Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology, 13. 1: 102–7. Schon, R. 2000. On a site and out of sight: where have our data gone? Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology, 13. 1: 107–11. Thompson, S. M. 2000. The still hidden landscape. Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology, 13. 1: 111–15. Pettegrew, D. K. 2001. Chasing the classical farmstead: assessing the formation and signature of rural settlement in Greek landscape archaeology. Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology, 14, 189-209. Osborne, R. 2001. Counting the cost: response to David K. Pettegrew, "Chasing the classical farmstead", JMA 14, 2 (December 2001). Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology, 14. 2: 212–16. Foxhall, L. 2001. Colouring in the countryside: response to David K. Pettegrew, "Chasing the classical farmstead", JMA 14, 2 (December 2001). Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology, 14: 216–22. Pettegrew, D. K. 2002. Counting and coloring classical farms: a response to Osborne, Foxhall and Bintliff et al. Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology, 15. 2: 267–73.

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Particular projects (a small selection!-–Graham Shipley can provide further references) Acheson, P. E. 1997. Does the "economic explanation" work? Settlement, agriculture, and erosion in the territory of Halieis in the late classical–early hellenistic period. Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology, 10.2: 165–90.—Response to van Andel and Runnels 1987. Alcock, S. E. 1993. Graecia Capta: The Landscapes of Roman Greece. Cambridge, etc.: CUP. (Reprinted 1996.) 938.09 Alcock, S. E., Berlin, A. M., et al. 2005. The Pylos Regional Archaeological Project, part VII: historical Messenia, Geometric through late Roman. Hesperia, 74. 2: 147–209. Bintliff, J. L., and Snodgrass, A. M. 1985. The Cambridge/Bradford Boeotian expedition: the first four years. Journal of Field Archaeology, 12. 2: 123–61. Cavanagh, W. G., Crouwel, J., Catling, R. W. V., and Shipley, G. 2002. Continuity and Change in a Greek Rural Landscape: The Laconia Survey. Vol. i: Methodology and Interpretation. (BSA Supplementary Volumes, 26.) London: British School at Athens. 938.9 LAC Cherry, J. F., Davis, J. L., and Mantzourani, E. 1991. Landscape Archaeology as Long-term History: Northern Keos in the Cycladic Islands from Earliest Settlement until Modern Times. (Monumenta Archaeologica, 16.) Los Angeles: Institute of Archaeology, University of California. F 939.15 CHE Davis, J. L. ed. 1998. Sandy Pylos: An Archaeological History from Nestor to Navarino. Austin: University of Texas Press. 949.522 SAN Davis, J. L., Alcock, S. E., et al. 1997. The Pylos Regional Archaeological Project, part I: overview and the archaeological survey. Hesperia, 66: 391–494, pls 85–92. Jameson, M. H., Runnels, C. N., and van Andel, T. H. 1994. A Greek Countryside: The Southern Argolid from Prehistory to the Present Day. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.—Esp. 246–58, 383–400. F 938.8 JAM Mee, C. B., and Forbes, H. eds. 1997. A Rough and Rocky Place: The Landscape and Settlement History of the Methana Peninsula, Greece. (Liverpool Monographs in Archaeology and Oriental Studies.) Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. F 938.6 ROU Moody, J., Nixon, L., Price, S., and Rackham, O. 1998. Surveying poleis and larger sites in Sphakia. In W. G. Cavanagh and M. Curtis eds, Post-Minoan Crete, 87–95. [See also http://sphakia.classics.ox.ac.uk/ for much more detail.] Renfrew, C., and Wagstaff, M. eds. 1982. An Island Polity: The Archaeology of Exploitation in Melos. Cambridge, London, etc.: CUP. F 939.15 ISL van Andel, T. H., and Runnels, C. 1987. Beyond the Acropolis: A Rural Greek Past. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press. 938 VAN [but see Acheson 1997] Wells, B. ed., with C. Runnels. 1996. The Berbati–Limnes Archaeological Survey 1988–1990. (Skrifter utgivna av Svenska Institutet i Athen/Acta Instituti Atheniensis Regni Sueciae, series in 4o, 44.) Stockholm/Jonsered: Svenska Institutet i Athen/Åström. F 938.8 BER

Greek Urban Landscapes

Sources (on BlackBoard) Aristotle, Politics, book 2 chapter 8; book 7 chapters 11–12 (on BlackBoard). Herakleides Kretikos extracts (on BlackBoard).

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Vitruvius extracts (on BlackBoard). Bernard, P. 1967. Aï Khanum on the Oxus: a hellenistic city in central Asia. Proceedings of the British Academy, 53: 71–95. PER 050 B5629 Billows, R. 2003. Cities. In A. Erskine (ed.), A Companion to the Hellenistic World (Blackwell Companions to the Ancient World; Malden, Mass.: Blackwell), 196–215 (ch. 12). 938.08 COM Cahill, N. 2002. Household and City Organization at Olynthus. New Haven–London: Yale University Press. 938.1 Also at www.stoa.org/olynthus Gorman, V. B. 1995. Aristotle's Hippodamos (Politics 2.1267b22–30). Historia, 44. 4: 385–95. Hansen, M. H. 1998. Polis and City-state: An Ancient Concept and its Modern Equivalent. (Acts of the Copenhagen Polis Centre, 5; Historisk-filosofiske meddelelser, 76.) Copenhagen: Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab/Munksgaard. 938 Hansen, M. H., and Fischer-Hansen, T. 1994. Monumental political architecture in archaic and classical Greek poleis: evidence and historical significance. In D. Whitehead (ed.), From Political Architecture to Stephanus Byzantius: Sources for the Ancient Greek Polis (Papers from the Copenhagen Polis Centre, 1; Historia Einzelschriften, 87; Stuttgart: Steiner), 23–90. 938 FRO Jameson, M. H. 1990. Private space and the Greek city. In O. Murray and S. Price (eds), The Greek City: From Homer to Alexander (Oxford: Clarendon Press), 171–95 (ch. 7). 938 GRE Kienast, H. J. 1997. The Tower of the Winds in Athens: hellenistic or Roman? In M. C. Hoff and S. I. Rotroff (eds), The Romanization of Athens (Oxbow Monographs, 94; Oxford: Oxbow), 53–65. Lawrence, A. W., with R. A. Tomlinson. 1996. Greek Architecture. 6th edition. (Pelican History of Art.) Harmondsworth: Penguin. 720.938 Owens, E. J. 1991. The City in the Greek and Roman World. London–New York: Routledge. 711.40938 Pollitt, J. J. 1986. Art in the Hellenistic Age. Cambridge: CUP. 709.38 Rapin, C. 1990. Greeks in Afghanistan: Aï Khanum. In J.-P. Descoeudres (ed.), Greek Colonists and Native Populations (Oxford: Clarendon Press), 329–42. 938 GRE Robertson, N. 1998. The city center of archaic Athens. Hesperia, 67. 3: 283–302. PER 880 H4420 Shipley, G. 2000. The Greek World after Alexander: 323–30 BC. (Routledge History of the Ancient World.) London–New York: Routledge. (Reprinted with corrections 2001, 2004 (twice), 2006.) 938.07 Shipley, G. 2005. Little boxes on the hillside: Greek town planning, Hippodamos, and polis ideology. In M. H. Hansen (ed.), The Imaginary Polis (Acts of the Copenhagen Polis Centre, 7; Historisk- filosofiske Meddelelser, 91; Copenhagen: Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab), 335– 403. 938 IMA Winter, F. E. 1984. Building and townplanning. In Cambridge Ancient History, 2nd edn, vii. 1: The Hellenistic World, 371–83 (ch. 9 d). Wycherley, R. E. 1962. How the Greeks Built Cities. 2nd (unchanged) edition. (Orig. publ. 1949.). New York: Norton. (Reprinted 1976.) 703.938

Early Italian Expansion: Etruscans, Greeks, Carthaginians and Rome

Aubet, M. 1993. The Phoenicians and the West: politics, colonies and trade. Cambridge. Bagnall, N. 1999. The Punic Wars: Rome, Carthage and the Struggle for the Mediterranean. Century, London. Cunliffe, B. 1988. Greeks, Romans and Barbarians. Spheres of Interaction. Routledge, London. Lancel, S. 1995. Carthage: A History. Blackwell, Oxford.

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Peacock, D.P.S., 1994. Excavations at Carthage: the British Mission. Vol.2, The Circular Harbour, north side. 2, The pottery. Sheffield. Pisano, G. 1999. Phoenicians and Carthaginians in the Western Mediterranean. Cambridge. Tomlinson, R. 1992. From Mycenae to Constantinople. The Evolution of the Ancient City. Routledge, London. Van Dommelen, P. 2006. Punic farms and Carthaginian colonists: surveying Punic rural settlement in the central Mediterranean. JRA 19, 7-28.

The Roman Empire (or individual provinces)

Alcock, S. 1993. Graecia Capta. The Landscapes of Roman Greece. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge & New York. Bowman, A. 1990. Egypt after the Pharaohs. 332 BC – AD642 from Alexander to the Arab Conquest. Oxford University Press, Oxford. Cornell, T. & Matthews, J. 1982. Atlas of the Roman World. Phaidon, Oxford. Cunliffe, B. 1978. Rome and her Empire. Bodley Head, London. Garnsey, P. & Saller, R. 1987. The Roman Empire. Economy, culture and society. Duckworth, London. Goodman, M. 1997. The Roman World 44BC - AD 180. Routledge, London. Greene, K. 1986. The Archaeology of the Roman Economy. Batsford, London. Huskinson, J. (ed) 2000. Experiencing Rome. Culture, Identity and Power in the Roman Empire. Routledge, London. Keay, S. and Terrenato, N. (eds) 2001. Italy and the West. Comparative Issues in Romanization. Oxbow, Oxford. Keay, S.J. 1988. Roman Spain. British Museum Publications, London. King, A. 1988. The Archaeology of the Roman Empire. Hamlyn, London. King, A. 1990. Roman Gaul and Germany. British Museum Publications, London. Mattingly, D.J. 1995. Tripolitania. Batsford, London. Mattingly, D.J. 1997. Dialogues in Roman Imperialism. Power, Discourse and Discrepant Experience in the Roman Empire (Journal of Roman Archaeology, Suppl. vol 23), Portsmouth, RI. Potter, T.W. 1988. Roman Italy. British Museum Press: London. Rivet, A.L.F. 1988. Gallia Narbonensis. Batsford, London. Wacher, J. (ed) 1987b. The Roman World. 2 vols. RKP, London. Wacher, J. 1987a. The Roman Empire. Dent, London. Wells, C. 1992. The Roman Empire. (2nd edition) Fontana, London. Wilson, R.J.A., 1985. Change in the pattern of urban settlement in Roman, Byzantine and Arab Sicily. In: C. Malone and S. Stoddart (eds) Papers in Italian Archaeology IV. Oxford, BAR International Series, pp. 313-344. Wilson, R.J.A., 1990. Sicily under the Roman Empire : the archaeology of a Roman province, 36B.C. - A.D.535. Aris and Phillips. Woolf, G. 1998. Becoming Roman. The Origins of Provincial Civilisation in Gaul. CUP, Cambridge.

Gallia Transalpina/Narbonensis Amy, R. 1979 La Maison Carrée de Nîmes, Éditions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Ebel, C. 1976 Transalpine Gaul : the emergence of a Roman province, Amsterdam, E.J. Brill,. Ferdière, A. 1988 Les campagnes en Gaule romaine, Paris, Editions Errance King, A. C. 1990. Roman Gaul and Germany. London, British Museum Publications.

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Rivet, A. L. F. 1988. Gallia Narbonensis. London, Batsford. Tuffreau-Libre, M. 1992 La céramique en Gaule romaine, Paris, Editions Errance Varène, P. 1992 L'Enceinte gallo-romaine de Nîmes : les murs et les tours Centre national de la recherche scientifique Woolf, G. 1998. Becoming Roman: The Origins of Provincial Civilization in Gaul. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. Woolf, G., 2001. The Roman cultural revolution in Gaul. In S. J. Keay and N. Terrenato (eds) Italy and the West: Comparative Issues in Romanization. Oxford, Oxbow: 173-86.

Roman Syria: Alcock, S., (ed.) 1997. The Early Roman Empire in the East. Oxford, Oxbow. Ball, W. 2000. Rome in the East: Transformation of an Empire. Routledge, London & New York. Butcher, K. 2003. Roman Syria and the Near East. London, BMP. Humphrey, J. H., Ed. 1995. The Roman and Byzantine Near East, vol. 1. Portsmouth, RI. Isaac, B. 1992. The Limits of Empire; the Roman Army in the East. Oxford, Clarendon Press. Kennedy, D. 1996. Parthia and Rome: eastern perspectives. The Roman Army in the East. D. Kennedy. 18: 67-90. Kennedy, D. L. 1987. The frontiers: the East. In J. Wacher (ed.) The Roman world.. London and New York, Routledge and Kegan Paul: 266-308. Kennedy, D. L. 1996. The Roman Army in the East. The Roman Army in the East. D. L. Kennedy. 18: 135-151. Millar, F. 1993. The Roman Near East, 31BC - AD337. Cambridge, Mass. and London, Harvard University Press. Sartre, M. 2005. The Middle East Under Rome. Cambridge, Mass.,London, Belknap/Harvard University Press.

The City of Rome and Urbanisation in Italy and Beyond

Adam, J.-P. 1994. Roman building: material and techniques. Routledge, London. Allison, P. M. 2003. An Empire of Cities, in G. Wolff, ed., Cambridge Illustrated History of the Roman World, 200-231 (Cambridge University Press) Boatwright, M. T. 2000. Hadrian and the cities of the Roman Empire (Princeton University Press Cornell, T. and Lomas, K. 1995. Urban Society in Roman Italy. UCL Press, London. Coulston, J. and Dodge, H. (eds) 2000 Ancient Rome. The Archaeology of the Eternal City. Oxbow, Oxford. Dobbins, J. J. and Foss, P. W. 2007. The World of Pompeii (Routledge) Grant, M. 1971. Cities of Vesuvius: Pompeii and Herculaneum (Weidenfeld and Nicolson) Hoff, M. C. and Rotroff, S. 1997. The Romanization of Athens: proceedings of an International Conference held at Lincoln, Nebraska (April 1996) (Oxbow) Hope, V., 2000. The City of Rome: capital and symbol. In Huskinson, J. (ed), Experiencing Rome. Culture, Identity and Power in the Roman Empire. Routledge, London, 63-93. Lancel, S. 1995. Carthage: a history. (Blackwell) Laurence, R. 1994. Roman Pompeii. Routledge, London. MacKendrick, P. 1980. The North African Stones Speak. (University of North Carolina Press) Nevett, L. & Perkins, P. 2000. Urbanism and urbanization in the Roman world. In Huskinson, J. (ed.), Experiencing Rome. Culture, Identity and Power in the Roman Empire. London, 213-44. Owens, E.J. 1992. The City in the Greek and Roman World Routledge, London. Parkins, H. M. (ed) 1997.Roman

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urbanism : beyond the consumer city (Routledge) Potter, T. 1987. Roman Italy. London British Museum Press. Sear, F. 1982. Roman Architecture. Batsford, London. Stambaugh, J.E. 1988. The Ancient Roman City. Johns Hopkins UP, London. Tomlinson, R. 1992. From Mycenae to Constantinople. The Evolution of the Ancient City. Routledge, London. Travlos, J. 1971. Pictorial dictionary of Ancient Athens (Thames and Hudson). Wacher, J. (ed.) 1987. The Roman World. 2 vols. RKP, London (various relevant studies). Zanker, P. 1998. Pompeii: public and private life (Harvard University Press)

Pompeii: Cultural and Artistic Horizons

Allison, P. M. 2001. Placing Individuals: Pompeian Epigraphy in Context, Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 14.1: 54-75 Allison, P. M. 2004. Pompeii households: Analysis of the material culture (Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, www.stoa.org/pompeianhouseholds/). Cooley, A. E. 2004. Pompeii : a sourcebook (Routledge) Dobbins, J. J. and Foss, P. W. 2007. The World of Pompeii (Routledge) Dwyer, E. J. 1982. Pompeian domestic sculpture : a study of five Pompeian houses and their contents (G. Bretschneider) Jashemski, W. M. F. 1979 and 1993. The gardens of Pompeii : Herculaneum and the villas destroyed by Vesuvius, vols I and II (Caratzas Brothers) Ling, R. 1991. Roman painting (Cambridge University Press) Mau, A. 1982. Pompeii: its life and art (Caratzas) Richardson, L. jr. 1988. Pompeii: an architectural history (Johns Hopkins University Press.

Trade and Exchange Boardman, J., 1988a, Trade in Greek Decorated Pottery, Oxford Journal of Archaeology 7, 27–33. Boardman, J., 1988b, The Trade Figures, Oxford Journal of Archaeology 7, 371–373. Boardman, J., 1990, Al Mina and History. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 9, 169–190. Cabrera, P., 1998. Greek Trade in Iberia: the Extent of Interaction, Oxford Journal of Archaeology 17, 191–206. D’Arms, J.H. and Kopff, E.C. (ed.) 1980. The Seaborne Commerce of Ancient Rome (MAAR 36). Rome. Finley, M. I., 1999, The Ancient Economy (updated edition). Berkeley:University of California Press. Möller, A. 2000. Naukratis: Trade in archaic Greece. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Foxhall, L 1998. Cargoes of the heart's desire: the character of trade in the archaic Mediterranean world, in N.R.E. Fisher and H. van Wees, Archaic Greece: New Approaches and New Evidence, Duckworth and The Classical Press of Wales, 295-310. Foxhall, L 2005. Village to city: Staples and luxuries? Exchange networks and urbanization, in B. Cunliffe and R. Osborne, Mediterranean Urbanisation, London: British Academy, 233-48. Garnsey, P., K. Hopkins and C. R. Whittaker (eds), 1983, Trade in the Ancient Economy. University of California Press, Berkeley, 27–35. Garnsey, P.; Whittaker, C.R. (ed.) 1983. Trade and Famine in Classical Antiquity. Cambridge. Gill, D. W. J., 1988, ‘Trade in Greek Decorated Pottery’: Some Corrections, Oxford Journal of Archaeology 7, 369–370. Gill, D. W. J., 1991, Pots and Trade: Spacefillers or Objects d’Art? Journal of Hellenic Studies 111, 29-47.

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Greene, E., M. Lawall and M. Polzer 2008. Inconspicuous consumption: the sixth century BCE shipwreck at Pabuç Burnu, Turkey, American Journal of Archaeology 112: 685-711. Howgego, J. L., 1995, Ancient History from Coins. London: Routledge. Johnston, A. and Jones, R. 1978. The SOS amphora, Annual of the British School at Athens 73: 103-41. Katzev, M. L. 1972, The Kyrenia Ship. In Bass, G. F. (ed.) A History of Seafaring, Based on Underwater Archaeology, 50-52. London: Thames and Hudson. Ligt, L. de 1993. Fairs and Markets in the Roman Empire. Economic and Social Aspects of Periodic Trade in a Pre- industrial society, Amsterdam. Meijer, F. and van Nijf, O. (eds.) 1992. Trade, Transport and Society in the Ancient World. London and New York. Morris, I., 1986, Gift and Commodity in Archaic Greece. Man 21, 1–17. Osborne, R., 1996, Pots, Trade and the Archaic Greek Economy, Antiquity 70, 31–44. Papadopoulos, J. K., 1997, Phantom Euboians, Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 10, 191–219. Parkins, H. and Smith, C. (eds.) 1998. Trade, Traders and the Ancient City. London-New York. Reed, C. M., 2003, Maritime Traders in the Ancient Greek World. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. Throckmorton, P., (ed.) 1987, History from the Sea: Shipwrecks and Archaeology. London: Mitchell Beazley. Villing, A., 2006, Naukratis: Greek diversity in Egypt: studies on East Greek pottery and exchange in the Eastern Mediterranean. London: British Museum. Whitbread, I. 1995. Greek Transport Amphorae: A Petrological and Archaeological Study. Fitch Laboratory Occasional Paper 4. London: British School at Athens.

Communications, Technology and the Roman Economy

Chevallier, R. 1976. Roman Roads. Batsford, London. Duncan-Jones, R. 20072. Structure and Scale in the Roman Economy. Cambridge. Finley, M. I. 1965. Technical Innovation and Economic Progress in the Ancient World. Economic History Review. 2nd Series 18: 29-45. Green, K. 19972. The Archaeology of the Roman Economy. Berkeley-Los Angeles. Green, K. 2000. Technological innovation and Economic Progress in the Ancient World. M. I. Finley re- considered. The Economic History Review 53, 29-59. Foxhall, L. 2007. Olive Cultivation in Ancient Greece: Seeking the Ancient Economy. Oxford. Oxford University Press Harris, W.V. (ed.) 1993. The Inscribed Economy. Production and Distribution in the Roman Empire in the Light of Instrumentum Domesticum. Ann Arbor. Kingsley, S. & Decker, M. (eds) 2001. Economy and Exchange in the East Mediterranean during Late Antiquity (Conference papers, Oxford, May 1999). Oxbow: Oxford. (papers on wine, oil and ceramics especially). Laurence, R. 1999. The Roads of Roman Italy. Mobility and Cultural Change. Routledge, London. Manning, J. G.; Morris, I. (eds) 2005. The Ancient Economy; Evidences and Models. Stanford Mattingly, D. and Aldrete, G. 2000. The feeding of imperial Rome: the mechanics of the food supply system. In Coulston and Dodge (eds), Ancient Rome, 142-65. Mattingly, D.J. 1996. First fruit? The olive in the Roman world. In G. Shipley and J. Salmon (eds), Human Landscapes in Classical Antiquity, 213-253.

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Mattingly, D.J. 2006. The imperial economy. In D.S. Potter (ed.), Companion to the Roman Empire, Blackwell, 283-297. Mattingly, D.J. and Salmon, J. (eds) 2001. Economies beyond Agriculture in the Classical World. Routledge, London & New York. Mitchell, S. 2005. Patterns in the Economy of Roman Asia Minor. Classical Press of Wales, Cardiff. Parker, A.J. 1992. Ancient Shipwrecks of the Mediterranean and the Roman provinces. Tempus Reparatum/BAR, Oxford. Peacock, D. and Williams, D. F. 1986. Amphorae and the Roman Economy: an introductory guide. Harlow. Perkins, P. 2000. Power, culture and identity in the Roman economy. In Huskinson, J. (ed.), Experiencing Rome. Culture, Identity and Power in the Roman Empire. London, 183-212. Reynolds, P.L., 1994. Trade in Western Mediterranean, AD 400-700: The Ceramic Evidence. Oxford, BAR International Series 604. Saller, R.P.; Morris, I.; Scheidel, W. (eds.) 2008, The Cambridge Economic History of the Greco-Roman World. Cambridge Scheidel, W. and von Reden, S. (edd.) 2002, The Ancient Economy, Edinburgh. Termin, P. 2001. Market Economy in the Early Roman Empire. The Journal of Roman Studies 91: 169-181 Throckmorton, P. (ed.) 1987. History from the Sea. Shipwrecks and Archaeology. Mitchell Beazley, London. Woolf, G. 1992. Imperialism, Empire and the integration of the Roman Economy. World Archaeology 23: 283- 293.

Roman Religion

Ando, C. 2008. The matter of the gods: religion and the Roman Empire. University of California Press. Beck, R. 2007. The religion of the Mithras cult in the Roman Empire: mysteries of the unconquered sun. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Chapters by Rives, J. and Williams, M. in Huskinson (ed), Experiencing Rome, 245-75, 305-33. Cumont, F. 1956. The Oriental Religions in Roman paganism. Oxford University Press, Oxford. Ferguson, J. 1970. The Religions of the Roman Empire. Thames & Hudson, London. Fishwick, D., 1987-2004. The Imperial Cult in the Latin West. Studies in the Ruler Cult of the Western Provinces of the Roman Empire Vol. 1-4. Leiden: Brill. Jones, R.F.J. 1987. Burial customs of Rome and the provinces. In Wacher 1987: 812-37. Mierse, W. E. 1999. Temples and Towns in Roman Iberia: The social and architectural dynamics of sanctuary design from the third century B.C. to the third century A.D. Berkeley: University of California Press. Morris, I. 1992. Death-ritual and Social Structure in Classical Antiquity. CUP, Cambridge. Price, S. R. F. 1984. Rituals and Power: The Roman imperial cult in Asia Minor. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Price, S. 2000. Religions of Rome. In Coulston, J. and Dodge, H. (eds.), Ancient Rome, 290-305. Reece, R. (ed.) 1977. Burial in the Roman World. CBA Research Report 22, London. Rüpke, J. (ed.). 2007. A Companion to Roman religion. Oxford: Blackwell. Small, A. (ed.) 1996. Subject and Ruler: The cult of the Ruling Power in Classical Antiquity. Papers presented at a conference held in the University of Alberta on April 13-15, 1994, to celebrate the 65th Anniversary of Duncan Fishwick (1996). Journal of Roman Archaeology. Supplementary Papers, 17. Toynbee, J.M.C. 1982. Death and Burial in the Roman World. Thames & Hudson, London.

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Greek and Roman Art

Boardman, J. 2001. The History of Greek Vases: potters, painters, and pictures. Thames and Hudson, London & New York. D'Ambra, E. 1998. Roman Art. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Dunbabin, K. 1999. Mosaics of the Greek and Roman World. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Elsner, J. 1995. Art and the Roman Viewer, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Henig, M. (ed.) 1983. A Handbook of Roman Art. Phaidon, Oxford. Ling, R. 1991. Roman Painting. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Ramage, N.H. and A. 1991. The Cambridge Illustrated History of Roman Art. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Osborne, R. 1998 Archaic and Classical Greek Art. Oxford, Oxford University Press. Scott, S. and Webster, J. (eds) 2003. Roman Imperialism and Provincial Art. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge & New York. Sidebotham, S.E. 1986. Roman economic policy in the Erythra Thalassa 30 B.C.-A.D. 217. Leiden, Brill. Warmington, E.H. 1928. The Commerce between the Roman Empire and India. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press [Reprint, 1995, New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharial Publishers] Wendrich, W.Z., Sidebotham, S.E., Tomber, R.S., Harrell, J.A., Cappers, R. and Bagnall, R.S. 2003. Berenike crossroads: the integration of information. Journal of the Social and Economic History of the Orient 46(1): 46-87. Young, G. K. 2001. Rome’s Eastern Trade. International Commerce and Imperial Policy, 31 BC – AD305. London, Routledge. Zanker, P. 1988. The Power of Images in the Age of Augustus. Michigan UP, Michigan.

The Late Roman Empire

Bowden W., Lavan, L. & Machado, C. (eds.) 2004. Recent Research on the Late Antique Countryside. Brill: Leiden & Boston. Brown, P. 1976. The World of Late Antiquity. Thames and Hudson, London. Brown, T.S. 1988. The transformation of the Roman Mediterranean 400-900. In G. Holmes (ed.), The Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval Europe, Oxford University Press, 1-61. Burns, T.S. & Eadie, J. (eds.) 2001. Urban Centers and Rural Contexts in Late Antiquity. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press. Cameron, A. 1995. The Mediterranean World in Late Antiquity 395-600. Routledge, London. Christie, N. (ed.) 2004. Landscapes of Change. Rural Settlement between Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages. Ashgate: Aldershot. (reviews on North Africa, Spain and other provinces). Christie, N. 2006. From Constantine to Charlemagne: An Archaeology of Italy, AD 300-800. Ashgate: Aldershot. Christie, N. and Loseby, S. (eds) 1995. Towns in Transition. Urban Evolution in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages. Scolar, London. (papers by Keay and Loseby). Decker, M. 2001. Economy and exchange in the East Mediterranean during Late Antiquity: proceedings of a conference at Somerville College, Oxford, 29th May, 1999 Oxford, Oxbow. Drinkwater, J. and Elton, H. (eds) 1992. Fifth-Century Gaul: A Crisis of Identity? CUP, Cambridge. Kingsley, S. & Decker, M. (eds) 2001. Economy and Exchange in the East Mediterranean during Late

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Antiquity (Conference papers, Oxford, May 1999). Oxbow: Oxford. (papers on wine, oil and ceramics especially). Knight, J. 1999. The End of Antiquity: Archaeology, Society and Religion, AD235-700. Tempus, Stroud. Mango, C. (ed.) 2002. The Oxford History of Byzantium. Oxford University Press, Oxford. Merrills, A. (ed.) 2004. Vandals, Romans and Berbers. New Pespectives on Late Antique North Africa. Ashgate: Aldershot. Reece, R. 1999. The Later Roman Empire: An Archaeology AD 150-600. Tempus, Stroud. Rich, J. 1992. The City in Late Antiquity. Routledge, London. (papers by Harries and la Rocca). Swain, S. and Edwards, M. (eds.) 2004. Approaching Late Antiquity: The transformation from early to late Empire. Oxford : Oxford University Press. Ward-Perkins, B. 1984. From Late Antiquity to the Middle Ages. Urban Public Building in Northern and Central Italy, 300-850. OUP, Oxford.

The End of the Ancient Mediterranean?: a fragmenting world.

Overview: The puzzle of the ‘Fall’ of Rome has been a central issue in historical scholarship since at least the end of the Renaissance. The foundational work on the subject was Edward Gibbon’s monumental Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (1776-1789), and to an extent, all works since have been in its shadow. Nevertheless, many important new perspectives have developed over the last century, both archaeological and historiographical. Crucial and provocative is:

Pirenne, Henri. 1939. Mohammed and Charlemagne. London: Allen and Unwin. 940.1 PIR Which suggested that the crucial change from antiquity to the medieval period was not the political collapse of the western Roman empire in the fifth century, but the creation of new trading networks in the North Sea and fertile crescent from the later seventh. His position has been substantially challenged and reworked since (not least because his use of the archaeological evidence was cursory), but his conclusions are broadly accepted.

Hodges, Richard and David Whitehouse. 1983. Mohammed, Charlemagne and the Origins of Europe: Archaeology and the Pirenne Thesis. London: Duckworth. 940.1 HOD An early archaeological re- appraisal of Pirenne. A useful starting point.

For an overview of much of this scholarship, and some sensible conclusions about where scholarship should go next, see: *Loseby, S. T. 2005. The Mediterranean Economy, in Paul Fouracre (ed.), The New Cambridge Medieval History. Vol. I c.500-c.700 Cambridge: CUP: 605-38. 940.1 NEW/1

In addition, two recent studies have returned to the gradual eclipse of the Mediterranean world in two very different ways: *Wickham, Chris. 2005. Framing the Early Middle Ages Oxford: OUP. esp. ch. 11. 940.1 WIC [A genuinely staggering work of scholarship (literally staggering when you try to lift it!), which re-assesses the literary and archaeological materials for almost all of the Mediterranean world (and

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beyond) for the period AD 300 – 1000 from an essentially Marxist point of view.] McCormick, Michael. 2003. The Origins of the European Econom : Communications and Commerce, A.D.300-900. Cambridge: CUP. D40 MAC [A bold attempt to chart the same processes by looking at evidence for continued travel throughout the Mediterranean world in the period. Less successful than Wickham, on balance, but important nevertheless. ]

On the period as a whole: Brown, P.R.L. 1971. The World of Late Antiquity : from Marcus Aurelius to Muhammad. London: Thames and Hudson. 936 BRO Brown, P.R.L. 2002. The Rise of Western Christendom : Triumph and Diversity, A.D. 200-1000. Oxford: Blackwell. 274 BRO Cameron, Averil. 1993. The Mediterranean World in Late Antiquity. AD 395-600. London: Routledge. 937.09 CAM Innes, Matthew. 2007. Introduction to Early Medieval Western Europe, 300-900: The Sword, the Plough and the Book. London: Routledge. 940.12 INN