Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-42444-8 — Early Medieval Britain, C

Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-42444-8 — Early Medieval Britain, c. 500–1000 Rory Naismith Index More Information

Index

Abercorn, West Lothian, 206, 304 Æthelgar, archbishop of Canterbury, region of eastern Scotland, 239 Aberdaron, Gwynedd, 183, 184 342 relations with England, 241 Aberdeen, Aberdeenshire, 176 Æthelheard, archbishop of supremacy in North Britain, 240 Acca, bishop of Hexham, 205 Canterbury, 204 thane/toísech, 259 Adomnán of Iona, abbot, 65, 322, Æthelnoth, reeve, 409 Alcuin of York, 205, 207, 287, 288–9 345, 404 Æthelred I, king of the West Saxons, Aldfrith, king of the Northumbrians, De locis sanctis, 66–7 74 103, 206, 415 Life of St Columba, 47, 78, 119, 135, Æthelred II, king of the English, 30, 54, Aldhelm of Malmesbury, 49, 406 184, 320, 322–3, 331, 332 57, 109, 236, 260, 342, 380, 428 Aldred, scribe, 129–30 Adwick-le-Street, South Yorkshire, campaigns against vikings, 237–9 Aldwark, North Yorkshire, 139, 391, 121 coinage, 416 396 Æbbe, abbess and sister of King St Brice’s Day Massacre, 109–10 Alexander the Great, 123 Oswiu, 286 Æthelred, ealdorman of the Alexandria, Egypt, 66 Æcerbot, 298–9 Mercians, 232, 233, 270, 271, 398 Alfred jewel, 267, 411 Áedán mac Gabráin, king of Dál Æthelstan, king of the English, Alfred the Great, king of the West Riata, 175, 208 28–30, 31, 32, 36, 50, 72, 74, 87, Saxons and of the Anglo- Ælfgifu, wife of King Eadwig, 234, 229, 231, 233, 236, 241, 243, 247, Saxons, 27, 47, 52, 57, 58, 60, 74, 235 321, 329, 367 101, 112, 202, 222, 249, 262–72, Ælfric Bata, colloquy, 381, 388, 393 coinage, 236, 390 280, 332, 340, 398, 406, 411 Ælfric of Eynsham, 316, 319, 332, 333, legislation, 350–1 and Wales, 247 338, 381, 388, 404, 409, 422, 461 Old Norse praise poem, 413 educational initiatives, 264 biblical translation, 404, 415 Æthelstan, son of King Æthelred II, fortresses built by, 397 colloquy, 381, 394 380 law-code, 271 Ælfsige, bishop of the community of Æthelthryth, saint, 286, 314, 320 preface to the Pastoral Care, 264, St Cuthbert, 129 Æthelwald, bishop of Lindisfarne, 130 266 Ælfsige, father of Wulfstan Uccea, Æthelweard, ealdorman and rule beyond Wessex, 232 342 chronicler, 51, 72–5, 77, 141, translations, 264–6 Ælthryth, daughter of Æthelwulf, 74 404, 418 warfare, 263 Ælthryth, wife of King Edgar, 343 Æthelweard, thegn, 367, 369 will, 261 Ælfwald, king of the East Angles, 198 Æthelwold, saint, 235, 313, 325, 342, Alfred, ealdorman, 55 Ælfweard, litigant, 339 380–1 Alla, son of Cynilig, 246 Ælfwold the Fat, landholder, 380–1 Æthelwulf, king of the West Saxons, al-Mansur, caliph, 67 Ælla, king of Deira, 102 72, 74 Ammanford, Carmarthernshire, 365 Ælle, king of the South Saxons, 202 Æthelwulf/Adelolph, count of Aneirin, poet, 170 Aeneas, 24 Boulogne, 74 Angles, 10, 105, 111, 112, 158, 165, 232 æstel, 267 Aëtius, Roman general, 182 Anglesey, 32, 173, 424 Æthelbald, king of the Mercians, 27, Africa, 60 Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, 28, 47, 56, 196, 198–200, 212, 261, 397 African Red Slip Ware, 68 58, 79, 97, 98, 101, 106, 109, 120, Æthelberht, king of Kent, 172, 185, agriculture, 356, 425, 427 133, 202, 204, 225, 229, 232, 241, 187, 202, 261, 271 Aidan, saint, 83, 309 242, 263, 270, 271, 296, 416, 422 law-code, 410 Alba, kingdom of, 9–10, 27, 28, 34, Anglo-Saxons, 36, 43, 87, 170 Æthellæd, lady of the Mercians, 233, 60, 225, 230, 239–44, 304, 331, early kingdoms, 167 247, 271, 340, 398 423, 425, 426 in Gildas, 19–20 Æthelfrith, king of the earl/mormaer, 259 kingdom of the, 232, 262, 270 Northumbrians, 176 government, 259–60 material culture, 108

index  465

migration and settlement, 105–11, concept of history, 76 Bradford on Avon, Gloucestershire, 156–9 conversion of the English, 184–7, 183 missions to mainland Europe, 63–5 275–6 Bramdean, Hampshire, 362 terminology, 13, 111–17, 157 Ecclesiastical History of the English Breccán, merchant, 394 Annales Cambriae, 244 People, 18, 27, 47, 65, 76–7, 78, Brecon, 246 Annals of Tigernach, 117 80–5, 97, 105, 107, 133, 165, Bredei son of Beli, king of Fortriu, Annals of Ulster, 225 184–7, 205, 265, 275, 296, 311, 208 Anthony, saint, 322 332, 401 Brega, Ireland, 45 anthropology, 138, 282–3 false monasteries, 311 Bretwalda, 202 Antonine Wall, 18, 19, 44, 149, 179, Letter to Ecgberht, 287, 304, 311, Brian Boru, high king of Ireland, 123 184 383 Brigid, saint, 416 apocalypse, 85 Life of St Cuthbert, 134, 276, 309 Brinsworth, South Yorkshire, 32 Aquitaine, 118 treatment of Britons, 181 British Library, 128, 132, 135 archaeology, 135–40 Bedford, Bedfordshire, 227, 397 British Museum, 135 architecture, 424 beggars, 332 Britons, 19, 35, 85, 100, 107, 160, 165, Arculf, Frankish bishop, 65 Benedict Biscop, abbot, 81, 310 172, 181, 275, 330 Argyll, 35, 141, 240 Benedict, saint, 310 History of the Kings of Britain, 85–9 Armagh, Northern Ireland, 49 monastic rule, 310, 312, 313, 381 origin legend, 23 Armes Prydein, 32–4, 244, 249 Beorhthelm, 246 Brittany, France, 32, 100, 355 Armorica, 24, 100 Beorhtmær of Bourne, 341 Brixworth, Northamptonshire, 308 Arthur, legendary king, 86, 88, 89 Beorhtric, king of the West Saxons, Bromborough, Cheshire, 32 Arthurian literature, 89 51, 201, 214 brooches Ashley, Wiltshire, 361 Beorhtwulf, 246 early English, 157 Asser, bishop of Sherborne, 27, 34, Beowulf, 52, 89–92, 106, 133, 257, 289, Scandinavian, 121 112, 202, 264, 265, 270, 303, 290, 327–8, 344, 384, 414 Brown, Basil, 136 313, 404 Brunanburh, battle of, 31–2, 50, 106, religion in, 283, 285–91 Athanasius of Alexandria, 322 229 Bernicia, 107, 167, 169, 231 Athelney, Somerset, 267 Brutus, son of Aeneas, 85, 97 Bertha, wife of King Æthelberht, 187 Atholl, kingdom of, 176, 208 Brycheiniog, kingdom of, 247, 373 Bible, 39, 82, 104, 181, 256, 274, 287, Attacotti, 160 Buckingham Palace, 367 322, 402, 404 Augustine, saint Buckingham, Buckinghamshire, 28 Bibliothéque Nationale de France, 135 Soliloquies (Old English), 265, 269 Buckinghamshire, 380 Biguan, 246 Augustus, emperor, 123 Budat, 246 Billfrith, anchorite, 130 bullion, 150, 226, 246 Badon Hill, battle of, 182 Binchester, County Durham, 318 bullion economy, 390–3 bædling, 346 bishops, 302–6 Burgh Castle, Norfolk, 47 Baithéne, monk, 78 Black Death, 356 Burghead, Moray, 169, 373 Baltic Sea, 52, 222 Blathmac, saint, 54 burials, 52, 110, 188–9, 316 Bamburgh, earldom of, 127, 219, 231, Blegwyrt, son of Eineon, 246 as relection of conversion, 291–4 241, 249, 402, 423 Bloodmoor Hill, Norfolk, 211 grave goods, 294 Bamburgh, Northumberland, 106, Bodmin Moor, Cornwall, 360 princely, 174 169 Boethius viking, 227 Barking, Greater London, 82, 286, Consolation of Philosophy (Old Welsh, 294 314 English), 265–6, 412 Burnswark, Dumfries and Galloway, Bath, Somerset, 87, 358 Boniface, saint, 63, 65, 105, 280, 281, 32 Battersea, Greater London, 360 384, 406 Burrian, Orkney, 178 Battle of Maldon, he, 92, 133, 290 Book of Kells, 307 Byrhtferth of Ramsey, 57 Bayeux Tapestry, 79–80 Book of Llandaf, 168, 363, 384 Byrhtnoth, abbot, 380 Beacons Down, Vale of Glamorgan, bookland, 261 Byrhtnoth, ealdorman, 80, 237 361, 364, 369 books, 128–35 Byzantine Empire, 65 Beaduheard, 51, 212 editing, 133–4 contact with Britain, 67–8 Bede, 8, 18, 41, 42, 45, 46, 60, 63, 66, boroughs, 263, 397–9 87, 112, 118, 173, 199, 202, 206, Bosham, West Sussex, 47 Cadbury Castle, Somerset, 169 233, 278, 280, 315, 317, 356, 396, Botcherby, Cumbria, 419 Cadog, saint, 338 402, 404, 410 Bourne, Kent, 342 Cadwaladr ap Cadwallon, king of concept of Britain, 22–7 Bowyer, Robert, 132 Gwynedd, 34

466  index

Cadwallon ap Cadfan, king of charters, 28, 100, 109, 127, 168, 198, Codex Amiatinus, 39–41, 59 Gwynedd, 109, 172, 173 200, 214, 232, 233, 236, 258, 261, Codex Aureus, 55 Cædwalla, king of the Gewisse/West 270, 271, 329, 345, 346, 354, 358, Coenwulf, king of the Mercians, 196, Saxons, 86, 109 382, 383, 386, 393, 409 200, 201, 205 Caer Gai, Gwynedd, 277 boundary clauses, 360–70, 409 Coii, pagan priest, 186, 295 Caesar, Julius, 21, 43 involving women, 341–4 Coinage, see Money Caithness, 141, 227 Latinity, 404 Colbert, Jean-Baptiste, 135 Calpornius, father of St Patrick, 154 Cheddar, Somerset, 374 Colchester, Essex, 28 Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, 50, 139, Chedworth, Gloucestershire, 152, 183 Coldingham, Berwickshire, 286, 314 227, 350 Chelsea, Middlesex, 204 Colgu, scholar, 48 Cambridgeshire, 32, 169 Chertsey, Surrey, 198, 286 colloquies, 338, 381, 388, 393, 394, Camden, William, 112 Chester, Cheshire, 50, 386 408 Campbell, Ewan, 119 Chester-le-Street, County Durham, Colosseum, 54 Canterbury, Kent, 49, 127, 185, 304, 129, 130, 131, 321 Columba, saint, 47, 78, 184, 208, 209, 332, 386, 397 Cheviots, 360 278, 280, 320, 345 archbishopric of, 26, 204, 306, Chippenham, Cambridgeshire, 380 other names, 321 349, 390 Chippenham, Wiltshire, 249, 263 Columbanus, saint, 47, 309 cathedral, 55, 131 chrism, 317 Comanche Empire, 228 St Augustine’s abbey, 374 Christianity, 1, 59, 81, 101, 108, 111, commerce, 379–81 Cantii, 167 160, 183–9, 236, 274–5, 404, 427 Conall mac Comgaill, king of Dál Cantiori, kinsman of Maglus, 101 almsgiving, 236, 385 Riata, 322 cantrei, 101, 168, 357, 375 and literacy, 407 Conmarch, maker of the Pillar of Cardif, South Glamorgan, 426 anthropology of, 282–3 Eliseg inscription, 92 Carham, battle of, 243 baptism, 274, 283 Constantine II/Constantín mac Aed, Carlisle, Cumberland, 242, 419 conversion to, 63–5, 84, 183–9, king of Alba, 31, 240–1 Carmarthen, Carmarthenshire, 426 228, 275–94, 321, 427 Constantine III, Roman emperor, Carmen de Hastingae proelio, 79 elite, 285–91 152, 183 Carolingian Empire, 100, 266, 272, impact on burials, 291–4 Constantine/Constantín son of 407, 428 in post-Roman Britain, 277–8 Wrguist, king of the Picts, 210 Castell Dwyran, Carmarthernshire, miracles, 82, 84, 320 Constantine/Constantín, son of 179, 180 missionaries, 280 Kenneth/Cinaed, king of the castles, 424, 425 pilgrimage, 60–3 Picts, 225 Cathróe, saint, 2–3, 5, 49, 241, 375, post-Roman, 153 Constantinople, 58, 65, 66 406 Chrodegang of Metz, 310 Conuilius, son of Gurceniu, 363, 369 Cathwulf, poet, 69 Chronicle of the Kings of Alba, 134–5, Conuur, son of Iaco, 386 Catterick, North Yorkshire, battle of, 209, 225, 239, 240, 259 Coppergate helmet, 290 170, 171 church, 274–5, 302–25, 354, 394 Corcu Réti, 175 Ceawlin, king of the Gewisse/West clas, 317 Cornwall, 32, 34, 55, 100, 106, 150, Saxons, 202 clergy, 277, 298, 302–6, 319 296, 318, 386, 418, 419 Cecil, William, 135 corruption, 315 coronation, 235 Céli Dé, 312 elite inluence on, 285–91 Coroticus, ruler, 154, 160 Cellach, bishop, 240 local churches, 317–19 Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, Cenél Loairn Mór, 176 mother-churches, 316 132, 321 Cenél Loairn nOengusa, 176 pastoral care, 315–19 Cotton world map, 41–3 central places, 370–5 structure, 302–3 Cotton, Sir Robert, 132 Ceolfrith, abbot, 39–41, 59, 279 tithes, 302 County Durham, 231 Ceolwulf II, king of the Mercians, church-scot, 315, 319 Cowal, 176 271 Cinaed, see Kenneth Cowdery’s Down, Hampshire, 372 Ceolwulf, king of the Northumbrians, Cirencester, Gloucestershire, 155 cremation, 293, 296 76, 205 civitas territories, 21, 149, 154, 155, Cuilén, king of Alba, 243 Cerdic, king of the Gewisse/West 167 cultural genocide, 108 Saxons, 98, 416 Clontarf, battle of, 123 Cumbria, 106 Ceredigion, kingdom of, 247 Clyde, river, 242 Cumbric, 242, 402 Charlemagne, emperor of the Franks, Clydog, saint, 345 Cuneglasus, king of Rhos, 167 63, 69, 204, 206, 207, 428 Cnut, king of the English and of the Cuthbert, saint, 76, 82, 84, 129, 130, Charles the Simple, king of the West Danes, 59, 237, 331, 339, 401, 309, 320, 321 Franks, 74 417, 423 tomb of, 291–3

index  467

Cynan Garwyn, king of Powys, 34 Dunstan, saint, 234, 235, 313, 325 Edward the Confessor, king of the Cynesige, bishop of Lichield, 235 Dunstan’s classbook, 405 English, 30, 262, 422, 424 Cynethryth, wife of King Ofa of Dupplin Cross, 210 Edward the Elder, king of the Anglo- Mercia, 200 Durham Ritual, 129 Saxons, 28, 74, 222, 233, 241, Cyngen, king of Powys, 48, 92 Durham, County Durham, 130, 131, 247, 349 Cyniberht, 200 132, 337 Edwin, king of the Northumbrians, Cynwg, estate, 361, 363, 368, 369 Dyfed, 21, 167, 244, 247 25, 109, 171, 172, 173 Dyfnwal, king of Strathclyde, 243 conversion to Christianity, 185–7, Dál Riata, 10, 45, 46, 47, 97, 98, 100, 280, 295 165, 175–6, 208, 209, 210, 239, Eadberht, king of the Egill Skallagrímsson, 413 240, 278, 294, 303, 323, 331, Northumbrians, 206, 207, 208 Egypt, 307 415, 418 Eadfrith, bishop of Lindisfarne, 129 Elgu, son of Gelli, 409 possible migration to, 117–20 Eadgyth, wife of Emperor Otto I the Eliseg, king of Powys, 92 Damascus, Syria, 66 Great, 72 Ely, Cambridgeshire, 80, 98, 286, 314, Danevirke, 204 Eadhild, daughter of Edward the 338, 376, 380, 384, 396 Daniel, bishop of Winchester, 281–2, Elder, 74 Emma of Normandy, wife of 283 Eadmær, king’s thegn, 342 Æthelred II and Cnut, 339 ‘Dark Ages’, 13 Eadred, king of the English, 235 emporia, 212–13, 356, 396–7 Davies, Wendy, 7 Eadric Streona, ealdorman, 237, 329 England, 9, 74, 200, 223, 227, 231–9, Deben, river, 136, 174 Eadwig, king of the English, 234–5, 242, 248, 285, 338, 341, 345, deer, 58 262, 329 348, 354, 371, 386, 389, 423–4, Deheubarth, 244, 247 Eadwulings, 231 426, 428 Deira, 102, 167 ealdorman, 236, 380 bishoprics, 304 Demetae, 21, 167 Ealhswith, daughter of Baldwin and intervention in Wales, 247 Denmark, 52, 90, 105, 221, 327, 384, Ælthryth, 74 kingship and government, 260–2 424 Eamont Bridge, Cumbria, 241, 247 monasticism, 309 Derby, Derbyshire, 141–2, 418 Eanlæd, wife of King Oswiu, 47 partition of, 234 Devon, 21, 32, 167 Eardwulf, king of the Northumbrians, vikings in, 230 diaspora, 104, 120 69, 206, 207 English, Dinas Powys, South Glamorgan, 138, Earnwulf/Arnulf, count of Flanders, kingship of, 100, 105 169, 373 74 migration and settlement, 105–11 Dionysius Exiguus, 46 earthworks, 169 terminology, 112, 116 Domesday Book, 229, 261, 339, 358, Eashing, Surrey, 397 English Channel, 121, 396 425 East Anglia, 58, 169, 172, 196, 198, englynion, 413 forms of lordship, 328 201, 211, 225, 226, 230, 262, 314, Eorcenwald, bishop of London, 198, population, 355 360, 371 286 Dorchester, Dorset, 51, 212 East Saxons, 167, 196, 304 Eormenthryth, daughter of Baldwin Dore, South Yorkshire, 201, 206 East Yorkshire, 211 and Ælthryth, 74 Dorset, 51 Easter Kinnear, Fife, 371 Ergyng, kingdom of, 168 Dream of the Rood, he, 287, 289–90 Ecgberht, archbishop of York, 207 Erik Bloodaxe, king of York, 414 Druim Alban, 34–5, 120, 175 Ecgberht, king of the West Saxons, Escomb, County Durham, 318 Dryhthelm, visionary, 84 55, 201–2, 418 Ethachius Rothay, namesake of Duan Albanach, 209 Ecgberht, saint, 105 Rothesay, 118 Dublin, 32, 50, 226, 227, 228, 229, 241 Ecgfrith, king of the Mercians, 200, ethnicity, 97–103, 248, 402 Dubricius, saint, 246 204 euhemerisation, 297 Dubthach, 47 Ecgfrith, king of the Northumbrians, Eusebius of Caesarea, 78, 83 Dumbarton Rock/Alclud, 225, 242, 206, 314 Evagrius of Antioch, 322 278, 373 Edgar, king of the English, 28, 30, 75, Ewenny, river, 361, 363 Dumbarton, West Dunbartonshire, 234, 236, 313, 367, 388 exiles, 206, 415 160 coinage, 236, 390 Eythorne, Kent, 409 Dumfriesshire, 32 Edith, wife of King Edward the Dumnonia, 21, 167 Confessor, 50, 424 Fabricius, Roman consul, 412 Dunadd, Argyll and Bute, 373 Edmund Ironside, king of the Fabricius, saint, 246 Dunkeld, Perth and Kinross, 134, 304 English, 237, 418 Faccombe Netherton, Hampshire, Dunnicaer, Aberdeenshire, 178 Edmund, king of the English, 233, 372 Dunning, Perth and Kinross, 210 235, 329, 383 Faustus of Riez, bishop, 183 Dunnottar, Aberdeenshire, 241 education, 408 Faustus, son of Vortigern, 93

468  index

Feargus Mór, son of Earc, 117 genocide, 109–10 Hadrian, abbot, 49, 60 Felix, hagiographer, 198 Geofrey of Monmouth, 85–9, 181 Hadrian’s Wall, 18, 19, 44, 149, 159, Fergus, son of Ferechard, 118 Germanus of Auxerre, saint, 93, 246 169, 179, 184, 278 Ffestiniog, Gwynedd, 101 Germany, 63, 74, 105, 116, 274, 394, Halwell, Devon, 397 Findan, saint, 228, 239, 335–7 428 Hampshire, 105 Finnian of Moville, saint, 278, 280 git-giving, 383–5, 389 Harald Hardrada, king of Norway, 223 Finns, 58 Gildas, 23, 35, 41, 42, 78, 87, 107, 111, Harold Godwineson, earl, 422 Fínsechta Fledach, high king of 133, 167, 178–82, 277, 296, 309, Hastings, battle of, 80, 422, 424 Ireland, 45 419 Hatield, Hertfordshire, 338, 339, Firth of Clyde, 23, 44, 227 concept of Britain, 19–22, 25 376, 418 Firth of Forth, 18, 44, 159, 160, 170, date, 180–2 Hatield, synod of, 25 172, 206, 231, 259, 278, 423 Ginna, commissioner of inscription, Heahfrith, 49 Firth of Lorn, 141 410 Heathobards, 384 ish, 357 Glenluce Sands, Wigtownshire, 213 Hebrides, 410 ive senses, 268 Gloucester, Gloucestershire, 87 Hedeby, 75 Flanders, 58 Gloucestershire, 203 Heliand, 415 Flegg, Norfolk, 230 Glywysing, 247 Helmstan, 349 Flemings Down, Vale of Glamorgan, Godmanchester, Cambridgeshire, Hen Ogledd/the Old North, 170, 242, 364 149 413 Flixborough, Lincolnshire, 211, 374 Gododdin/Votadini, 159, 168, 170–1 Hengest, 113 folkland, 261 Gododdin, Y (poem), 132, 134, 170–1, Hengwrt, Gwynedd, 132 Forteviot, Perth and Kinross, 373 173, 384, 413 Hereford, Herefordshire, 247 Fortriu, kingdom of, 176, 208, 211, Godwin, earl, 50, 417 Herefordshire, 197 304 Gofart, Walter, 76 heriot/heregeat, 257, 328 Verturiones, 160, 176 Gothfrith, raider, 248 Hexham, Northumberland, 317 France, 59, 116, 117, 248, 428 Goths, 103 hides, 331, 380, 382 Francia, 36, 60, 112, 121, 187, 204, 211, Govan Old Church, Glasgow, 242 Hildeburh, Danish princess, 344 213, 256, 272, 376, 394, 406, 407, government, 7–8, 10, 258–62 hill forts, 169, 372, 396 424, 428 England, 260–2 Hingston Down, Cornwall, battle Franks, 103, 407 non-royal, 254 of, 55 Franks casket, 407 Grampian Mountains, 160 Historia Brittonum, 87, 97, 107, 117, Freeman, Edward Augustus, 107 Great Casterton, Rutland, 149 134, 188 Frisia, 63, 211, 394 Greece, 24 concept of Britain, 22 Frithuwald, sub-king, 198 Greek, 48, 415 historiography, 9, 107, 156, 209, 210, Fulda, Germany, 63 Greenland, 58 221, 223 Fuller brooch, 268–70 Gregory II, pope, 406 medieval concept, 75–80 Gregory III, pope, 65 providential history, 78, 181 Gaels and Gaelic, 9, 24, 35, 45, 119, Gregory the Great, pope, 59, 78, 102, hoards, 57, 152, 391 209, 210, 228, 239–40, 348, 112, 185, 264, 275, 281 Forum hoard, 389 413, 417 Dialogues (Old English), 265 Furness, Cumbria, 391 possible migration to Dál Riata, earliest life of, 323–4 Gaulcross, Aberdeenshire, 390 117–20 Pastoral Care (Old English), 265 Glenfaba, Isle of Man, 391 Gænburg, wife of Æthelnoth, 409 Grendel, monster, 284, 343 Hoxne, Sufolk, 156 Galaes, queen of the Britons, 87 Grubenhäuser, 108 Norrie’s Law, Fife, 390 Gallgáedil, 227, 228 Grufydd ap Llywelyn, king of Wales, Traprain Law, East Lothian, 159 Galloway, 228, 230, 240, 260 422 Hoddom, Dumfries and Galloway, Gaunless, river, 418 Guallunir, landowner, 338 357 Geats, 328 Gualo, leader of the Britons, 87 Höfuðlausn, 414 gebur, 338 guilds, 332, 350, 351, 383 Hordaland, Norway, 51 gender, 5 Guthlac, saint, 198–9, 290 Horsa, 113 genealogy, 98–9 Guthrum, viking leader, 227, 280 Housesteads, Northumberland, 150 Anglian Collection, 98 Guy, bishop of Amiens, 79 Hrothgar, king of the Danes, 91, 284 Cethri Prímchenéla Dáil Riata, 98 Gwent, kingdom of, 168, 246, 247 Hrothulf, king of the Danes, 91 Harleian Collection, 98 Gwodgwn, son of Cynilig, 246 Hugh the Great, duke of the Franks, Welsh, 87, 244, 258 Gwynedd, 10, 28, 173, 230, 244, 247, 74 Genesis, 415 303, 426 Humber, river, 196, 204, 226 genetics, 104, 222 Gytha, wife of Earl Godwin, 417 hundreds, 101, 236, 357, 375

index  469

Hunterston brooch, 416, 417 Kelly, Mike, 117 galanas, 98, 331 Hwicce, 197, 199 Kemble, John Mitchell, 107 language of, 409–10 Hygeberht, archbishop of Lichield, Kenneth II/Cináed mac Maíl Coluim, law-code of Æthelberht, 175 205 king of Alba, 134 law-codes, 350–1 Hygeburg, nun, 65 Kenneth MacAlpine/Cináed mac law-codes of Æthelstan, 350–1 Hygelac, king of the Geats, 91, 327 Ailpin, king of the Picts, 119, on currency, 388 Hywel Dda, king of Deheubarth and 134, 209, 210, 239, 240 on lordship, 328 other lands, 244, 246, 247, 259 Kent, 41, 58, 105, 107, 167, 175, 196, ordeals, 335, 344 204, 214, 271, 276, 314, 330, 351, property, 341–4, 357, 380–1 Iænberht, archbishop of Canterbury, 357, 371, 379, 389 rape, 346–7 204 Kentigern, saint, 278 sarhaed, 331 Iceland, 52, 227, 254 Kilmalkeldar, County Kerry, 408 Welsh, 259, 331, 354 Ildulb/Hildulfr, king of Alba, 242 kingship, 7–8, 10, 30, 196–8, 213, wergild, 330 Ili, son of Beli, deacon, 246 254–72, 313 Leeds, West Yorkshire, 172 Ine, king of the West Saxons, 271, English, 260–2 Leicester, Leicestershire, 287 382, 394 federate, 249 Leigh Delamere, Wiltshire, 361 Ingeld, 289 genealogy, 98 Leinster, kingdom of, 123 Ingleby, Derbyshire, 142, 296 in Alba, 259–60 Leland, John, 131 inscriptions, 410, 411 landholding, 262 Leuchars, Fife, 357 Latin, 153, 155, 159, 176, 179–80, supremacy, 172, 425, 426 Libellus Æthelwoldi, 380 183, 278 terminology, 256–7 Lichield Gospels, 382, 409 ogam, 407 Welsh, 258–9 Lichield, archbishopric of, 204, 306 on coins, 411–12 kinship, 261, 327–30, 382 Liðsmannalokkr, 237–8, 401 referring to women, 340 stepmother, 342 Life of St Cadog, 338 runic, 229, 287, 290 Kintyre, 175 Lincoln, Lincolnshire, 149, 155, 386, Iona, Argyll and Bute, 26, 54, 85, 214, Kirk Andreas, Isle of Man, 297 416, 418 228, 278, 280, 303, 306, 317, 396 Kirkmadrine, Wigtownshire, 183 Lindisfarne Gospels, 128–31, 132, Ipswich, Sufolk, 212 Königsnähe, 262 134 Iraq, 44 Lindisfarne, Northumberland, 47, 83, Ireland, 22, 34, 53, 118, 119, 121, 154, Lair, Perthshire, 372 130, 131, 213, 223, 309 161, 206, 210, 228, 333, 345, 394, Lancashire, 371 Llanbeblig, Caernarvonshire, 277 395, 415, 416, 428 landholding Llanbedrgoch, Anglesey, 373 connections with Britain, 45–51 inland, 369 Llandaf, South Glamorgan, 127, 168, viking raids, 223 landscape, 356–75 246, 346, 354, 358, 361 Irish Langres, France, 39 bishop of, 363 Latin loanwords, 403 language, 3, 22, 108, 112, 121, 140–2, cathedral, 245 Irish Sea, 18, 50, 121, 213, 228, 424 210, 228, 229, 401–20 Llandeilo Fawr, Carmarthernshire, Isidore of Seville, saint, 97, 256 and ethnicity, 402 317, 365, 382 Islam, 65, 67 bilingualism, 161 Llandough, South Glamorgan, 183 Ismere, Worcestershire, 200 Celtic family, 401 Llangorse Lake, Powys, 373 Italy, 24, 42, 112, 116, 187 display settings, 410–12 Llanlleonfel, Breconshire, 180 Iudeu, distribution of, 172 education, 408 Llantwit Major, South Glamorgan, Iudnou, son of Guallunir, 338 Germanic family, 401, 403 183 literary compositions, 412–14 Lombards, 116 Jarlshof, Shetland, 371 loanwords, 403 London, 41, 50, 87, 101, 149, 155, 196, Jeferson, homas, 115 multilingualism, 414 212, 261, 270, 304, 342, 351, 367, Jerome, saint, 76, 289 Pictish, 160 370, 376, 379, 386, 394, 396, 397, Jerusalem, 65 pragmatic literacy, 409 410, 418 John of Fordun Latin, 111, 154, 179, 402–6, 424, 427 bishopric of, 62, 304 Chronicles of the People of Scotland, grammatical texts, 404 peace-guilds, 370 117, 118 spoken as vernacular, 403 lordship, 101, 287, 290, 327–30, 331, John, saint, 47 vernacular translations of, 412 359, 369, 376 Jones, Glanville, 357 law, 236, 261, 271, 348–51, 379, 394, Lothian, 30, 106, 240, 243, 260, 423 Judhail, son of Edeluirth, 345 412 Lull, saint, 384 Jutes, 105, 165 assemblies as courts, 348–9 Lydford, Devon, 397 Jutland, 204 concerning merchants, 394 Lyminge, Kent, 374 Juvencus, 415 Dunsæte, 415 Lyng, Somerset, 397

470  index

Macbeth/Macbethad, king of Alba, 423 monasticism, 153, 285, 306–15 Norman Conquest, 44, 59, 112, 425 Maccus, raider, 248 Benedictine Reform, 236, 313–14, historiographical responses, 79–80 Maelbrigda, owner of Hunterston 316, 414 Norman Yoke, 114 brooch, 416 double monasteries, 314, 339 Normandy, 237, 334, 424 Maglocunus, king of Gwynedd, 167 elite inluence, 286–7 Norn, 122 Magnus Barefoot, king of Norway, false monasteries, 311 North Britain, 25, 35, 45, 47, 50, 424 female, 314–15 175–8, 194, 208–11, 225, 230, Magnus Maximus, Roman emperor, land management, 359 239–44, 294, 303, 312, 323, 331, 93, 182 libraries, 77 348, 354, 357, 371, 386, 391, 410 Magonsæte, 197 locations, 374 migration, 117–20 Maiatai/Miathi, 168 minsters, 294, 312–13, 319 monasticism, 309 Mainz, Germany, 63 monasteries as ‘cities’, 303 post-Roman, 159–61 Malcolm/Máel Coluim I, king of monastic rules, 310 vikings, 227–8 Alba, 243 post-Roman British, 183 North Sea, 18, 213, 286, 396 Malcolm/Máel Coluim III, king of Regularis concordia, 315 Northampton, Northamptonshire, Alba, 423 role of abbot, 309 227, 374, 397 Malmesbury, Wiltshire, 47 urban characteristics, 395 Northumberland, 32 Man, Isle of, 30, 50, 120, 127, 230, money, 385–93 Northumbria, 28, 31, 81, 107, 134, 158, 245, 254, 277, 297, 391, 410, 417, bullion, 226, 246, 390–3 165, 194, 205–8, 213, 225, 242, 424 coins, 155, 174, 211, 236, 260, 270, 262, 276, 426 sculpture, 297 286, 385–90, 427 church in, 84 manuscripts, 128–35, 233, 291, 410, commodity money, 393 Norway, 52, 254 415 gold dinar, 66–7 Nowy, son of Gwriad, king of Gwent, editing, 133–4 gold mancus, 390 246 monastic production, 306 gold shilling, 386 Núadu, scribe, 415 Maredudd ab Owain, king of hearth-penny, 383 Deheubarth and other lands, Northumbrian penny, 206 Oda, archbishop of Canterbury, 235 247 Roman, 152 Odin, 297 Marinus II, pope, 389 siliquae, 155 Ófeigr, son of Crínan, 417 markets, 393–5 silver dirhams, 222, 391 Ofa, king of the Mercians, 69, 196, marriage, 187, 201, 226, 314, 384 silver penny, 386–7 199–200, 201, 204, 214, 260, 271 Martin of Tours, saint, 322 units of account, 385 coinage, 390 material culture, 135–40, 156–9 moneyers, 389, 390, 416 gold dinar, 66–7 Matilda, abbess of Essen, 72, 73, 74 Monkwearmouth, Sunderland, 81 Ofa’s Dyke, 198, 202–4, 260 Mayo, Ireland, 49 Moray, 240, 423 ogam, 407 Meddyfnych, Carmarthernshire, 362, Morgan ab Owain, king of Ogmore-by-Sea, Vale of Glamorgan, 364–7, 369 Morgannwg, 244 364 Meigle, Perth and Kinross, 279 Morgannwg, kingdom of, 244, 346 Ohthere, 57, 58 Meols, Wirral, 213 mosaics, 152 Olaf Sihtricson/Amlaib Cuarán, king merchants, 381, 394, 415 Mount Sinai, Egypt, 66 of Dublin and York, 31 legal protection, 394 Mounth, the, 176 Olaf Tryggvason, king of Norway, 237 Merchitir, son of Iddig, 246 multiple estates, 357–8, 369 Olaf, king of Dublin, 123 Mercia, 28, 112, 172, 194–201, 225, Mynyddog, king of the Gododdin, Olaf, saint, 238 231, 232, 234, 235, 262, 271, 426, 170 Olaf, viking leader, 225 428 Olaf/Amlaíb Cuarán, king of Dublin Merfyn Frych, king of Gwynedd, 48, Naples, Italy, 60 and York, 227, 228 230, 245 National Library of Wales, 132, 168, Olaf/Amlaíb, son of King Ildulb/ Merfynion/second dynasty of 170 Hildulfr, 242 Gwynedd, Nechtan, king of the Picts, 208, 279 Old English, 52, 90, 122, 129, 130, 157, metal detectorists, 139 Nesán, poor man, 331 202, 221, 287, 290 Middle Ages, terminology for, 13 Netherlands, 36, 428 ‘Alfredian’ translations, 264–6 Middle Britain, 194, 216 Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and charms, 298–9 Middle Saxons, 196 Wear, 4 26 Latin loanwords, 403 migration, 103–5 Nimeth, son of Agnomin, 24 literature, 414 Milton, John, 169 Ninian, saint, 278, 280, 325 place names, 140 Mohammad, 67 Norfolk, 211 poetry, 63 Moliant Cadwallawn, 173 Norham, Northumberland, 131 poetry on women, 344

index  471

riddles, 347–8 Peter, saint, 47, 323 Reformation, 131 terms for kingship, 256 Peter’s Pence, 306, 382, 383 Regino of Prüm, abbot, 98 travel literature, 66 Phocaean Red Slip Ware, 67 Regnenses, 167 Old Norse, 52, 121, 122, 221, 226, 229, Picts, 10, 19, 26, 27, 46, 97, 100, Reichenau, Switzerland, 135 413–14, 416, 424 119, 127, 141, 157, 159–60, 161, Rheinau, Switzerland, 335 place names, 140 165, 175, 176–8, 182, 184, 206, Rhine, river, 63 sagas, 101 208–11, 239, 242, 304, 323 Rhodri Mawr, king of Gwynedd, 245 skaldic poetry, 237–8, 413 church institutions, 304 Rhos, kingdom of, 167 terms for kingship, 256 conversion, 47, 278–9 Rhynie, Aberdeenshire, 176, 396 Onuist son of Wrguist, king of the Dicalydones, 160 Riata, namesake of Dál Riata, 118 Picts, 208 language, 35, 160, 401 Ridgeway Hill burial, 56, 110 Ordlaf, ealdorman, 349 origin legend, 23, 24 ritual, 283, 295, 298–9 Orkney, 23, 24, 41, 120, 122, 141, 176, sculpture, 176–8, 286 consecration, 235 208, 222, 230, 335, 401, 410 silver hoards, 390 Robert of Poppleton, 134 earldom of, 227 Pillar of Eliseg, 92–4 Rochester, Kent, 304, 376 Orkneyinga Saga, 228 Pilton, Devon, 397 Roman Empire, 20, 41, 44, 103, 159, Orosius, 22, 42, 57, 78, 183 Pitcarmick, Perthshire, 371 180, 255, 277, 295, 303, 427 Oswald of Worcester, saint, 313, 325 place names, 119, 140–2, 184, 226, Britain and the, 149–50, 165 Oswald, king of the Northumbrians, 231, 277, 317, 360, 361, 403, end of rule in Britain, 152–9 47, 50, 82, 172, 173, 415 418–20 military equipment, 108 Oswestry, Shropshire, 172 Old Norse, 229, 230, 419–20 organisation of Britain, 155–6 Oswiu, king of the Northumbrians, rivers, 418 relations with North Britain, 159 25, 47, 50, 172, 206, 415 plague, 355–6 Rome, 39, 59–63, 65, 86, 91, 204, 236, Otto I the Great, king and emperor of Plas Gogerddan, Dyfed, 294 278, 306, 323, 389, 415, 424 Germany, 72, 74 Pliny, 22 mission to the English, 184–7, Oudoceus, saint, 246 Poppleton manuscript, 134–5 275–6 Ourdilat, nun, 346 population, 9, 138, 158, 302, 354–6 papacy, 39, 60, 63 Ovid, 405 DNA, 104–5 St Peter’s basilica, 67 Owain, king of Strathclyde, 31 of Roman Britain, 355 Rowlands, Richard, 112 Oxford Street, London, 367, 368 Portable Antiquities Scheme, 139 runes, 53, 229, 287, 290, 410, 416, 417 Oxford, Oxfordshire, 109 Portland, Dorset, 212 Russia, 58, 222, 391 Portmahomack, Easter Ross, 213, 214, Ruthwell Cross, Dumfries and papacy, 204 286, 357, 374, 396 Galloway, 116, 287–8 Parker, Matthew, archbishop of Potitus, grandfather of St Patrick, 154 Canterbury, 131 pottery, 427 saints, 81, 82, 319–25 Partholom, 24 Ipswich Ware, 211 hagiography, 75, 81, 319–25 Paschal Controversy, 46–7, 188 Mediterranean, 138, 174, 176 relics, 320 Pastoral Care (Old English), 264 poverty, 332 Salisbury Plain, Wiltshire, 355 Pater, bishop of Llandaf, 246 Powys, 203, 244, 245, 247 Sanas Chormaic, 394 Patrick, saint, 21, 45, 153, 160, 161, 333 pre-Christian religions, 90, 91–2, Sandwich, Kent, 32 Paul, saint, 47, 188, 323 108, 186, 221, 280, 281–2, 284, Sawyer, Peter, 122, 222 Paulinus, bishop of York, 185 295–9 Saxnot, 274 Pavia, Italy, 62, 394 temples, 184, 281, 295 Saxons, 105, 107, 112, 153, 157, 165, peasants, 98, 138, 159, 338–9, 358, Prittlewell, Essex, 174, 188, 293 179, 182, 232 359–60, 425 Procopius, 111 Saxony, 74 geburas, 338 Psalms, 265 Scandinavia, 13, 51–9, 90, 211, 222, settlements, 370–2 Ptolemy, geographer, 159 228, 371, 394, 428; see also use of coins, 389 Puttenham, George, 112, 114 vikings Penda, king of the Mercians, 103, Scandinavian community in 109, 172, 173, 194, 196 queenship, 339–40 London, 410 Penge, Greater London, 360 Quoygrew, Orkney, 393 Schahausen, Switzerland, 135 penitentials, 316, 345–6 Schleswig, Germany, 75 Penmachno, Conwy, 102, 180 Rædwald, king of the East Angles, Scone, Perth and Kinross, 240 Pennsylvania, 117 188, 283 Scotland, 9–10, 114, 239, 423, 425 Penterry, Monmouthshire, 245 Ragnall son of Ívarr, king of York, 227 Scott, Sir Walter, 371 Pentland Firth, 141 Rapin, Paul, 114 Scythia, 24 personal names, 416–18 reeves, 260, 369, 394 Seisyllwg, kingdom of, 245

472  index

Selsey, West Sussex, 358 Stirling, Stirling and Falkirk, 35 between Britain and Ireland, Sergius I, pope, 86 Stockley, Wiltshire, 361 49–50 settlement, 356–75 Strathclyde, kingdom of, 28, 32, 34, commodity exchange, 393 crannogs, 373 103, 127, 160, 219, 230, 240, 241, markets, 393–5 high-status, 372–5 242–4, 249, 260, 402, 423 means of exchange, 385–93 Severn, river, 418 Suidhbar, scholar, 48 merchants, 394 Sevira, supposed wife of Vortigern, Sulgrave, Northamptonshire, 372 prices, 381, 386 93 Sulpicius Severus, 322 Trafalgar Square, London, 367 sex, 235, 345–8 Surrey, 196, 357 Transjö, Småland, Sweden, 53 in Old English riddles, 347–8 Sutton Hoo, Sufolk, 52, 135–6, 174, Traprain Law, East Lothian, 169 rape, 346–7 188, 293 Tregaron Bog, Ceredigion, 355 virginity, 345, 346, 347 place name, 140 Trent, battle of the, 206 Sgòr nam Bán-Naoimha, Highland, Sweden, 52, 90 Trent, river, 418 317 Swein Forkbeard, king of the Danes Tribal Hidage, 196–8 Shakespeare, William, 423 and of the English, 54, 223, 237, tribute, 382–3, 428 Shetland, 122 423 Trinovantes, 167 shires, 101, 236, 375 Synchronisms of Irish Kings, 209 Troy, 85 Sigeric, archbishop of Canterbury, 62 Trumpington Meadows, Cambridge, Sihtric ‘Silkbeard’, king of Dublin, Taf, river, 246 293 123 Taliesin, poet, 132 Tudfwlch, son of Llywyd, 409 Sihtric Cáech, king of York, 227 Tandderwen, Denbighshire, 294 Turkey, 68 Skene, William Forbes, 119 Taplow, Buckinghamshire, 174 Tyburn, river, 367 Skerne, river, 418 Taratyr, river, 246 Tyne, river, 44, 231 slavery, 330, 333–9, 376 Tarbat Peninsula, 286 Tynwald, Isle of Man, 255 freedmen, 330 Tarsus, Turkey, 60 Tyrrhenian Sea, 24 penal servitude, 337 Teilo, saint, 246, 320 rural, 338–9 Tenterden, Kent, 357 Udal, the, North Uist, 372 shackles, 335 Terraby, Cumbria, 419 Uí Néill, 320, 394 slave trade, 333–4 hame, Oxfordshire, 198 Ukraine, 222 virtuous, 338 hames, river, 196, 204, 263, 397, Uley, Gloucestershire, 184 Snorri Sturluson, 413 418 Ulfcetel of East Anglia, 238 Snowdonia, 25 hanet, Isle of, 225, 357 United States of America, 115 sokes, 358 thegns, 260 Unwona, bishop of Leicester, 288 Solway Firth, 44 heodore, archbishop of Canterbury, Urban, bishop of Llandaf, 168 soul-scot, 316, 319 25, 49, 60, 84, 306 Urien, Brittonic leader, 257 South Gyrwe, 314 heodred, bishop of London, 389 South Saxons, 167, 357 three orders of society, 332, 333 Vale of Pickering, North Yorkshire, Southampton, Hampshire, 212 hunor, 274 355 Spain, 24, 337 Tidenham, Gloucestershire, 358 Vale of York, 392 Spey, river, 260 Tigris, river, 44 Valle Crucis, Wales, 94 St Albans, Hertfordshire, 187, 419 Tintagel, Cornwall, 68, 138, 174, 373 Vandals, 103 St Andrew Holborn, church, 367 Toki, commissioner of inscription, Vaughan, Robert, 132 St Andrews, Fife, 134, 304 410 Venice, Italy, 66 St Brice’s Day Massacre, 57, 109–10 Tolkien, J. R. R., 12 Venta Silurum, 168 St Cuthbert Gospel, 291, 292 tolls, 261, 397 Vercelli, Italy, 63 St Davids, Pembrokeshire, 303 Torksey, Lincolnshire, 139, 391, 392, Verstegan, Richard, 112 St John’s College, Oxford, 110 396 Victorius of Aquitaine, 46 status, 330–3, 383 Tours, France, 24 vikings, 45, 50, 219–31, 232, 241, English treatment of Welsh, 330 Tower of London, 132 248, 271, 335, 397; see also measured in cattle ownership, 331 towns, 152, 153, 212–13, 303, 370, Scandinavia peasant servitude, 338–9 395–9, 425, 427 armies, 228 slaves, 333–9 boroughs, 236, 263, 397–9 conquest and settlement, 225–31, thegn, 331 emporia, 356, 396–7 417, 423, 424 women and, 339–44 monastic town, 286, 395 contact with Britain, 51–9 Stephen of Ripon, 83 pseudo-cities, 395–6 conversion to Christianity, 228, Stephen, saint, 181 trade, 57, 211–12, 286, 379–81 277

index  473

Danelaw, 225, 358 wapentakes, 236 William I the Conqueror, 424 female settlers, 121–2 War of the Irish with the Foreigners, William of Jumièges, 79 ‘great army’, 54, 225, 262, 277, 296, he, 123–4 William of Orange, 114 391 warfare, 25, 236, 241, 257–8, 260, William of Poitiers, 79 helmets, 221 262, 263, 277, 334, 373, 428 William the Lion, king of Scotland, 135 in Ireland, 123–4 Wasperton, Warwickshire, 110 Willibald, saint, 64–5 in North Britain, 227–8 Wat’s Dyke, 203 Willibrord, saint, 63 migration, 120–4, 142 Watchet, Somerset, 397 Wiltshire, 349 numbers, 120 Weald, the, 357 Wimborne, Dorset, 314 paganism, 296–7 Wearmouth and Jarrow, Sunderland, Winchester, Hampshire, 28, 32, 41, raids, 51, 54, 57, 130, 212, 213–14, 39, 81, 134, 208, 276, 280, 310, 127, 335, 376, 386, 397 223–5, 237–9, 248, 313, 314 374, 396 Winwæd, river, 172 representations of, 228 weights and measures, 386 witchcrat, 342, 343–4 slave trading, 53, 333–4, 335–7 Weland, legendary smith, 412 Woden, 98, 274, 283 terminology, 10, 221 Welsh, 87, 111, 242, 396, 401, 402, Woodyates, Dorset, 129 tribute payments, 237, 382, 428 409, 424 Woolstone, Oxfordshire, 369 warfare, 53 Latin loanwords, 403 Worcester, Worcestershire, 127, 197, violence, 229, 246, 258, 315, 332, 335, terms for kingship, 256 397, 398, 409 343, 350, 379, 384 Wessex, 27, 28, 98, 106, 112, 196, cathedral, 131 Virgil the Grammarian, 406 201–2, 225, 231, 234, 235, 262, Worcestershire, 199 Virgil, poet, 41, 91 271, 358, 418 Wrexham, Clwyd, 92 Vitalian, pope, 60 Brittonic/Welsh element, 330 Wulbald, landholder, 341–3, 350 Völkerwanderungszeit, 103 Gewisse, 172 Wulhere, king of the Mercians, 198 Vortigern, legendary Brittonic leader, West Kilbride, North Ayrshire, 417 Wulfric, landholder, 369 25, 93 West Meon, Hampshire, 367–8, 369, Wulfric, thegn, 383 371 Wulfstan Uccea, 342, 343 Wace, Anglo-Norman poet, 88 West Saxon dynasty, 27 Wulfstan, archbishop of York, 54, Wærburh, wife of Ealdorman Alfred, Westminster Abbey, 424 334, 412 55 Westminster, Greater London, 367, Sermon of the Wolf to the English, Wærferth, bishop of Worcester, 265, 369, 371 54, 334 398 Weymouth, Dorset, 56, 110 Wulfstan, traveller, 57 Wales, 6, 27, 34, 60, 86, 98, 100, 150, Whitby, North Yorkshire, 102, 314, Wye, river, 246 175, 202, 203, 223, 230, 244–8, 323, 396 Wynlæd, landholder, 372 270, 306, 317, 318, 329–30, 338, synod of, 47 341, 348, 354, 357, 369, 413, 415, Whithorn, Dumfries and Galloway, Yeavering, Northumberland, 295, 372 418, 422, 425, 426 161, 213, 278, 280, 396 York, North Yorkshire, 134, 149, 155, bishops, 303 Wicken Bonhunt, Essex, 211 212, 233, 304, 386, 392, 396, 397, burial in, 294 Wife’s Lament, he, 344 411, 416, 418 English intervention, 247 Wigheard, archbishop elect of archbishopric of, 204, 306 kingship, 258–9 Canterbury, 60 bishopric of, 304 supposed origin of name, 86–7 Wight, Isle of, 105, 296, 376 cathedral, 227 viking inluence, 123 Wiglaf, king of the Mercians, 202 kingdom of, 3, 28, 31, 50, 223, 226, viking raids, 248 Wihtred, king of Kent, 394 227, 236 Welsh borders, 371 Wilfrid, saint, 45, 47, 83, 304, 415 Yorkshire, 120, 226, 231, 371