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The Inchyra Stone and Some Other Unpublished Early E INCHYRTH A STON SOMD EAN E OTHER UNPUBLISHED EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS by ROBERT B. K. STEVENSON, M.A., F.S.A., F.S.A.SCOT. THE main purpose of this paper is to publish notes on some sculptured monuments or fragments that have either been foun Scotlann di recenn di t year r whicso e har insufficiently published. Seven of them are Pictish or later Picto-Scottish (1-4, 6-8), two are Northumbrian (10) and three are Strathclyde British (12-13). Attention is also drawn to particular features of three better-known monuments, Pictish (5), show w BritisNorse b no o ne t eh on (i/j.).(n) d an ,1 For though the number and variety of the sculptured stones of Pictland has led writer concentrato s t othe e th f ro ancient themn ar e o e th t, kingdoms belongs equally of cours Scotlano et presens it n di t sense.2 Indeed interesmuce th f hmoderr o fo t n study lies not only in the differences of style conditioned by their ethnic and political history, but in the repeated interaction of those styles within a country which, despite them, shared what was no doubt broadly a common culture. Some dis- cussio thesn no e line alreads sha y been attempte writee th Pictis r y drfo b h art,d 3an for crossee somth f Scotief o s o c Dalriada, bried 4an f general comments seem parti- cularly called for here by the British sculpture to which little attention has been paid fo lona r g timee opportunitTh . alss yi o take prino nt summara t chronoe th f yo - logical schemes propounded by various writers on Pictish sculpture; agreement is evef of relativn stil no r fa l e chronology l absolutal d an , e date intendee sar d onls ya approximations. The Society and the writer are indebted to more people than it has been possible to name, for reports, information, and action to safeguard the stones described in notee th s that follow. i. THE INCHYRA STONE, ST MADGES, PERTHSHIRE (PI. III-IV) igtn O h February 194 cover-stone 5th grava strucplougf s e eo th e wa y kwhan b h i t beed ha n parkland 130 yds. sout Inchyrf ho a House Carse th f Gowrin ei o , milee6 s from Perth (37/190211) mounA . d 120 yds e buria. westh f s markei o lt d Witch KnowO.Se th . n mapeo Jamer M . s Wood, then Curato Pertf o rt Galler hAr d yan Museum, and Mr Harold de Pass the proprietor examined the site, and some weeks late rd bee wheha nl levelleal n d harrowedan e latr Thomath dM e s McLaren, illustrationr 1Fo descriptiond an s stonef o thesef o d s san ,referre comparisor fo o dt n- unles s other refer- ences are given - see Alien, J. Romilly, Early Christian Monuments of Scotland, m. 2 Yet the Ruthwell Cross, by far our most important sculptured monument, has several times been omitted from professed surveys of Early Christian Monuments in Scotland. Probleme Th 3 Pictse oth f (1955) . Wainwrighted , , 97-128 bibliographs T. it . F ,o T . y shoul addee db d Henryd an Curie, L. , F.. C ,, 'Early Christia Scotland'n i t nAr , Gazette des Beaux-Arts (U.S.A., 1944), 257-72, which has important stylistic descriptions. The well-illustrated article, 'Some carved stone monuments in East and Central Scotland', in IPEK, xvn (Berlin, 1943-8), 52-76, by Mary E. Boyle is very subjective and chronologically unconvincing; cf. P.S.A.S. (1937—8), 115 if. 'J.R.S.A.I. (1956), 84-96. 4 3 PROCEEDING SOCIETYE TH F O S , 1958-59 F.S.A.SCOT., Burgh Surveyor of Perth, made a record and examined the cover-stone, on which there were carved symbols. Following a paper read to the Society by r McLareM Januarn i y 1946, Dr Jame . RichardsosS n re-examine stonee dth e H . recognised a third set of symbols and two further sets of ogam letters. He also noted that several fragments belonged to the same stone and added to the main inscription symboa o t d l an group r McLaren'M . s death later that year prevente amende dth - papers men hi incorporates i t f muc o t i bu ; f h o t togetheaccoun e pu th n w di no tr at the request and with the help of Mr William Davidson, Director of Perth Art Galler Museumd yan , wher symboe eth l ston preserves ei gifa s Passte da d fro r .mM Though the stones were dug out before any bones were noticed, it would seem that above and around the skeletal remains there were forty-nine water-rolle1 d stones thesn O cover-slae eth 5. y b £in 9 y 1o bt b 2 . restedin varyin6 y , b 7 g froy b m8 aligned WNW.-ESE., with its upper surface about a foot below ground level. The sla slightls bi y wedge-shaped taperind , en 5. lon ^17d ft e . wid g$an 1on o in g t 2 t ea at the other; the thickness varies from 2f to 3\ in. The rock is local sandstone, reported by Dr A. G. MacGregor of the Geological Survey to be very fine-grained mica-richd an , containing both biotit muscovited ean r RichardsoD . n noted that while one surface is smooth and undulating the other is flaky, suggesting that it was obtaine cleavagy db e fro mwater-wora n exposure. Both lon narroe g th side d wsan smoothe ar d d theien an , rsmoote edgth o et h surfac roundes i e d whil othee eth r edge is sharp. Part of one side was shattered at the time of the discovery but some fragment t weri f o set fac flakee d narrorecoverede bu on eha f th t d of a w en d an , was also rescued e wideTh . r end, whic towary hla weste d beedth ha , n roughly truncated in antiquity. A groove right across the smooth surface as well as several short ones see havmo t e been made afte shatteredsids e th rprobablewa o s d an , y while the stone was being moved from the site: a similar groove on the same side but neare ene rth doveral e (noth n i t l photograph unfortunatels wa ) y mad maro et e kth woodea n i t nse e standb dept o f somt stone I .s hth eewa more erratic scoringn so rouge th h surface were ploug e madth y eb h they would indicate that that facy ela uppermost. The symbols There are three and evidently successive sets of Pictish symbols on the stone. (a) On the smooth surface, which will be called the front, at the narrow end there is a 'spectacles' symbol (with no Z-rod) and below it a fish. The position of the fish and its fins make it obvious that the sculptor considered the narrow end to be stonee e symbolth f Th o . p sto were th e first pockina marke n i t r stuggingdo ou g technique thed an ,n deepene smoothedd dan , possibl obliquy yb e 'chiselling' with the same round-nosed tool. The initial pocking did not follow at all carefully any drawing in some impermanent medium, for many strokes landed outside the final quite broad outline. This is particularly clear at the rear of the dorsal fin. An changa unfinisheo t minde f eo du obliqu e e :th b d y lineema liny behine ema ey e dth uppee Th wese r parth skula tt f end)o t(a l arm-bonn a , shoulded ean r socket were identifier M y db Woo thed 1dan n re-interre proprietore wise th spoe th f ho t th a t n do . THE INGHYRA STONE AND OTHER EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS 35 be double or triple on other stones.1 But in spite of these defects the artist was definite and accurate in the final execution. Unfortunately the stone has flaked at the fish's mouth, which was probably drawn as a single line slanting back and up with a loop at the inner corner, as at Easterton of Roseisle.2 The angular notches on the 'spectacles' should be noted. (b] On the same side but at the other end, which was thought of in its turn as tope th , lowethere th s e i rtale parth l f bifito d rectangl 'tuning-forkr eo ' symbold an , belo mirrora wt i . These were never completed pockine th : onls gywa beginnino gt form grooves - on the legs of the rectangle and the upper part of the mirror's rim work had gone further than on the circles of the handle. The natural surface of the stone has sprung off much of the area of the design, which makes it hard to see and also prevents certainty as to whether, as seems probable, there was some further symbol to the left of the rectangle. Certainly to the left of the mirror, on one of the fragments broken off, there is an L which may be the remains of a very unfinished comb. The pocking goes so much across and below the legs of the rectangle that any mere irregularity of striking such as noted on the fish provides no explanation. The symbol has in fact been deliberately defaced.
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