SCULPTURED STONES RIVE E SOUTTH 1 RF 25 HO DEE .

IV. REPORT ON THE SCULPTURED STONES OLDER THAN A.D. 1100, WITH SYMBOLS AND CELTIC ORNAMENT, IN THE DISTRICT OF SCOTLAND E RIVE ; SOUTOBTAINEE TH RF DE O H D UNDE E VICTORIRTH A JUBILEE GIFT OF HIS EXCELLENCY DR R. H. GUNNING, F.S.A. SCOT. BY J. ROMILLY ALLEN, F.S.A. SOOT. submio t e g followinth be t I g e worreporth f k o t done durine gth past yea n makini r n archaeologicaga l survee earlth f yyo Sculptured Stones, with symbols and Celtic ornament, in the district of Scotland Rivee soutth f rho Dee. survee monumente Th th f yo northere th n si n hal f Scotlando f , made in 1890, has already been reported upon,1 and the work done in 1891, unde e Gunninth r g Fellowship, complete e e survewholth sth f r o eyfo Scotland. The area dealt with in 1891 comprises 20 counties, which are arranged in 4 sections in my preliminary list2 thus— East-Central Section. Kincardine, Forfar, Perth, FifeKinrossd an , , Western Section. Argyll and Bute. South- Western Section. Dumbarton, Renfrew, Lanark, Ayr, Wigtown, and Kirkcudbright. Soutli-Eastern Section. Linlithgow, Edinburgh, Haddington, Berwick, Selkirk, Rox- burgh Dumfriesd an , . The number of localities where sculptured stones exist in this area amounts to about 130, and most of these places had to be visited, except where the stones had been removed to Edinburgh, or in cases where I alreadd ha y see e stonenth somn so e previous occasion. I was occupied during the months of June and July 1891 upon the survey of the southern half of Scotland. I found it a more convenient method of procedure to choose as my head-quarters a centrally situated tow n eacni h district, with good railway communicatio d hote- nan ac l 1 Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., vol. xxv . 422.p . 2 Ibid., vol. xxiv . 510p . . 252 PKOCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 11, 1892.

commodation, and from it to visit all the localities within a circle of 30 mile radius, than to move about from place to place amongst the smaller town villaged san s near whic e stoneh th generall e ar sfounde b I o yt . chose the following towns as being the most suitable head-quarters for the purpose I had in view, and took them in the order they are given, stopping a week or fortnight at each according to the amount of work to be done,—Montrose, Perth, Oban, Ardrishaig, Glasgow, Dumfries, and Newton-Stewart. From Montrose I visite d Fordoun, Brechin, Aldbar, Menmuir, Stone- haven, Auquhollie, Aberlemno, Eassie, Cossins, St Vigeans, Camuston, Craig d Montrosan , e Museum; from Perth, Alyth, Bruceton, Meigle, Keillor, Kettins, Forteviot, Dupplin, Crieff, Fowlis-Wester, St Andrews, Mugdrum, Abernethy, Dunkeld, Struan d Moncrieffean , ; from Oban, Ardchattan, lona d Inishailan , ; from Ardrishaig, Keills, Eilean M6r, and Kothesay • from Glasgow, Barrochan, Arthurlee, and Govan; from • Dumfries, Thornhill and Wamphray; and from Newton-Stewart, Anworth, Minnigaff, Whithorn, Kirkinner, and Wigtown. proceeI wilw chiee noteno l th w givo fdn t fe so pointea f interesso t in connection wit differene hth t monument sI inspected . e numbeTh f stoneo r t a presens t know n i Kincardineshirn s i e exceptionally apparenthers o smalla n s ed i an ; t reaso thiy snwh should face th casee t b o eth t that e beecount,e th no perhapt ndu s ys ha i t si so well explore s otheda r district f Scotlandso . whole th f Kiucardineshirn eo I e ther onls euprighi e yon t cross-slab. preserves i t I d withi t PalladiusnS ' Chapel, which standchurche th n si - yard at Fordoun. This stone is remarkable for two reasons—(1) that remain e upos almosth n ha a t n i t f i so t obliterated inscriptio) (2 d n ;an that the double disc and Z-shaped rod symbol is used by itself, instead of being combine r dmoro wite e on hothe r symbols generalls i s a , e yth case. The inscription is entirely ignored by Dr Stuart,1 although it is clearly shown engravina n i n g use o illustratdt a epape y Professob r r John Stuart f Aberdeeno , , read befor e Societth e f Antiquarieo y f o s Scotlan n 1821i d . Professor Stuart says thastone e th t th e han s"o left sidremaine th e f somso e written characters o entirels , y defaces da 1 Sculptured Stones of Scotland, vol. i. pi. Ixvii. ; Arch. Scot., vol. ii. p. 314. SCULPTURED STONES SOUTH OF THE RIVER DEE. 253

to be perfectly illegible." I exhibit a rubbing of the inscription. It is horizontao tw n i e lletter th lines d san , seeme e mixeb o dt d minuscules and capitals. The tipper parts of all the letters in the first line are broken away e o seconthas ,Th t d. nothine mad it b lin f n o e ca g reads —

Pidar NoiN Perhap casa paper f so ti r squeeze mad e werb lettere th eo et s might come out more distinctly. On June 24th I spent a very pleasant day at Stonehaven, in the company of Mr A. Hutcheson, of Broughty Ferry. We endeavoured to t fin whad becomou e dfragmentha th t f o e f stoneo s s with incised symbols which wer ee sea-shorfounth e foo n f Dinnacaith o do t t ea r Eock d weran , e afterward sgas-worke kepth t a t t Stonehavena s . "We interviewe r Eoss dM e manage th ,gas-workse th f o r , whose fathed ha r foun e stoneth d questionn i se informe h d an s ,tha u d t thebeed yha n remove o Banchort d r ThompsonyM e somth y b 5 year n 2 eo I .ag s afternoo made nw unsuccessfun ea op f to .Dinna e th lo -t attemp t ge o t t cair Eock. It is situated between Stonehaven and Dunottar Castle, and t soma s eha former time bee mainlande nth joine roce o t s n Th ki do . d sandstonre d ool f e conglomerate, abou fee0 6 t t high d surroundean , d s coverei t higp a to a hd se e tide wite Th th h. y lonb g grass, which effectually conceal tracy s an f buildingeo f sucsi h ascenexiste Th .t from the shore is quite easy up a grass slope on the south side to within 1 0 e topt abovth fee bu ,f o t e thi clife almoss th i f t perpendicularo to f o d ,an crumbling a nature to afford a firm hold for climbing. Mr Hutcheson hopes on a future occasion to make another attempt by means of a ladder. The Auquhollie Ogam Stone, which we saw on the same day, is fully describe Professon di . EhysJ r ' paper, printe thin di s volume. The Forfarshire stones have been so well explored by others that my 25-i PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, 'APRIL 11, 1892.

investigation mucd ad whao t ht alreads no i t d di sy known about them. I found, however, thauprighe th t t cross-sla t Menmuiba sculptures rwa d e back th frone fac n a th ,wels o a tn ts o a l tha escapes ha t notice dth f eo Dr Stuart. The slab is kept within the burying-ground of the Carnegies of Balnamoou, a classic spot to the readers of Dean Kanisay's " Eeminiscences " of the eccentric and bibulous laird of that ilk. e onlTh y hitherto undescribed stone n Forfarshiri s e somar e e frag- ments from Strathmartine t Baldovaa w no , n House. o whicA t , r M h Hutcheso s calle nattentionha y dm brokea ; n cross-slab from Inchbray- ock, now at Craig manse, for a knowledge of which I am indebted to Mr J. Barclay of Montrose; and a small cross-slab I was fortunate enoug noticchurchyarde o ht th n ei t Kirriemuira . When I visited Aberlemno I expected to find that something had been done toward protectioe sth stonee th f nso there I understoo s a , d that they had been scheduled under the " Ancient; Monuments Act," but neither her indeer eno d anywhere els Scotlann ei I com d ddi e acros slightese sth t trace of the activity of ELM. Inspector of Ancient Monuments. Perthshiren I stonew ne , s have been discovere t Abernethya d r D y b , Laing of Newburgh ; at Dunning, by Mr Hutcheson; and at Forteviot, by the minister, the Reverend Dr Anderson. There are also others at Alyth and Meigle. I take this opportunit f thankinyo s courtesr Lainhi gD r d gfo yan hospitality on the occasion of my visit to Newburgh. He showed me two stonehouses hi t sa , bot founwhicf d ho ha Abernethy—(1t da e h h )a small fragment with an ogam inscription and portions of horses, and (2) brokea n cross-shaft wit e Crucifixio th hThree th d e Mariesan n e H . alsthira of o d tol e stondm t Abernethyea , whicafterwardsw sa hI , built inta mera wale cottage s of th i eo lt I fragment. , wit a hkey-patter n upon it. On July 6th, wen Fortevioto t t , accompanie . HutchesonA r M y b d . "We first inspected the Dupplin Cross. It is protected by a wooden railing, and there is a notice-board close by requesting that the cross e injureb ma t anyoney yb no d . e onlThith ys kin e i sthin th d I f go saw throughout the whole of Scotland. "We afterwards called on the Keverend Dr Anderson at Forteviot manse, by whom we were very SCULPTURED STONES SOUTH OP THE EIVER DEE. 255

kindly received showee H . soms du e fragment sculpturef o s d stonen si his garden, and another built into the wall of Forteviot Mill. In answer inquirn toa yI mad e abou crosa t s formerly existing withi grounde nth s of Invermay, mentione site r Stuartf whicth D eo y d d b s hmarkean i , d on the six-inch Ordnance map, he told us that he knew where some fragments of it were still to be seen. The minister was good enough to exace th guido tt spofir-woods a e u n ti , calle Lone dth g Plantation, half mila e south-eas f Fortevioo t t church, where amongs a thea f stoneo p s collected fro e adjoininmth g fiel e discoveredw d three fragments, with interlace patterny dke wor d san k upon theme ornamenTh . s weli t l designed beard an , markea s d similarit Dupplie th thao yt n o tn Cross. Dr Stuart says,1 " There were two crosses at the distance of about a mile from the Holy Hill (i.e., the supposed site of the palace of the Pictish kings at Forteviot)—one on the south side and the other on the north. The first stood on the rising ground called Dronachy, sloping down to the pedestal,e MayTh . whicn o 2 t hstoodi , still remaine north-ease th t da t cornee policie th house f th o r f f Invermayseo o e cros brokes th t swa ,bu n n piecei t manno s y years before 1772 fragmenA .n elaboratel a f o t y ornamented cross now in the churchyard at Forteviot is believed to have formesecone Th d . crosparit place s f risina o ts wa n do g ground at Bankhead, near Dupplin Castle, where it still stands." Dr Stuart is probably mistaken in thinking that the slab in Forteviot churchyard ever forme de Inverma th par f o t y e newlCrossth s ya , discovered fragments clearly sho monumena ws thasame wa th t i t e f e o ttyp th s ea one at Dupplin. The weather was so unpropitious on the occasion that we were unable to make a thorough search, but it is to be hoped that the remaining portions may be found at some future time. The only new discovery of sculptured stones that has been made in Fifeshire is at St Andrews, built into the east wall of the cathedral. The circumstances of the discovery have already been placed before the . HutchesonA Societr e meetinM th y t yb a , g hel Aprin o d l llthI . visited St Andrews on July 8th and saw these stones, under the able

1 Sculptured Stones of Scotland, vol. ii. p. 59. 2 Marked on six-inch Ordnance map of Perthshire, sheet 109, thus: "Standing stone on the site of an ancient sculptured stone." 256 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 11, 1892.

guidance of Mr Henry, architect, of St Andrews. Since I was' last there the beautiful sculptured sarcophagus in the museum has been re- moved from the pedestal on which it stood, and where it could be well seen, and placed on the floor, with one side against a railing, and an old . it f o p to e oath k n pulpio t pu t On July 15th, whilst staying at Ohan, I called on Dr Alan Macnaugh- ton at Taynuilt, to whom I am much indebted for the very valuable assistanc e gav h ee whils em t prosecutin researchey m g Argyllshiren si . We spent a most delightful afternoon in examining bhe memorials of several successiv little-knowe e th age n i s n burial-groun f Ardchattando , on the north shore of Loch Etive. The greater proportion of the monu- ments are of the 14th and 15th centuries, but there are two of much earlier date, namely ) a'cross-sla(1 , b withi private nth e burial-plac f Lochnelleo , and (2) an inscribed slab with intersecting arcades round the edge. My acknowledgments are due to Dr E. Christison for informing me of e existencth f theso e e undescribed e firsstoneth t n instancei s e Th . cross-slab is the finest example of its kind in the west of Scotland, and s mucha n commoi h n wit e monumentth h se easfounth t n o coastd . The beautifully executed spiral ornament and the figures with peaked hoods playing musical instrument wele sar l worth f noticeyo warrioA . r e osamnth epeculiaa e shiel slath s f bha do r form representee th n o d sarcophagu t AndrewsS t sa e lettere inscribeth Th n . so d ston t Ardea - chattan appear to be minuscules of the 12th century, but the meaning greaa s i t puzzle. I visited lona on July 16th. It is little short of a national disgrace that the antiquities of the most historically interesting spot in Scotland should be allowed to perish miserably from neglect and exposure to the weather. Mr John Macdonald, guide, postmaster e d island," th kinan , f o g " informen iconoclastia e evew h e tha sa m f dri t c American tourist produc a ehamme r fro s pocketmhi e courteouslh , y took t i awa y from him before any mischief was done, but beyond this no steps of any kind have been taken to protect the ancient sculptured stones of lona from injury. largA e numbe f stoneo r s with Celtic ornamen t lona t a have never SCULPTUBED STONES SOUT F THO HE KIVE7 R25 DEE.

been illustrate r describeddo . Amongs e mosth t t importan f theso t e ear e fragmentth crossa f o s, which when perfect must have bee nnmca h finee tha t on rMartin'nS s Crosse breadtth s a , h acros arme th s s could not have been less tha nfee 5 ornamenta e inches6 tth d an , l sculpturs ei r bettefa oa fr e mortice-holeclassTh . e insertioth e four th fo srf no quadrant circulae th f o sr ring connectin e cros e th arm th gf s o sstil l remain, and show the method of construction, which was very ingenious. sculpture th same crossee f th th o thas ea t f s e t i o Keillar sta e n Th si Knapdale t Kildaltoa e peculiad th an , f Islayo n ni re featureon , s being raisee th d bosses, wit circulaa h r sinkin centre th f eacn gi eo h enclosing smaller raised bosses. On July 21st I made a most interesting excursion to Keills and Eileau f Argyllshiro p ma M6r glance A eth . wilt ea l shoinaccessiblw who e these places are, bein ge lon situateth extreme g f th promono t d da een - tory which lies between Loch Sween and the Sound of Jura. I reached Keills by taking a conveyance from Finlay's Ardrishaig Hotel, and driving alone Crina e sidth gth f eo Bellanochs na Canar fa s thed a l an ,n turning e south-westh o oft f t alon e promontoryth g e wholTh .e distancs i e about 25 miles. St Charmaig's Church is situated on a hillside over- looking an inlet of the sea that still bears the name of "Loch na Cille." The building is roofless, and contains a very remarkable assemblage of sepulchral slabs of the 14th and 15th centuries, over- grown with nettle d utterlsan y uncared for. Amongse th e res s th i tt well know wite e representationon h th ancienn a f no t Scotch harp upon it. The church is a particularly good specimen of early Romanesque architectur Irise th hf e o type llte th h,s perhapa century d e ol s Th sa . cros mounw s lo stand a d n paveso d with rough stones, abou yard0 10 t s higher up the hillside than the church, to the N.E. After much hagglin gI cam termo t e s witsailoro htw s belongina o gt small trading-vessel s lyintha wa t tanchoe a moutg th t f a Loco hr h Sween to row me over to Eilean Mor. Fortunately the day was fine ; otherwise the voyage could not have been attempted, as Eilean M6r is on f foueo r small islands situated e middlrighe tidewath th n i f t eo t ya the entrance to Loch Sween, the volume of pent-up water from which rushes out with such extreme force into the Sound of Jura that when it R VOL. xxvr. 258 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 11, 1892..

encounter e slightesth s t oppositio shape th f wino en i n d blowina n i g contrary direction the waves are lashed into a fury that nothing can withstand e distancTh . e from Keill s aboui s 4 milest d takean ,n a s hour to row under favourable circumstances. The church on Eilean M6r, like tha t Keillsa t dedicate s ,i thosf o e t CharmaigeS on o dt s i t I . curious stone-roofed structure t s uncommowhicno e ar h n Irelandi n , and the cross stands close to the east end. The antiquities of this island have bee o wels n l describe Capty b d .r Mui WhitM rd thaan e t hardly anything e gleanefurtheb o t followery s i b dr thein i s r footsteps, especiall e visihurriea th s i tf y i d one mins a , e necessarily was, because time and tide wait for no man,—not even an enthusiastic archaeologist. I succeeded, however, in getting a rubbing of the cross, which. I think shows some of the details of the ornament more clearly than the illus- trations hitherto published n expeditioA . o Eileat n n Mo s worti r h e scener makinsake th th f eo r y gfo word-paintin o alonen d an , givn gca e any idea of the wonderful effects of light and colour produced by the reflections of the clouds on the glassy surface of the sea, with the purple grey masse e Papth f Jurf so so a overshadowing everything. e facOth ft that antiquitie t alwayno e sar surrounde e beautieth y db s of nature I had a striking proof on the occasion of my visit to Govan on July 24th. The church is situated on the bank of the Clyde in squalia w whano d s i suburte cit f th Glasgowyo f bo . Since Stuart's Sculptured Stones was published a large number of new slabs of early date have been brought to light at Govan. I was able to catalogue as many as thirty-four, all used as modern gravestones and laid in a horizontal position. The continual tramping of passers-by over the stone s worsha n awa e carvingyth thao s , t most f theo e shockingl mar y defaced t I seem. a greas t pity that something canno e donb to t e remedy this very deplorable stat f thingseo . e chieTh f y exploratioresulm f o e S.Wt th f .no sectio f Scotlano n d was, that I was enabled to catalogue several new stones at Whithorn, to which my attention, was called by Mr "W. Galloway. I append to this report a complete list of the undescribed stones in e whol th a tota f Scotlandf f o eabou o o lstone0 t 50 tOu s. thae ar t know existo nt undescribede , nearlar 0 y13 . LIST OF SCULPTURED STONES WITH SYMBOLS AND CELTIC ORNAMENT, IN SCOTLAND, THAT HAVE NOT BEEN HITHERTO DESCRIBED.

CLASS I. CLASS II. CLASS III.

a Shetland — Forfar — Shetland — Perth — continued. Lerwick. Inohbrayock, No. 3. South Garth. Invermay. Uya. Strathmartine. 6 , Nosd an .5 Orkney — Meigle. 30 , Noso t 8 2 . a Sutherland — Perth— Flotta. Fife— W Clynekirkton. 2 . No , Alyth. Caithness — St Andrews, Nos. 15 to 21. Kintradwell, Nos. 2 to 4. Reay. Argyll — Kirtomy. Sutherland — Ardchattan. Little Ferry Links. ,4 Noso t 1 . Clynekirkton. 3 . No , lona, Nos. 8 to 13. .Boss — Collieburn. Kilfimian. Ardross. 2 , d Noaan 1 . Lothbeg. Kilneave. Dingwall. Dumbarton — Roskeen. Boss — Eoseneath. 03 Rosemarkie, No. 4. O Inverness — Tarbet, Nos. 3 to 5, and Lanark — Hj Dunnachton. 9 and 10. Govan. ,34 Noso t 1 .1 Moniack. Nairn — Wigtown — O Hebrides — Achareidh. Gleuluce. 2 . No , Pabbay. Wester Deluies. Paris Glassertonf ho ,. Nos4 o t .1 Whithorn. , Nos12 o t .4 Banff— Elgin— Kirkcudbright — Inveravo. 3 . No n Birnie, Nos. 3 to 5. Minnigaff, Nos. 1 and 2. N. Redhill. Burghead, Nos. 11 and 12. Edinburgh — Forfar — Aberdeen — Carlowrie Castle. Baggerton. . Fyvie3 . No , Crooks ton. Forfar — Lasswade. Kirriemuir, No. 5. Roxburgh— Strathmartine, Nos. 8 to 13. Jedburgh. 4 , Nosd an .3 Perth— Dumfries— Abernethy,. Nos4 o t .2 Closeburn. Dunning. Penpont. 2 , d Nosan 1 . Forteviot, Nos. 3 to 6. Wamphray. to Ol CO