'The Swimmer' by Louis Fantasia
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Inhibition of Fatty Acid Oxidation As a New Target to Treat Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis
EXPERIMENTAL THERAPEUTICS crossm Inhibition of Fatty Acid Oxidation as a New Target To Treat Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis Maarten J. Sarink,a Aloysius G. M. Tielens,a,b Annelies Verbon,a Robert Sutak,c Jaap J. van Hellemonda a Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands Downloaded from bDepartment of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands cDepartment of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic ABSTRACT Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) is a rapidly fatal infection caused by the free-living amoeba Naegleria fowleri. The amoeba migrates along the ol- factory nerve to the brain, resulting in seizures, coma, and, eventually, death. Previous research has shown that Naegleria gruberi, a close relative of N. fowleri, prefers lipids over glucose as an energy source. Therefore, we tested several already-approved inhibi- http://aac.asm.org/ tors of fatty acid oxidation alongside the currently used drugs amphotericin B and milte- fosine. Our data demonstrate that etomoxir, orlistat, perhexiline, thioridazine, and val- proic acid inhibited growth of N. gruberi. We then tested these compounds on N. fowleri and found etomoxir, perhexiline, and thioridazine to be effective growth inhibitors. Hence, not only are lipids the preferred food source for N. gruberi, but also oxidation of fatty acids seems to be essential for growth of N. fowleri. Inhibition of fatty acid oxida- tion could result in new treatment options, as thioridazine inhibits N. fowleri growth in concentrations that can be reached at the site of infection. It could also potentiate cur- rently used therapy, as checkerboard assays revealed synergy between miltefosine and on August 4, 2020 by guest etomoxir. -
New Zealand's Genetic Diversity
1.13 NEW ZEALAND’S GENETIC DIVERSITY NEW ZEALAND’S GENETIC DIVERSITY Dennis P. Gordon National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Private Bag 14901, Kilbirnie, Wellington 6022, New Zealand ABSTRACT: The known genetic diversity represented by the New Zealand biota is reviewed and summarised, largely based on a recently published New Zealand inventory of biodiversity. All kingdoms and eukaryote phyla are covered, updated to refl ect the latest phylogenetic view of Eukaryota. The total known biota comprises a nominal 57 406 species (c. 48 640 described). Subtraction of the 4889 naturalised-alien species gives a biota of 52 517 native species. A minimum (the status of a number of the unnamed species is uncertain) of 27 380 (52%) of these species are endemic (cf. 26% for Fungi, 38% for all marine species, 46% for marine Animalia, 68% for all Animalia, 78% for vascular plants and 91% for terrestrial Animalia). In passing, examples are given both of the roles of the major taxa in providing ecosystem services and of the use of genetic resources in the New Zealand economy. Key words: Animalia, Chromista, freshwater, Fungi, genetic diversity, marine, New Zealand, Prokaryota, Protozoa, terrestrial. INTRODUCTION Article 10b of the CBD calls for signatories to ‘Adopt The original brief for this chapter was to review New Zealand’s measures relating to the use of biological resources [i.e. genetic genetic resources. The OECD defi nition of genetic resources resources] to avoid or minimize adverse impacts on biological is ‘genetic material of plants, animals or micro-organisms of diversity [e.g. genetic diversity]’ (my parentheses). -
Multigene Eukaryote Phylogeny Reveals the Likely Protozoan Ancestors of Opis- Thokonts (Animals, Fungi, Choanozoans) and Amoebozoa
Accepted Manuscript Multigene eukaryote phylogeny reveals the likely protozoan ancestors of opis- thokonts (animals, fungi, choanozoans) and Amoebozoa Thomas Cavalier-Smith, Ema E. Chao, Elizabeth A. Snell, Cédric Berney, Anna Maria Fiore-Donno, Rhodri Lewis PII: S1055-7903(14)00279-6 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2014.08.012 Reference: YMPEV 4996 To appear in: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution Received Date: 24 January 2014 Revised Date: 2 August 2014 Accepted Date: 11 August 2014 Please cite this article as: Cavalier-Smith, T., Chao, E.E., Snell, E.A., Berney, C., Fiore-Donno, A.M., Lewis, R., Multigene eukaryote phylogeny reveals the likely protozoan ancestors of opisthokonts (animals, fungi, choanozoans) and Amoebozoa, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution (2014), doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ j.ympev.2014.08.012 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. 1 1 Multigene eukaryote phylogeny reveals the likely protozoan ancestors of opisthokonts 2 (animals, fungi, choanozoans) and Amoebozoa 3 4 Thomas Cavalier-Smith1, Ema E. Chao1, Elizabeth A. Snell1, Cédric Berney1,2, Anna Maria 5 Fiore-Donno1,3, and Rhodri Lewis1 6 7 1Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK. -
The Intestinal Protozoa
The Intestinal Protozoa A. Introduction 1. The Phylum Protozoa is classified into four major subdivisions according to the methods of locomotion and reproduction. a. The amoebae (Superclass Sarcodina, Class Rhizopodea move by means of pseudopodia and reproduce exclusively by asexual binary division. b. The flagellates (Superclass Mastigophora, Class Zoomasitgophorea) typically move by long, whiplike flagella and reproduce by binary fission. c. The ciliates (Subphylum Ciliophora, Class Ciliata) are propelled by rows of cilia that beat with a synchronized wavelike motion. d. The sporozoans (Subphylum Sporozoa) lack specialized organelles of motility but have a unique type of life cycle, alternating between sexual and asexual reproductive cycles (alternation of generations). e. Number of species - there are about 45,000 protozoan species; around 8000 are parasitic, and around 25 species are important to humans. 2. Diagnosis - must learn to differentiate between the harmless and the medically important. This is most often based upon the morphology of respective organisms. 3. Transmission - mostly person-to-person, via fecal-oral route; fecally contaminated food or water important (organisms remain viable for around 30 days in cool moist environment with few bacteria; other means of transmission include sexual, insects, animals (zoonoses). B. Structures 1. trophozoite - the motile vegetative stage; multiplies via binary fission; colonizes host. 2. cyst - the inactive, non-motile, infective stage; survives the environment due to the presence of a cyst wall. 3. nuclear structure - important in the identification of organisms and species differentiation. 4. diagnostic features a. size - helpful in identifying organisms; must have calibrated objectives on the microscope in order to measure accurately. -
Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis Due to Naegleria Fowleri
56 Case report Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis due to Naegleria fowleri A. Angrup, L. Chandel, A. Sood, K. Thakur, S. C. Jaryal Department of Microbiology,Dr. Rajendra Prasad Government Medical College, Kangra at Tanda, Himachal Pradesh, Pin Code- 176001, India. Correspondence to: Dr. Archana Angrup, Department of Microbiology, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Government Medical College, Kangra, Tanda, Himachal Pradesh, Pin Code-176001, India. Phone no. 09418119222, Facsimile: 01892-267115 Email: [email protected] Abstract The genus Naegleria comprises of free living ameboflagellates found in soil and fresh water. More than 30 species have been isolated but only N. fowleri has been associated with human disease. N. fowleri causes primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM), an acute, often fulminant infection of CNS. Here we report a rare and first case of PAM in an immunocompetent elderly patient from this part of the country. Amoeboid and flagellate forms of N. fowleri were detected in the direct microscopic examination of CSF and confirmed by flagellation test in distilled water, demonstrating plaques /clear areas on 1.5% non nutrient agar and its survival at 42°C. Keywords: Meningitis, Naegleria fowleri, primary amoebic meningoencephalitis Introduction of our knowledge, in India, only eight cases have been reported so far .1, 5-8 Infection of the central nervous system (CNS) in human We hereby report a rare case of PAM in elderly beings with free living amoebae is uncommon. Among the immunocompetent patient from the hilly state of Himachal many different genera of amoebae, Naegleria spp, Pradesh (H.P) in Northern India. Acanthamoeba spp and Balamuthia spp are primarily pathogenic to the CNS. -
Protist Phylogeny and the High-Level Classification of Protozoa
Europ. J. Protistol. 39, 338–348 (2003) © Urban & Fischer Verlag http://www.urbanfischer.de/journals/ejp Protist phylogeny and the high-level classification of Protozoa Thomas Cavalier-Smith Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK; E-mail: [email protected] Received 1 September 2003; 29 September 2003. Accepted: 29 September 2003 Protist large-scale phylogeny is briefly reviewed and a revised higher classification of the kingdom Pro- tozoa into 11 phyla presented. Complementary gene fusions reveal a fundamental bifurcation among eu- karyotes between two major clades: the ancestrally uniciliate (often unicentriolar) unikonts and the an- cestrally biciliate bikonts, which undergo ciliary transformation by converting a younger anterior cilium into a dissimilar older posterior cilium. Unikonts comprise the ancestrally unikont protozoan phylum Amoebozoa and the opisthokonts (kingdom Animalia, phylum Choanozoa, their sisters or ancestors; and kingdom Fungi). They share a derived triple-gene fusion, absent from bikonts. Bikonts contrastingly share a derived gene fusion between dihydrofolate reductase and thymidylate synthase and include plants and all other protists, comprising the protozoan infrakingdoms Rhizaria [phyla Cercozoa and Re- taria (Radiozoa, Foraminifera)] and Excavata (phyla Loukozoa, Metamonada, Euglenozoa, Percolozoa), plus the kingdom Plantae [Viridaeplantae, Rhodophyta (sisters); Glaucophyta], the chromalveolate clade, and the protozoan phylum Apusozoa (Thecomonadea, Diphylleida). Chromalveolates comprise kingdom Chromista (Cryptista, Heterokonta, Haptophyta) and the protozoan infrakingdom Alveolata [phyla Cilio- phora and Miozoa (= Protalveolata, Dinozoa, Apicomplexa)], which diverged from a common ancestor that enslaved a red alga and evolved novel plastid protein-targeting machinery via the host rough ER and the enslaved algal plasma membrane (periplastid membrane). -
Accomplishments 2013
National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Accomplishments 2013 The National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID) works to improve public health at home and around the world by protecting people from • Foodborne and waterborne illnesses • Deadly diseases like Ebola, anthrax, and rabies • Infections spread by animals, mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas • Infections in healthcare facilities or drug-resistant threats • Illnesses that cross borders and affect refugees, immigrants, and travelers Responding to outbreaks in the United States and across the globe In fiscal year 2013 (FY 2013), NCEZID regularly received requests from states and other countries to assist in the investigation of local, national, and international outbreaks of infectious diseases, known as Epi-Aids (see examples in the boxes on the bottom of pages 2–7). In addition to participating in more than 35 Epi-Aids, NCEZID supported health departments’ response to a variety of outbreaks through epidemiologic investigations, phone consultations, and technical assistance. CDC maintains an up-to-date list of current outbreaks on its website. National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Office of the Director CS241973-A National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Protecting public water systems and the public from Naegleria fowleri (brain-eating ameba) infections After the death of a child staying in St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana, NCEZID laboratories confirmed the presence of the brain-eating ameba Naegleria fowleri in the parish’s treated public water system. NCEZID worked with state public health officials and the US Environmental Protection Agency to develop a plan to rid the system of the ameba and communicate with residents about steps they can take to protect themselves. -
Trichonympha Cf
MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS OF TRICHONYMPHA CF. COLLARIS AND A PUTATIVE PYRSONYMPHID: THE RELEVANCE TO THE ORIGIN OF SEX by JOEL BRYAN DACKS B.Sc. The University of Alberta, 1995 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER'S OF SCIENCE in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES (Department of Zoology) We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA April 1998 © Joel Bryan Dacks, 1998 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the head of my department or by his or her representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department of ~2—oc)^Oa^ The University of British Columbia Vancouver, Canada Date {X^ZY Z- V. /^P DE-6 (2/88) Abstract Why sex evolved is one of the central questions in evolutionary genetics. To address this question I have undertaken a molecular phylogenetic study of two candidate lineages to determine the first sexual line. In my thesis the hypermastigotes are confirmed as closely related to the trichomonads in the phylum Parabasalia and found to be more deeply divergent than a putative pyrsonymphid. This means that the Parabasalia are the first sexual lineage. From this I go on to infer that the ancestral sexual cycle included facultative sex. -
Mitochondrial DNA
GBE Missing Genes, Multiple ORFs, and C-to-U Type RNA Editing in Acrasis kona (Heterolobosea, Excavata) Mitochondrial DNA Cheng-Jie Fu1,*, Sanea Sheikh1, Wei Miao2, Siv G.E. Andersson3, and Sandra L. Baldauf1,* 1Program in Systematic Biology, Department of Organismal Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Sweden 2Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China 3Department of Molecular Evolution, Cell and Molecular Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, Sweden *Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]; [email protected]. Accepted: August 18, 2014 Data deposition: The Acrasis kona mitochondrial genome sequence and annotation have been deposited at GenBank under the accession KJ679272. Downloaded from Abstract Discoba(Excavata)isanancientgroupof eukaryotes withgreatmorphological andecologicaldiversity.Unlikethe other major divisions http://gbe.oxfordjournals.org/ of Discoba (Jakobida and Euglenozoa), little is known about the mitochondrial DNAs (mtDNAs) of Heterolobosea. We have assembled a complete mtDNA genome from the aggregating heterolobosean amoeba, Acrasis kona, which consists of a single circular highly AT- rich (83.3%) molecule of 51.5 kb. Unexpectedly, A. kona mtDNA is missing roughly 40% of the protein-coding genes and nearly half of the transfer RNAs found in the only other sequenced heterolobosean mtDNAs, those of Naegleria spp. Instead, over a quarter of A. kona mtDNA consists of novel open reading frames. Eleven of the 16 protein-coding genes missing from A. kona mtDNA were identified in its nuclear DNA and polyA RNA, and phylogenetic analyses indicate that at least 10 of these 11 putative nuclear-encoded mitochondrial (NcMt) proteins arose by direct transfer from the mitochondrion. -
Bacterial Brain Abscess in a Patient with Granulomatous Amebic Encephalitis
SVOA Neurology ISSN: 2753-9180 Case Report Bacterial Brain Abscess in a Patient with Granulomatous Amebic Encephalitis. A Misdiagnosis or Free-Living Amoeba Acting as Trojan Horse? Rolando Lovaton1* and Wesley Alaba1 1 Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia (Lima-Peru) *Corresponding Author: Dr. Rolando Lovaton, Neurosurgery Service-Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia, Avenida Honorio Delgado 262 San Martin de Porres, Lima-Peru Received: July 13, 2021 Published: July 24, 2021 Abstract Amebic encephalitis is a rare and devastating disease. Mortality rate is almost 90% of cases. Here is described a very rare case of bacterial brain abscess in a patient with recent diagnosis of granulomatous amebic encephalitis. Case De- scription: A 29-year-old woman presented with headache, right hemiparesis and tonic-clonic seizure. Patient was diag- nosed with granulomatous amebic encephalitis due to Acanthamoeba spp.; although, there was no improvement of symptoms in spite of stablished treatment. Three months after initial diagnosis, a brain MRI showed a ring-enhancing lesion in the left frontal lobe compatible with brain abscess. Patient was scheduled for surgical evacuation and brain abscess was confirmed intraoperatively. However, Gram staining of the purulent content showed gram-positive cocci. Patient improved headache and focal deficit after surgery. Conclusion: It is the first reported case of a patient with cen- tral nervous system infection secondary to Acanthamoeba spp. who presented a bacterial brain abscess in a short time. Keywords: amebic encephalitis; Acanthamoeba spp; bacterial brain abscess Introduction Free–living amoebae cause potentially fatal infection of central nervous system. Two clinical entities have been de- scribed for amebic encephalitis: primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM), and granulomatous amebic encephalitis (GAE). -
Studies of Laboratory Subcutaneous Infection of Naegleria Fowleri Carter, 1970 in Guinea Pigs| BCG Vaccination and Delayed Hypersensitivity
University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 1974 Studies of laboratory subcutaneous infection of Naegleria fowleri Carter, 1970 in guinea pigs| BCG vaccination and delayed hypersensitivity Peter Diffley The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Diffley, Peter, "Studies of laboratory subcutaneous infection of Naegleria fowleri Carter, 1970 in guinea pigs| BCG vaccination and delayed hypersensitivity" (1974). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 3697. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/3697 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STUDIES OP LABORATORY SUBCUTANEOUS INFECTION OF Naegleria fowleri CARTER, 1970 IN GUINEA PIGS:BOG VACCINATION AND DELAYED HYPERSENSITIVITY by Peter Diffley B.S., Tulane University, 1968 Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science University of Montana 1974 Approved by: UMI Number: EP33846 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMT Dissertation Publishing UMI EP33846 Copyright 2012 by ProQuest LLC. -
Human Parasitology
HUMAN PARASITOLOGY FOURTH EDITION BURTON J. BOGITSH,PHD CLINT E. CARTER,PHD THOMAS N. OELTMANN,PHD AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier 225 Wyman Street, Waltham, MA 02451, USA The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford, OX5 1GB, UK Ó 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the Publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein). Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.