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Guide to the Case-Law of the European Court of Human Rights

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Guide to the Case-Law of the European Court of Human Rights Guide to the case-law of the European Court of Human Rights Terrorism Updated on 31 December 2020 Guide on case-law of the Convention – Terrorism Publishers or organisations wishing to translate and/or reproduce all or part of this report in the form of a printed or electronic publication are invited to contact [email protected] for information on the authorisation procedure. This Guide has been prepared under the authority of the Jurisconsult and does not bind the Court. It may be subject to editorial revision. This Guide was originally drafted in French. It is updated regularly and, most recently, on 31 December 2020. The Case-Law Guides are available for downloading at www.echr.coe.int (Case-law – Case-law analysis – Case- law guides). For publication updates please follow the Court’s Twitter account at https:/twitter.com/ echrpublication. © Council of Europe/European Court of Human Rights, 2021 European Court of Human Rights 2/46 Update: 31.12.2020 Guide on case-law of the Convention – Terrorism Table of contents Note to readers .............................................................................................. 5 Introduction ................................................................................................... 6 I. Surveillance by security services ................................................................ 6 A. Establishing the interference ...................................................................................................... 6 B. Is the interference in accordance with the law? ........................................................................ 7 C. Does the interference pursue a legitimate aim? ........................................................................ 7 D. Is the interference necessary in a democratic society? ............................................................. 8 II. Moving on from the surveillance stage to the active phase ...................... 8 A. Extraterritorial jurisdiction of States .......................................................................................... 8 B. Positive obligation to protect the public from terrorist threats ............................................... 10 C. Use of lethal force by agents of the State ................................................................................ 11 1. Evidential issues .................................................................................................................. 11 2. The State’s obligations concerning the use by its agents of lethal force ........................... 12 a. Legal framework ........................................................................................................... 12 b. Training and selection of State agents ......................................................................... 13 c. Preparation of the operation ........................................................................................ 13 d. Control of the operation ............................................................................................... 13 D. Prohibition of ill-treatment ...................................................................................................... 14 E. Arrest and detention of terrorists or persons presumed to be terrorists ................................ 15 1. “Stop and search” ............................................................................................................... 15 2. Detention and “reasonable suspicion” ............................................................................... 16 3. Preventive detention .......................................................................................................... 16 4. Secret detention ................................................................................................................. 17 5. Safeguards for persons deprived of their liberty ................................................................ 18 III. Conduct of criminal proceedings ........................................................... 19 A. Nature of the offences .............................................................................................................. 19 1. Characterisation and scope of penalties and sanctions ..................................................... 19 2. Interaction with other articles of the Convention .............................................................. 19 a. Article 9 ......................................................................................................................... 20 b. Article 10 ....................................................................................................................... 21 c. Article 11 ....................................................................................................................... 22 Right to a fair trial ........................................................................................................................... 23 3. Qualification of courts ........................................................................................................ 23 4. Evidence obtained in breach of domestic law and the Convention ................................... 24 5. Evidence covered by secrecy and the holding of hearings in camera ................................ 25 6. Right of access to a lawyer during police custody .............................................................. 26 IV. Various measures against terrorism ...................................................... 27 A. House arrest .............................................................................................................................. 27 B. Confiscation of property ........................................................................................................... 28 C. Withdrawal of a broadcasting licence ...................................................................................... 29 European Court of Human Rights 3/46 Update: 31.12.2020 Guide on case-law of the Convention – Terrorism D. Dissolution of political parties .................................................................................................. 30 E. Ban on leaving the national territory ........................................................................................ 31 F. Deprivation of nationality ......................................................................................................... 31 G. Measures taken in the framework of an international sanctions regime ................................ 33 H. Expulsions ................................................................................................................................. 34 V. Private and family life ............................................................................ 35 1. Return of the bodies of presumed terrorists for burial ...................................................... 36 2. Right of prisoners to maintain family contacts ................................................................... 36 3. Family reunion and exclusion from the territory of a State ............................................... 38 VI. Derogations in emergency situations .................................................... 39 List of cited cases ......................................................................................... 40 European Court of Human Rights 4/46 Update: 31.12.2020 Guide on case-law of the Convention – Terrorism Note to readers This Guide is part of the series of Case-Law Guides published by the European Court of Human Rights (hereafter “the Court”, “the European Court” or “the Strasbourg Court”) to inform legal practitioners about the fundamental judgments and decisions delivered by the Strasbourg Court. This particular Guide analyses and sums up the case-law under Article 1 of the European Convention on Human Rights (hereafter “the Convention” or “the European Convention”). Readers will find herein the key principles in this area and the relevant precedents. The case-law cited has been selected among the leading, major, and/or recent judgments and decisions.* The Court’s judgments and decisions serve not only to decide those cases brought before it but, more generally, to elucidate, safeguard and develop the rules instituted by the Convention, thereby contributing to the observance by the States of the engagements undertaken by them as Contracting Parties (Ireland v. the United Kingdom, § 154, 18 January 1978, Series A no. 25, and, more recently, Jeronovičs v. Latvia [GC], no. 44898/10, § 109, ECHR 2016). The mission of the system set up by the Convention is thus to determine issues of public policy in the general interest, thereby raising the standards of protection of human rights and extending human rights jurisprudence throughout the community of the Convention States (Konstantin Markin v. Russia [GC], § 89, no. 30078/06, ECHR 2012). Indeed, the Court has emphasised the Convention’s role as a “constitutional instrument of European public order” in the field of human rights (Bosphorus Hava Yolları Turizm ve Ticaret Anonim Şirketi v. Ireland [GC], no. 45036/98, § 156, ECHR 2005-VI). * The case-law cited may be in either or both of the official languages (English and French) of the Court and the European Commission of Human Rights. Unless otherwise indicated, all references are to a judgment on the merits delivered by a Chamber of the Court. The abbreviation “(dec.)” indicates that the citation is of a decision of the Court
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