Construction Department of the Heilongjiang Province

Construction Department of the Heilongjiang Province Design Manual for energy efficient and comfortable rural houses Heilongjiang China Abstract Preamble ..........................................................................................................................................6 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................7 Chapter 1 Essential of heat transfer and comfort in rural houses ............................................................................................................................9 1.1- Introduction .....................................................................................................................9 1.2- Main heat transfers in a rural house .........................................................................9 1.3- Parameters of heat transfers in a rural house ......................................................11 1.4 - Thermal comfort in a rural house ............................................................................13 Chapter 2 Designing and building rural houses with better energy efficiency and better thermal comfort in HLJ ...........................................14 2.1 - For a global approach .................................................................................................14 2.2 - Designing an energy efficient layout of the house ...........................................14 2.3 - Designing and implementing opaque building envelope components ............................................................16 2.4 - Designing and implementing energy efficient windows ...............................30 2.5 - Avoiding thermal bridges ........................................................................................34 2.6 - Infiltration and ventilation ......................................................................................37 Chapter 3 Achievment of a very low energy consumption house ........................................39 5 Preamble nergy growing demand, global warming and the environmental deterioration have stressed that combating the greenhouse effect and climate change require heightened dialogue and cooperation between all countries. France through Ethe “Grenelle Environment Forum”, which aims at dividing by 4 greenhouse gas emissions by 2050, and China through the “ National Climate Change Programme”, both recognize energy management as a key factor. They have targeted ambitious goals to improve energy efficiency in all economic sectors, with a special attention to construction. Supported by the French Ministry in charge of Energy, Environment, Sustainable Development and Spatial Planning (MEEDDAT), under the funding of the French Global Environment Facility (FGEF), a joint cooperation programme has been developed since 1999 involving the Chinese Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development (MoHURD), the provincial Construction Commissions and municipal authorities. This programme, coordinated by the French Agency for Environment and Energy Management (ADEME), has successfully demonstrated in a first phase a reduction of 50% of energy consumption in cold areas with a construction overcost of 7% in new urban buildings. It has been focused in particular in Heilongjiang province, where severe winter temperatures create significant heating needs. In a second phase, the programme was extended to rural housing, in Daqing and Heihe districts, by the construction of energy efficient pilot rural houses. As China is holding the global highest construction rate in the world, with more than half the population living in rural areas, the generalization of such pilot projects will bring significant progress to reduce energy consumption and improve comfort at the same time. To disseminate these innovative construction practices, a guide book has been elaborated, with the support of ADEME. The present “Design manual of comfortable and energy efficient rural houses in Heilongjiang province of China” has the objective to bring a contribution for helping out provincial and local authorities, construction teams, farmers and their families to tackle those social, economical and environmental issues of rural housing construction, both in Heilongjiang and in the other Northern Provinces of China. It provides inputs to make more comfortable houses both in terms of inside temperature and air quality. It gives detailed indications for designing each component of the house (roof, walls, windows, floors, ventilation, heating systems...) with energy efficiency standards allowing to reduce coal expenses with minimal impact on construction costs. Consequently, the implementation of such energy efficient designs will contribute to divide by 2 the yearly combustible consumption and thereby to avoid the release of about 5 tons of CO2 in the atmosphere per rural house, thus contributing significantly to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This guide book proposes practical solutions and covers energy efficiency building design technologies available in Nor- thern China, where it has already triggered the construction of 1 300 new energy efficient houses. We sincerely hope this work, accomplished with joint expertise of Chinese and French specialists, will bring a contribution to rural harmonious development, quality of life and environmental protection in remote areas of Heilongjiang. We are pleased to have participated to this cooperative work and we hope to continue our long time partnership with the Construction Department of the Heilongjiang Province of the People’s Republic of China for sustainable development achievement. Dominique Campana Director of the International Affaires Division ADEME 6 Introduction eilongjiang province is located on the most northern part of China. It has a continental cold climate with four clearly distinct seasons. It also has a vast territory and very rich Hproducts. Human activities in Heilongjiang province can be dated back to 50 000 years ago, so it has a long history and culture. Heilongjiang province, also a traditional agricultural province, has almost half of its population engaged in agriculture, amounting to most of the provincial economy. Due to its particular geographical conditions, the early inhabitants in Heilongjiang province lived on farming and hunting. Their habitats were mainly built with local and natural materials, such as wood, straw and mud. People used original ways and smart ideas to make their homes comfortable, warm and also environmental friendly. At that time, the typical houses, such as “Diyinzi”(1), “Mukeleng”(2) and “Gandalei”(3), were ideally energy efficient, as has been recorded in history. In the last century, rural houses have been changed to brick-tile-houses, which represented mo- dern civilization and could also meet the growing needs of housing. But people kept on seeking an appropriate way to make their houses energy efficient and comfortable. After the reform and opening up, especially the movement of new country construction, along with the growth of economy and the demand for energy savings and carbon emission reductions, the Heilongjiang province makes great efforts to reduce the energy consumption of newly built houses. We carried on several projects, such as “Double Hundred-Thousand” and “Comfortable Home”, to improve living conditions and to motivate farmers’ involvement, in order to spark off the development of rural housing construction. At the same time, government also brings in the advanced experiences and techniques from other countries. We also guide farmers to use local materials and new energy saving technology in building their houses. The Heilongjiang province has a huge potential to reduce energy consumption, due to the great amount of houses, comprising about 4 400 millions square meters of existing houses and nearly 9 millions square meters of new houses each year. If half of these houses had been built or refur- bished as energy saving houses, there would be a reduction of 10 million tons in coal consumption during one heating season. In consequence, not only the living condition of farmers can be totally improved, it will also make a great contribution to provincial, national, even global reduction of energy consumption and carbon emission. French and Chinese governments have been cooperating for 10 years in energy saving aspects. During this period, we have made successful progress in several projects carried on in the cities of Harbin, Daqing and Heihe. In order to popularize our remarkable results, ADEME and the Heilongjiang Provincial Government as well as the Construction Department decided to make the “Design manual of comfortable and energy efficient rural houses in Heilongjiang province of China”. (1) A simply house made by straw and mud. (2) A simply house in the shape of semi-basement. (3) A typical house made by timber crib. 7 Design manual for energy efficient and comfortable rural houses in HLJ This manual concludes not only a successful experience in the construction of energy saving houses, but also contains new ideas and techniques brought by French experts. These techniques include very detailed design of structures, studies and strategies of natural ventilation, as well as insulation of the heat bridges. This manual demonstrates the best technology, fulfils the wise and hard work of experts of both countries, and also represents the sincere friendship of French and Chinese governments. This manual is simple and

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