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Ventilation in residential

Indoor air quality

Blanca Beato Arribas Senior Research Engineer BSRIA 1 Making buildings better Index

• IAQ • Ventilation • Guidelines/Legislation • Exposure limits • What affects at ? • How to measure contaminants

2 Making buildings better

Indoor Air Quality

Good IAQ : “air with no known contaminants at harmful concentrations” (CIBSE)

3 Making buildings better Ventilation

Ventilation is needed to: Good IAQ requires: • Provide fresh air • Low external pollution • Remove pollutants in concentrations a space • Low pollutant • Remove odours emission rates from • Remove heat loads internal sources, including materials • Control • Ventilation: dilute and remove pollutants • Effective ventilation

4 Making buildings better Legislation

Regulation or standard Area covered Requirements

Size of opening areas for background ventilation and regulations Part F1 Provision of adequate fresh air rapid ventilation. Particular extract ventilation rates from , toilets, etc.

Provide adequate air for Building regulations Part J1 devices

EH40/2005 Workplace exposure limits Provide adequate fresh air, Limit exposure to various pollutants (HSE)

Ensure minimal contamination of HSE Approved Code of Practice L24: Regular maintenance of mechanical systems, including air Workplace health, safety and welfare systems conditioning systems.

Air quality guidelines for Europe (WHO, Provide adequate fresh air, Limit exposure to various pollutants 2000) filtration

5 Making buildings better Source:CIBSE Legislation

Regulation or standard Area covered Requirements

Ambient air and cleaner air Limit exposure to SO and for Europe (EEC Directive 2 suspended 2008/50/EC/2008)

BS EN 13986:2002 (Emissions from) panels

(Emissions from) glued laminated BS EN 14080:2005 timber Selection of materials with low emissions. Regular cleaning. Replacement at the end of BS EN 14342:2005 (Emissions from) parquet flooring life. Provision of adequate fresh or "unpolluted" air

(Emissions from) vinyl, laminatm BS EN 14041:2004 and carpetsed and rubber floorings, linoleu

(Emissions from) suspended BS EN 13964:2004 Source:CIBSE 6 Making buildings better Legislation

• Legal requirements: – 1. There shall be adequate means of ventilation provided for people in the building – 2. Fixed systems of mechanical ventilation and associated controls must be commissioned by testing and adjusting as necessary to meet the above objective

7 Making buildings better 8 Making buildings better Ventilation systems in dwellings

Background ventilators and intermittent extract fans Passive stack ventilation

Continuous mechanical extract (MEV) Continuous mechanical supply and extract with heat recovery (MVHR)

9 Making buildings better Approved document F. Appendix A

• It sets out the levels of moisture and pollutants in buildings

• For dwellings: – There should be no visible mould

– Exposure to the following contaminants should not exceed: 3 – NO2 288 µ g/m 150 ppb- 1 hour average 40 µg /m3 long term average

– CO 100 mg/m3 90 ppm 15 min average 60 mg/m3 50 ppm 30 min average 30 mg/m3 25 ppm 1 hour average time 10 mg/m3 10 ppm 8 hours average time – TVOC (Total Volatile organic compounds) 300 µg/m3 average over 8 hours – Body odours- supply rate of 3.5l/s per person (ASHRAE)

10 Making buildings better TLV Threshold limit value

• Guidelines regarding safe levels of exposure at work

• Maximum average airborne concentration of a hazardous material to which healthy adult workers can be exposed to: – 8 hours a day – 40 hour week – Working lifetime

11 Making buildings better TLVs

Ceiling

TWA Concentration(ppm)

Time (h) 8h

12 Making buildings better At home Indoor

• Cigarette • Panelling • Fireplace orf wood stove • stove and/or • Paints and varnishes • Carpets • Moulds or fungi • Stored paints, , garden chemicals • Car fumes • Cleaning products • Pets • Humans • Soil • Outdoor air

13 Making buildings better Water vapour

VOC

Gaseous pollutants Indoor air quality

Odours

Particulates

14 Making buildings better Water vapour

• Washing, cooking… – Breathing (0.2 l/hour per person) – Shower 1.5 l of water vapour • Water vapour is not a pollutant • Moulds produce spores that float in the air, land on damp surfaces, and grow. • Sneezing, red eyes, skin rashes, attacks. • „„The key to mould control is moisture control

15 Making buildings better Water vapour

VOC

Gaseous pollutants Indoor air quality

Odours

Particulates

16 Making buildings better Odours

• Sources: – Some contaminants – Cooking processes – WC, sinks, waste drains • Fanger quantified odour emissions – One “olf” is the rate at which 1 human adult, who is wearing deodorant but not perfume, takes 0.7 baths per day, changes his or her underwear every day, and is resting at a comfortable air , emits air pollutants – Adult exercising 3 olf – Low polluting building 0.1 old /m2 • Relationship between PPD and olf

17 Making buildings better Water vapour

VOC

Gaseous pollutants Indoor air quality

Odours

Particulates

18 Making buildings better Gaseous pollutants

Pollutant: Gas Source Effects Formula Dizziness, suffocation, Combustion, breathing death CO2 Lethal at low Combustion concentrations CO

Hydrogen sulphide Organic waste Strong odour, irritant H2S

Nitrogen dioxide Combustion appliances irritant NO2 Electrical equipment, (motors), UV light Ozone sources Lung irritant O3 Increase risk of lung Radon Building materials, rocks cancer Rn

Sulphur dioxide Traffic, combustion Lung irritant SO2

19 Making buildings better Radon Rn

• Over 1,100 deaths from lung cancer / year in the UK • Radioactive dust in the air • The dust is trapped in our airways and emits radiation that damages our

http://www.ukradon.org/information/ukmaps/englandwal es 20 Making buildings better Radon solutions

21 Making buildings better Carbon monoxide CO

• Odourless, colourless gas Sources produced by the incomplete • Gas water heaters combustion of any fossil • heaters and stoves oil, wood or gas • Kerosene space heaters • grills • Acts by rendering a person • Gasoline and diesel powered gradually unconscious electric generators • Even short duration high • Cigarette smoke concentration exposures • Propane or gasoline-fuelled forklifts • Unfortunately many people • Gasoline powered concrete saws do not recover from the • Indoor tractor pulls unconscious phase • Any boat with a combustion engine • Spray paint, solvents, degreasers, • "the silent killer" and paint removers

22 Making buildings better Symptoms Prevention

CO in the COHb atmosphere in Physiological and subjective blood symptoms • Carbon monoxide alarm mg/m % 3 ppm (%) • Inspect and clean , and , every year No appreciable effect, except shortness of breath on vigorous exertion; possible • Inspect the of gas fireplaces tightness across the forehead; dilation of • Never burn charcoal inside the 0.007 80 70 10 cutaneous blood vessel • Inspect your and other Shortness of breath on moderate appliances, such as gas ovens, exertion; occasional headache with 0.01 140 120 20 throbbing in temples ranges, and cook tops, for adequate ventilation Decided headache; irritable; easily fatigued; judgement disturbed; possible • Never leave a car, mower, or other 0.02 250 220 30 dizziness; dimness of vision gasoline powered engine in an attached , even with the garage open or in confined areas such 0.035- 400- 350- Headache, confusion; collapse fainting on 0.052 600 520 40-50 exertion as a

Unconsciousness; intermittent convulsion; 0.080- 900- 800- respiratory failure, death if exposure is 0.122 1400 1220 60-70 ling continued

0.195 2200 1950 80 Rapidly fatal

Source: WHO

23 Making buildings better Sulphur dioxide SO2

• Colourless, highly reactive gas Sources with a characteristic, irritant • Fossil fuel combustion at pungent odour. power plants • Tobacco smoke • Inadequately vented gas appliances, oil , and kerosene heaters, wood or stoves • Automobile exhaust, malfunctioning chimneys

Sulphur Dioxide Pollution across East and Southeast Iceland September 26, 2014 10:32 ICELAND REVIEW ON LINE 24 Making buildings better Sulphur dioxide SO2 Effects on health

• Short term exposure to high enough • 8 hour TWA : 0.5ppm (1.3 levels of SO2 can be life mg/m3) STEL (15 mins) : 1.0 threatening. ppm (2.7. mg/m3)(Europe) • Burning sensation in the nose and throat • 8 hour TWA 2 ppm (5 mg/m3) , • Difficulty breathing, including STEL (15 mins) :5 ppm changes in the body’s ability to take (13 mg/m3) STEL (CDC) a breath

• Long term exposure can cause changes in lung function and aggravate existing heart disease • Asthmatics may be sensitive to changes in respiratory effects due to SO2 exposure at even low concentrations

25 Making buildings better Carbon dioxide CO2

ppm % Symptoms 1000 0.1 Concentration problems 5000 0.5 Normal International safety limit ( HSE, OSHA) 10000 1.0 Rate of breathing increases 15000 1.5 Normal Short term exposure limit ( HSE, OSHA) Breathing increases 50% of normal rate. Tiredness and headaches if exposed for several 20000 2.0 hours Breathing at twice normal rate. Dizziness, increased heart rate and . Even 30000 3.0 hearing can be impaired. 40000 to Breathing at four times normal rate. In 30 50000 4 to 5 minutes, signs of poisoning. CO2 can be smelled, tiredness, laboured 50000 to breathing, tinnitus, impaired vision, confusion in 100000 5 to 10 a few minutes, unconsciousness.

100000 to 26 Making1000000 buildings better10 to 100 Unconsciousness, suffocation. Contaminant concentration (1)

푄푡 푞 − 퐶 = 퐵퐺 + . 1 − 푒 푉푝 . 106 푄

Where: • C is the concentration of contaminant (ppm) • BG is the background concentration of contaminant • q is the generation rate m3.hr-1 • Q is the ventilation rate m3/h-1 • Vp is the volume per person m3 • T is the time for occupancy (hr) Ref: BSRIA TN 12 94.1

27 Making buildings better Contaminant concentration (2)

28 Making buildings better Contaminant concentration (2)

• Supply (fresh air) into the is • The release rate of CO2 is known, not always constant because… the release rate of VOC, CO, SO2, • Air pressure is not constant Radon from the ground etc, is not – From 5 Pa-gentle breeze to easy to determine. 90 Pa-strong breeze – Negative pressure: -5 Pa to - • Depends on age ( of the carpet) , 110 Pa tasks of the day, smoking, cleaning • The façade is not uniform; gaps in a etc… building are difficult to identify etc • Behaviour is not constant: i.e. if we • Contaminant release into a room is are painting/cleaning, we open the not constant …

Very difficult to pre-calculate contaminant concentration in a home!

29 Making buildings better Water vapour

Gaseous pollutants Indoor air quality

Odours

Particulates

30 Making buildings better What are VOC? Sources • Carbon-based chemicals • Building Materials: that easily evaporate at carpets, paints, adhesives, varnishes • Home and Personal Care Products: Cosmetics, cleaning products, cars • Behaviours: cooking, dry- cleaning, smoking…

31 Making buildings better VOC-health effects

• How much is in the air, how long and how often a person breathes it in • Asthma: different exposures than occupational exposures to VOCs. • Each chemical has its own toxicity

• Short-Term (Acute) to high levels of • Long-Term (Chronic) to high levels of VOCs VOCs • Eye, nose and throat irritation • Increased risk of: • Headaches • Cancer • Nausea / Vomiting • Liver damage • Dizziness • Kidney damage • Worsening of asthma symptoms • Central Nervous System damage

32 Making buildings better Pollutant: VOC Source Effects Formula TWA Acetone Paint, nail polish, Irritant. At high concentrations can (CH₃)₂CO 1,000 ppm cigarette smoke, harm the nervous system. (2,400 household chemical Headache, nausea, dizziness, mg/m3) products confusion, unconsciousness. TWA

Benzene Solvents, fuel C6H6 1 ppm combustion, smoke, TWA water and soil 5 ppm contamination STEL

Ethylene glycol Automotive , Eye and respiratory tract irritation. C2H6O2 100 mg/m3 ballpoint pens, solvents, Systemic toxicity if ingested paints, plastics, films, cosmetics Formol, disinfectant Carcinogen, strong irritant CH2O 0.75 ppm TWA, 2 ppm STEL Methylene Paint stripping, metal Carcinogen, mental confusion, CH2Cl2 TWA 25 chloride/ cleaning adhesives, nausea and headache. Eye and ppm ST Dichloromethane solvents respiratory tract irritation. Skin 125 ppm irritation or chemical burns.

Sources: CIBSE, CDC

33 Making buildings better Pollutant: VOC Source Effects Formula TWA

Tetraclhloroethyl Solvents i.e dry Possible carcinogen C2Cl4 TWA 100 ene cleaning ppm Toluene Solvents i.e paints Tiredness, confusion, weakness, C7H8 TWA 100 unconsciousness, and even death ppm ST 150 ppm

Xylene Fingernail polish, Nose, throat and skin irritant, C6H4(CH3)2 TWA 100 Glues/adhesives nausea, unconsciousness, embryo ppm (435 Lacquers, Octane toxicity mg/m3) ST booster in gasoline 150 ppm ,Paints (655 Paint thinners 1,3- Cigarette smoke, Irritant, carcinogen C4H6 TWA 1 butadiene exhaust fumes ppm ST 5 ppm

Sources: CIBSE CDC

34 Making buildings better • Solvent Emissions Directive (1999/13/EC) • Paint Products Directive (2004/42/EC) limitation of emissions of volatile organic compounds due to the use of organic solvents in certain paints and varnishes and vehicle refinishing products and amending Directive 1999/13/EC (Defra)

35 Making buildings better Water vapour

VOC

Gaseous pollutants Indoor air quality

Odours

36 Making buildings better Particulates

• Fine particles released by occupants generally during combustion, or produced by external sources: – Clothing, carpets, board, aerosol, sprays, dust-mites, insects, and moulds, asbestos, tobacco. – Lung irritation, bronchial Particulates from pollution mixing with clouds above the US asthma and allergic (NASA) rhinitis

37 Making buildings better Pollutant Type Source Effects

Combustion Allergen, bronchial appliances, Non asthma and allergic Particles aerosol sprays, bio rhinitis. May aggravate clothing, carpets, eczema wallboard

Allergen, bronchial Humans, pets, Particles Bio asthma and allergic moulds, plants rhinitis.

38 Making buildings better Instrumentation used

• Measure the dominant pollutants, CO, CO2, VOC, etc • Measure relevant contaminants i.e asbestos, Radon • TVOC-Total Volatile organic compounds

VOC Temperature, humidity CO2 RH CO, CO2 Particulates

39 Making buildings better Thank you Any questions?

Source:www.salem-news.com

40 Making buildings better