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In Recycled Water Draft Final Report Monitoring Strategies for Constituents of Emerging Concern (CECs) in Recycled Water Recommendations of a Science Advisory Panel Panel Members Jörg E. Drewes (Chair), Paul Anderson, Nancy Denslow, Walter Jakubowski, Adam Olivieri, Daniel Schlenk, and Shane Snyder Convened by the State Water Resources Control Board January 31, 2018 Sacramento, California Table of Contents Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................ v Executive Summary ......................................................................................................... vi Acronyms and Symbols .................................................................................................. xiii List of Figures ................................................................................................................xvii List of Tables ................................................................................................................ xviii 1. Introduction and Panel Charge ...................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background ...................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 The Science Advisory Panel .............................................................................................. 1 1.3 Charge to the Science Advisory Panel.............................................................................. 2 1.4 Organization of the Report .............................................................................................. 3 2. Regulatory Practices for Water Recycling in California ................................................... 4 2.1 The State Water Board’s Recycled Water Policy ............................................................. 4 2.2 Regulatory Developments for Recycled Water Applications ........................................... 5 2.2.1 CEC monitoring requirements .................................................................................. 6 2.3 Improving Regulatory Practices for CEC Monitoring and Assessment ............................ 8 3. Assessing Risk to Human Health .................................................................................. 14 3.1 Recycled Water Applications in California ..................................................................... 15 3.1.1 Non-potable water reuse ........................................................................................ 15 3.1.2 Planned potable water reuse .................................................................................. 17 3.2 Assessing Relative Risk to Human Health for Non-Potable Reuse Scenarios ................ 19 3.2.1 Exposure pathways and assumptions ..................................................................... 20 3.2.2 Summary of exposure pathways for non-potable reuse scenarios ........................ 24 3.3 Human Health Considerations for Potable Reuse Scenarios ......................................... 25 3.3.1 Planned potable reuse criteria for groundwater replenishment ........................... 25 3.3.2 Planned potable reuse criteria for surface water augmentation ........................... 28 4. Assessment of CEC Monitoring Programs in California following Recommendations of the CEC Expert Panel 2010 .............................................................................................. 31 4.1 Summary of Current Status of Monitoring Program ..................................................... 31 4.2 Measured Environmental Concentrations (MECs) ........................................................ 31 4.2.1 Data sources ............................................................................................................ 31 4.2.2 Comparison of MECs in the 2010 and 2018 Panel reports ..................................... 32 4.3 Monitoring trigger levels (MTLs) ................................................................................... 34 4.3.1 Non-potable reuse applications .............................................................................. 34 4.3.2 Updated list of Predicted No Effect Concentrations (PNECs) and MTLs ................ 34 i 4.4 Updated MEC/MTL Analysis to Identify Health-Based Indicator CECs .......................... 39 4.5. Summary of 2018 MEC/MTL Ratio Update ................................................................... 40 5. Increasing Efficiency and Relevance of CEC Monitoring in Recycled Water ................... 41 5.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 41 5.2 Timely Periodic Update of the Panel’s Risk-Based Framework ..................................... 41 5.3 New Strategies for Broader Screening of Relevant CECs in Recycled Water ................ 44 5.3.1 Consideration of screening studies of CECs reported outside California ............... 44 5.3.2 Bioanalytical monitoring methods .......................................................................... 44 5.3.3 Non-target analysis ................................................................................................. 45 5.4 Revised Risk-Based Framework for CEC Monitoring ..................................................... 45 5.4.1 Screening of unmonitored CECs ............................................................................. 45 5.4.2 Revised monitoring of performance-based indicator CECs and surrogate parameters ....................................................................................................................... 46 5.5 Relevance of Safety Factors ........................................................................................... 48 5.6 Summary ........................................................................................................................ 48 6. Monitoring of CECs using Analytical Chemistry ............................................................ 50 6.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 50 6.2 Extraction Issues ............................................................................................................ 50 6.3 Targeted Analyses .......................................................................................................... 51 6.3.1 Advances in environmental chemical analysis ....................................................... 51 6.3.2. Quality assurance and quality control ................................................................... 52 6.4 Non-Targeted Analyses (NTA) ........................................................................................ 58 6.4.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 58 6.4.2 Recent developments and applications of NTA ...................................................... 59 6.4.3 Conclusions regarding the use of NTA for CEC monitoring .................................... 62 7. Role of Bioanalytical Methods to Assess the Relevance of Unknown CECs ................... 64 7.1 What Are Bioanalytical Tools and How Can They Help? ............................................... 64 7.2 Bioanalytical Methods are Standardized for Applications Worldwide .......................... 66 7.3 Interpreting Bioanalytical Results .................................................................................. 68 7.3.1 What do in vitro assays measure exactly? .............................................................. 68 7.3.2 How are samples extracted for bioscreening analyses? ........................................ 69 7.4 Regulatory Concerns ...................................................................................................... 70 7.5 Panel Recommendations for Implementation of Bioanalytical Tools ........................... 71 7.5.1 Which in vitro assays are ready for screening of recycled water quality? ............. 72 7.5.2 Recommendations for standardized protocols for in vitro assays ......................... 74 ii 7.5.3 Decision making logic for bioanalytical screening results ...................................... 76 7.5.4 Recommendations for monitoring of potable reuse projects ................................ 76 7.5.5 Guidance for implementation of bioanalytical monitoring .................................... 77 7.6 Challenges for Applying Bioanalytical Tools and Next Steps ......................................... 77 7.6.1 Toolbox development and standardization ............................................................ 77 7.6.2 Linkage of in vitro responses to in vivo effects....................................................... 78 7.6.3 Effect of mixtures on assay performance ............................................................... 78 7.7 Conclusions .................................................................................................................... 78 8. Importance of Antibiotic Resistance in Water Recycling .............................................. 79 8.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 79 8.2 Occurrence and Treatment Efficiencies for Removal of ARB/ARGs in Wastewater ..... 80 8.3 Occurrence, Fate and Transport of ARB/ARGs in the Three Major Categories of Recycled Municipal Wastewater ........................................................................................
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