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Theory of Aircraft Flight. Aerospace Education II. Instructional Unit I. INSTITUTION Air Univ., Maxwell AFB, Ala

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Theory of Aircraft Flight. Aerospace Education II. Instructional Unit I. INSTITUTION Air Univ., Maxwell AFB, Ala DOCUMENT RESUME ED 111 639 SE 019 339 AUTHOR. Elmer, James D. TITLE Theory of Aircraft Flight. Aerospace Education II. Instructional Unit I. INSTITUTION Air Univ., Maxwell AFB, Ala. Junior Reserve Office Training Corps. REPORT NO k. AE-2-7201 PUB DATE Feb 75 NOTE 73p.; For the accompanying textbook see SE 019 338 EDRS PRICE MF-$0.76 HC-$3.32_)-Plus Postage, DESCRIPTORS. *Aerospace Education; *Aerospace Technology; Course Organization; Curriculum Guides; *Instructional Materials; *Physical Sciences; *Physics; Secondary Education; Teaching Guides; Unit. Plan IDENTIFIERS *Air Force Junior'ROTC ABSTRACT This publication provides guidelines for teachers using the Aerospace Education II series publication entitled "Theory of Aircraft Flight." The organization of the guide for each chapter is according/to objectives (traditional and behavioral), suggested outline,,orientation, suggested key points, suggestions for teaching, instructional aids, projects, and further reading. A separate sheet is attached at the end-of each chapter for teacher ideas for improvement of the chapter. Specific suggestions have been made ihfOughout the guide for the ,major concepts. Page references corresponding to the textbook'are made where appropriate.(PS) Ae* *********************************************************************** Documents acquired by ERIC include many informal unpublished * materials not available from other sources. ERIC makes every effort * * to obtain the best copy available, nevertheless, items of marginal * * reproducibility are often encountered and this affects the quality * * of the micrpfiche and hardcopy reproductions ERIC makes available * * via the ERIC Document Reproduction Service (EDRS). EDRS is not * responsible for the quality of the original document. Reproductions * * supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original. *********************************************************************** r P U S DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION & WELFARE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION AE-II-7201 THIS DOCUMENT HAS(TEEN REPRO OUCEO EXACTLY AS RECEIVEDFROM FEBRUARY 1975 THE PERSON OR ORGANIZATIONORIGIN ATING TT POINTS OF VIEWOR OPINIONS STATE() DO NOT NECESSARILYREPRE A SENT OFFICIAL NATIONALINSTITUTE OF EDUCATION POSITION OR POLICY I AE-II INSTRUCTIONAL UNIT I THEORY OF AIRCRAFT FLIGHT t / WRITTEN BY >,. LT COLONEL JAMES D.,ELMER CHIEF, HIGH SCHOOL CURRICULUMDIVISION DIRECTORATE OF JUNIOR PROGRAM 2 FEBRUARY 1975 AE-II - COURSE CONTENT COURSE LEVEL OBJECTIVES- Each student should: a. Know the major factors which affect aircraftdesign. b. Know how aircraft engineers have taken advantageof advanced technology to make aircraftmore efficient. c. KnoW the Oajor design characteristicsof aircraft engines. d. Know the effect advanced aircraft enginedesign has on improved air travel. e. Knrow the basic elements of air navigation. f. Know how to use the simpler aids to airnavigation. g. Know the status of civil aviation. h. Know the effect civil aviation hason our society and the ToTa-lems yet to be solvdd. i. Understand the role-of militaryaerospace in our society. 1110 INSTRUCTIONAL UNITS IN AE-II: I. Theory of Aircraft Flight II. Propulsion Systems for AircrafL III. Air Navigation IV. Civil Aviation and FacilitiesA 4 V. Military Aerospace,,,, I 3 I FEBRUARY 1975 INSTRUCTIONAL UNIT I THEORY OF AIRCRAFT FLIGHT \INSTRUChONAL UNITOBJECTIVES - Whenthe book is completedeach student 1/4should: a. Be'familiar with man's ea 1)', attempts to fly. b.. Know the basic physical laws which pply.to aircraft flight. c. ,Know the properties of the atmosphere which.areimportant to aircraft flight. d. 1Know the forces acting uponan airplane in flight. e. Be familia'r with aircraft stability andhow it is affected by aircraft controls. f. Know how 'aircraft engineers have takenthe basic physical laws 4 and the charac er'istics of the atmosphereinto account when designing aircraft. g. Knowthe'importa ce olipircraft instrumentsto safe flight. -,INSTRU6TIONALUNIT I CHAP RS / Page 0 I. Aerodynamic Forces I-1 II. Properties of the Atflp Phere 1-12 III. Airfoils and Flight 12i,9 IV. Weight). Thrust, and Drag 1-29 V. Aircraft Motion and Control 1-38 VI. Aiircraft Structure 1-47 VII. Aircraft Instruments 1-57 4 FEBRUARY 1975 j CHAPTER I- AERODYNAMIC FORCES This chapter introduces theunit andplaces man's attempts to fly in historical perspective. The student should realiie that the Wright brothers' achievementdepended on theex- perience of many centuries..Once the student has thissense of history firmly in mind, hecan then examine the evolution of certain other physical laws in orderto see how these laws affect aircraft in flight. Finally, he can takea quick look at an aircraft in flight in orderto see how both history and physical laws help explain why theaircraft stays aloft. OBJECTIVES: a. Trdditional ':Eadl'Ittideiii should: (1) Be familiar with man's early attemptsto fly. (2) Know Newton%s Laws of Motion. (3) Know how Bernoulli's Principle appliesto aircraft flight. (4) Be familiar with the forces affectingan aircraft in flight. b. Behavioral- Each student should be able to: (1) Give at least three examples of man'searly attempts to fly. \10 . 1 (2) -State each of Newton's Three Lawsof Motion and give an example of each. (3) Describe how Bernoulli's'Principleapplies to aircraft flight. (4) Name each of the four forcesthat affect an aircraft in flight. 2 SUGGESTED OUTLINE: a. Man's early theories and myths aboutflight. (1) Grecian Legend- an attempt to explain why birds fly and man does not. (2) Archimedes' Experiments- concluded that things lighter than air will float in the atmosphere. I-1 °M. I 4 FEBRUARY 1975 b. Early manned flying attempts . (1) Pre-C4stianChinese Period- Chinese man-flying kites; battle observation. (2) Leonardo da Vinci- designed forerunners of the parachute and a helicopter which lackeda power source; ideas dormant until recently. (3) Bird observation- observing birds'in flight proved to be the clue to the secret of flight. Z7 4 (4) George Cayley 19th Century Englishman;built the first true model glider. c. Twentieth Century advances (1) Emergence of the combustion-engine. PriMary source of Power in the 20thcentury. (b) Samuel Langley- one of first to build a powered aircraft. (2) Introduction of the, dirigible- a steerable airship; competed with heavier-than-airaircraft for superiority in the early part of century. (3) Wright brothers- Dryille and Wilbur,.combined all the ous knowledge to make the first.successfulcontrolled, pprilgo ed, heavier-than-air aircraftflight: . d. Physical laws Oderlying flight (1) -Bas4cprinciplesof flight; heavier-than-air craft fly because their airfoils lift and support'theirweight in flight as thrust is created whichovercomes- the resistance .of air (drag). (2)' Sir Isaac NewtOn's(1642-1727) Laws of Motion LaW of Inertia- "a body continues in its state of rest or uniform motion in a st'raightline unless a unbalancieforce actson it." (b) "The acceleration ofa body is directly proportional to the force exerted on the body,is inversely pro- portional to the force exertedon the body, is inversely proportional to themass of the body, and is in the same directionas the force." 1-2 FEBRUARY 1975 (c), 'When= er one body exerts a forceupon'a second y, the second exerts an equal and opposite force upon the first body." . '(3) Teims and explanationSof-Newton's (a) First Law. 1. Acceleration the change in speed per unit of time We_given direction. 2. Velocity - the rate of motion ina given direction. (b) Second Law. , , 1. Force - Power or energy which poSsessesboth magnitude and direction and is exertedagainst a material body in a given direction. 2. Mass - quantity of matter ina body. 3. Weight --pull of gravityon that quantity of, matter. (c) 'Third Law- for every action there must be an equal and opposite reaction. Ns. (4) Daniel Bernoulli- 18th century SWiss scientist. (a) Discovered theprinciple that as velocity ofa fluid increases its pressure decreases. (b) Venturi Tube- narrower in the 'middle than at ends;" this restriction causesa decrease in pressure- an application of Bernoulli's principle. e. Forces of flight (1) Lift, weight, thrust, and, drag- opposing forces must be in balance with one anotherwhen an aihraft is straight and level, unaccelerated flight".. 4 (a) Lift - operates toovercome weight. (b) Weight- force pulling the aircraft toward the earth. (c) Thrust - force giving motion toaircraft. 1 (d) Drag- force that opposes thrust or forward motion of the aircraft. I -3 41 I FEBRUARY 1975 3. ORIENTATION: The relationship between history and flight science. % (1) The qrst part'of this chapter revielks the historical developments of man's quest for successful flight, but ..not in the detail or depth pursued iin Aerospace Education I. (2) The justification for the brief review is toteinfOrceyout students' recall of the historical developments of aviation and various types of flying craft in order that they may gain an understanding as to why men flY. In th'i's manner we -make the transition from the historical development of aviation to the theoretical principles of flight aid the Ph ical laws which govern them. SUGGESTED KEY POINTS: (NOTE: Many page references cited in this hapdbook may not contide with the exact pages of your reference books. Many reference books have been revised several times since AFJROTC started in 1966.) a. We take the student back in history to the myths' *** V-9002, pp 1-4',and legends related to man's desire to fly.We show that there were undoubtedly some grains of ** V-9014, pp / truth and fact contained in them and that the 11-37, pyramid of legends and experiences gradually enable'\ *** V-9156 (19,71 man to realize his dream. ed.), op 6 6-9 * V-9198, b. As man observed the air space around him and,sUch (The Flying natural phenomena as smoke risip and.the flight Machine), pp of birds, he became aware that his basic probleM 1-4 / was to build an airship which was lighter Min a like volume of air. c: Since satisfactoryptwersources for heavier-than- *** V-9002, pp air craft weren't available, the Montgorlfier 4-8 brothers introduced balloon flight.
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