Running head: CONCEPTUAL RELATIONS PREDICT COLEXIFICATION 1 Conceptual relations predict colexification across languages Yang Xua,∗,1, Khang Duongb,∗, Barbara C. Maltc, Serena Jiangd, Mahesh Srinivasane a Department of Computer Science, Cognitive Science Program, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada b Computational Sciences Program, Minerva Schools at KGI, San Francisco, CA 94103, USA c Department of Psychology, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA d Computer Science Program, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA e Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA ∗ Equal contribution 1 Correspondence:
[email protected] CONCEPTUAL RELATIONS PREDICT COLEXIFICATION 2 Abstract In natural language, multiple meanings often share a single word form, a phenomenon known as colexification. Some sets of meanings are more frequently colexified across languages than others, but the source of this variation is not well understood. We propose that cross-linguistic variation in colexification frequency is non-arbitrary and reflects a general principle of cognitive economy: More commonly colexified meanings across languages are those that require less cognitive effort to relate. To evaluate our proposal, we examine patterns of colexification of varying frequency from about 250 languages. We predict these colexification data based on independent measures of conceptual relatedness drawn from large-scale psychological and linguistic resources. Our results show that meanings that are more frequently colexified across these languages tend to be more strongly associated by speakers of English, suggesting that conceptual associativity provides an important constraint on the development of the lexicon. Our work extends research on polysemy and the evolution of word meanings by grounding cross-linguistic regularities in colexification in basic principles of human cognition.