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Keragaman Jenis Tumbuhan Bawah (Famili Asteraceae Dan Euphorpiaceae) Di Hutan Pendidikan Fakultas Kehutanan Universitas Mulawarman

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Keragaman Jenis Tumbuhan Bawah (Famili Asteraceae Dan Euphorpiaceae) Di Hutan Pendidikan Fakultas Kehutanan Universitas Mulawarman KERAGAMAN JENIS TUMBUHAN BAWAH (FAMILI ASTERACEAE DAN EUPHORPIACEAE) DI HUTAN PENDIDIKAN FAKULTAS KEHUTANAN UNIVERSITAS MULAWARMAN SPECIES DIVERSITY OF GROUND COVER (ASTERACEAE AND EUPHORBIACEAE FAMILIES) IN EDUCATION FOREST FORESTRY FACULTY MULAWARMAN UNIVERSITY Karyati 1) dan M. Agus Adhi 2) 1) Fakultas Kehutanan, Universitas Mulawarman, Kampus Gunung Kelua, Jalan Ki Hajar Dewantara PO Box. 1013, Samarinda, Kaltim 75117 2) Badan Pengelola Hutan Pendidikan Fakultas Kehutanan Universitas Mulawarman, Samarinda, Kaltim Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT The ground cover has important role in soil and water conservation. The ground cover species of Asteraceae and Euphorbiaceae families are found abundant in Education Forest of Forestry Faculty, Mulawaraman University. This study was to inform and document species diversity of ground cover of Asteraceae and Euphorbiaceaa families in Education Forest of Forestry Faculty, Mulawarman University. There are 21 species of 19 genera of Asteraceae recorded at the study site. The observation documented 19 species of 8 genera are included to Euphorbiaceae The results showed that the presence of cover crop is diverse and abundant. The existence of ground cover is very potential to conserve soil and water as well as sustain plant diversity in the future time. Keywords: Ground cover, Asteraceae, Euphorbiaceae, Education forest. ABSTRAK Tumbuhan bawah mempunyai peranan penting dalam konservasi tanah dan air. Jenis-jenis tumbuhan bawah dari famili Asteraceae dan Euphorbiaceae banyak dijumpai di Hutan Pendidikan Fakultas Kehutanan Universitas Mulawarman. Penelitian ini bertujuan memberikan informasi dan mendokumentasikan keragaman jenis tumbuhan bawah dari famili Asteraceae dan Euphorbiaceae di Hutan Pendidikan Fakultas Kehutanan Universitas Mulawarman. Sebanyak 21 jenis dari 19 genus dari famili Asteraceae yang dicatat di lokasi penelitian. Pengamatan mendokumentasikan 19 jenis dari 8 genus termasuk dalam Euphorbiaceae. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa kehadiran tumbuhan bawah beranekaragam dan berlimpah. Keberadaan tumbuhan bawah sangat berpontensi untuk menjaga tanah dan air seperti halnya melestarikan keragaman tumbuhan di masa yang akan datang. Kata kunci : Tumbuhan bawah, Asteraceae, Euphorbiaceae, Hutan pendidikan. Gerbang Etam [88] PENDAHULUAN (decumbent ) adalah jenis tumbuhan yang Tanaman-tanaman penutup merayap di tanah (Dephut RI, 1990). permukaan tanah berperan untuk Tumbuhan rendah adalah tumbuhan melindungi permukaan tanah dari daya sederhana, belum lengkap memiliki akar, dispersi dan daya penghancuran oleh batang daun, bunga, dan buah (Tim butir-butir hujan. Tanaman penutup Kashiko, 2004). Sedangkan tumbuhan permukaan besar pula sumbangannya semak adalah batang halus dan rendah, dalam memperkaya bahan-bahan berkelompok membentuk rumpun (Tim organik tanah serta memperbesar Kashiko, 2004). porositas tanah (Kartasapoetra, !! ., Secara umum tanaman penutup 2000). Hutan Pendidikan Fakultas tanah dikelompokkan menjadi tanaman Kehutanan Universitas Mulawarman penutup tanah rendah, jenis rumput- (Hutan Pendidikan Fahutan Unmul) rumputan dan tumbuhan merambat atau mempunyai potensi keanekaragaman menjalar; tanaman penutup tanah sedang jenis yang jenis. Diantara kekayaan jenis (berupa semak); tanaman penutup tanah yang berlimpah adalah tumbuhan bawah. tinggi (tanaman pelindung); tumbuhan Tumbuhan bawah yang termasuk dalam rendah alami (belukar alami atau semak famili Asteraceae dan Euphorbiaceae belukar), dan tumbuhan yang tidak disukai merupakan jenis-jenis yang banyak (rumput pengganggu) (Kartasapoetra, dijumpai di Hutan Pendidikan Fahutan !! ., 2000; Suripin, 2004). Unmul. Informasi tentang tumbuhan Famili Asteraceae bawah, terutama di Hutan Pendidikan Asteraceae atau suku kenikir- sangat terbatas. Penelitian ini untuk kenikiran adalah salah satu suku anggota mendokumentasikan keragaman jenis tumbuhan berbunga. Menurut Sistem tumbuhan bawah yang ditemui di Hutan !"#$[&"#$' ()*' ++' #,&,' $-$' ./01"#,&' Pendidikan Fahutan Unmul. Informasi dalam bangsa Asterales. Dalam Sistem tentang tumbuhan bawah di Hutan Cronquist suku adalah satu-satunya Pendidikan Fahutan Unmul sangat anggota Asterales. Anggota suku ini penting untuk memberikan gambaran berbunga majemuk (Anonim, 2015a). tentang potensi keragaman jenis Famili Asteraceae atau Compositae tumbuhan bawah di hutan secara umum (dikenal dengan famili aster, daisy, dan di Hutan Pendidikan Fahutan Unmul composite, atau bunga matahari) adalah khususnya. famili terbesar dan terbanyak dari famili tumbuhan berbunga (Angiospermae), KERANGKA TEORITIS dalam hal jumlah spesies. Famili ini dikenal Pengertian dan Pengelompokan mempunyai kepala bunga ( capitula ) yang Tumbuhan Bawah dibentuk oleh ratusan atau ribuan bunga Pengertian tumbuhan bawah individu yang kecil sekali, yang disebut ("#$%& ' \$#) ) adalah tanaman herba pseudanthium (bunga palsu) (Anonim, dan semak-semak rendah yang menutup 2015b, 2015c). bagian bawah dari suatu kawasan hutan Kelompok Asteraceae memiliki (Dephut RI, 1989). Tumbuhan penutup lebih dari 23.000 jenis yang telah tanah ( ground cover ) adalah tumbuhan dikenal, meliputi 1.620 genus dan 12 yang berfungsi melindungi tanah subfamili. Berdasarkan jumlah spesies, (Dephut RI, 1989). Tumbuhan rayapan Asteraceae hanya ditandingi oleh Gerbang Etam [89] Orchidaceae. Sebagian besar anggota Afrika Selatan dan Amerika Serikat bagian Asteraceae merupakan herba, tetapi Selatan (Anonim, 2015f). banyak juga berupa semak belukar, Jenis bunga dari genus ini banyak tumbuhan merambat, atau pohon. Famili yang memiliki peran penting bagi manusia. ini mempunyai penyebaran di seluruh Fungsi penting tersebut diantaranya adalah dunia dan paling sering dijumpai di daerah sebagai tanaman hias, obat-obatan dan kering dan semi-kering di subtropis dan juga gulma. Orang Afrika menggunakan lintang sedang (Anonim, 2015c). tumbuhan ini untuk kandang ternak. Di Meksiko tumbuhan dari genus Euphorbia Famili Euphorbiaceae digunakan sebagai bahan pembuat lilin, Euphorbiaceae atau suku kastuba- pelumas, dan kertas tahan air. Genus ini kastubaan adalah salah satu suku anggota juga sering disebut spurge . Euphorbia tumbuhan berbunga. Menurut Sistem memiliki getah susu. Jenis tanaman dari !"#$[&"#$'()*'++'#,&,'$-$'?$1"#,&&"-'&/' genus ini bervariasi mulai dari tumbuhan dalam bangsa Malpighiales. Keberadaan yang tumbuh merayap herbal, datar, suku ini juga dikenal pada sistem-sistem sekulen, semak, dan juga berupa pohon. &!"#$[&"#$' #/D/!,1-E"F' -"1,-' ?/-3"-' Euphorbia memiliki satu bunga betina cakupan berbeda-beda. Euphorbia terdiri dari satu struktur reproduksi betina adalah salah satu genus tumbuhan yaitu putik serta dikelilingi oleh banyak berbunga terbesar yang memiliki 2.420 bunga jantan dari masing-masing satu spesies (Anonim, 2015d). Euphorbiaceae benang. Genus ini mempunyai struktur (famili spurge), dalam bahasa Inggris bunga yang unik berwarna mencolok seringkali disebut euphorbia, adalah famili seperti warna kuning, merah, ungu, coklat, yang besar dari tumbuhan berbunga atau hijau. Genus ini memiliki banyak dengan 300 genera dan sekitar 7.500 spesies yang terkenal karena bunganya spesies. Kebanyakan adalah herba, tetapi yang aneh, dedaunan yang bagus atau banyak juga, khususnya di wilayah tropis bentuk tanamannya sendiri yang aneh. adalah semak belukar atau pohon. Nama Spesies dari Euphorbia yang berupa Spurge berasal dari bahasa Latin yaitu tanaman herba sangat cocok untuk taman kata espurge yang berarti pembersih, batu, tanah campuran, atau tanah alami. karena digunakan sebagai obat cuci Spesies yang cocok untuk taman tropis perut (Anonim, 2015e; 2015f). Famili kering dan beriklim sedang. Getah susu ini umumnya ditemui di daerah topis, Euphorbia dapat menyebabkan iritasi yang merupakan jenis-jenis umum di pada kulit, dan ketidaknyamanan parah wilayah Indo-Malayan dan tropis Amerika. jika tertelan (Anonim, 2015d). Sebagian besar varietas ditemui di daerah tropis Afrika, tetapi tidak berlimpah atau METODE PENELITIAN bervariasi dibandingkan pada dua daerah Hutan Pendidikan Fahutan Unmul tropis lainnya. Euphorbia juga mempunyai #/2"0"'3/430"[#'./0!/."&'"-."0"'578R:5RRM 578R7<RR'=$-."-3'>/!"."-'?"-'::@:<R55RRM banyak jenis di daerah non-tropis seperti ::@:<R:<RR'A,B,0'C$1,0'?/-3"-'!,"#'"0/"!' lembah sungai Mediterania, Timur Tengah, Gerbang Etam [90] +300 hektar. Hutan Pendidikan Fahutan Pendidikan Fahutan Unmul disajikan di Unmul merupakan kawasan yang masih Tabel 1 dan 2. bernuansa alami dengan habitat hutan Sebanyak 20 jenis dari 19 genus hujan tropis dataran rendah ( low land dari famili Asteraceae berhasil dicatat dan tropical rain forest ), yang terletak pada didokumentasikan di lokasi penelitian. ketinggian +50 meter dari permukaan laut (dpl) dengan kelembaban udara 80-90% Sedangkan 19 jenis dari 8 genus dan curah hujan bulanan rata-rata + 161,3 merupakan jenis-jenis yang termasuk mm. famili Euphorbiaceae. Vegetasi awal Hutan Pendidikan Fahutan Unmul merupakan hutan alami KESIMPULAN yang didominasi oleh Dipterocarpaceae, Jenis-jenis tumbuhan bawah dari setelah mengalami kebakaran pada tahun famili Asteraceae dan Euphorbiaceae 1983,1993, dan 1998, vegetasi sebagian merupakan jenis-jenis yang banyak besar berubah menjadi hutan sekunder ditemui di Hutan Pendidikan Fahutan muda, dan sekarang menjadi hutan Unmul dalam jumlah berlimpah. Sebagai sekunder tua yang mengarah ke klimaks. tumbuhan bawah, fungsi penting jenis- Hewan yang dijumpai di lokasi ini meliputi jenis ini adalah untuk melindungi tanah hewan invertebrata seperti dari kelompok dari limpasan
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