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Victims of Garabagh Conflict (Azerbaijan)

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Victims of Garabagh Conflict (Azerbaijan) Elm və İnnovativ Texnologiyalar Jurnalı Nömrə 4, 2018, 29-38 DOI: 10.5782/2616-4418.3.2018.29. WOMEN AND VIOLENCE: VICTIMS OF GARABAGH CONFLICT (AZERBAIJAN) Kifayat Jabi Aghayeva Azerbaijan University of Languages, Baku, Azerbaijan “It is more dangerous to be a woman than to be a soldier in modern conflict” (Patrick Cammaert, 2008, former Deputy Force Commander of the United Nations Mission to the Democratic Republic of Congo). However, making clearer the situation it is to be given brief information about the recent history of my country, otherwise there will be a lot of vague points for the readers. Azerbaijan is a country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia and it is rich in natural recourses. Rich resources of our country have been always attractive for foreign aggressors and it was occupied by different powerful states in the different periods. We were not independent and free, because our destiny was not in our own hands. At the end of the XVIII and in the first third of the XIX centuries, Azerbaijan was fought over by the Persian, Russian and Ottoman empires. The peace treaty of Gulistan, signed on October 12, 1813 by Russia and Persia, gave legal recognition to the effective annexation by Russia of the khanates of northern Azerbaijan. The second Russo-Persian war of 1826-1828 led, on February 10, 1828, to the signing of the Turkmanchai peace treaty, under which Persia recognized its annexation by Russia. So, Azerbaijan was divided by Russia and Iran. The Southern Azerbaijan was given to Iran and Northern Azerbaijan was given to Tsar Russia [Шишов А. В., 2007]. Till that treaty the capital of my motherland was Tabriz (now it is in the territory of Iran). During ruling time Tsar Russia had, in fact, exploited ethnic and religious strife to maintain control in a policy of “divide and rule”. In 1905, class and ethnic tensions resulted in Muslim-Armenian ethnic rioting during the first Russian Revolution. 29 30 Kifayat Jabi Aghayeva In 1918 Azerbaijan attained its independence; unfortunately, it lasted less than 2 years. Russian Red Army occupied Northern Azerbaijan again. Azerbaijan, one of the fifteen republics entered into the part of USSR and it lasted for seventeen years. But the tragic events of January19-20, 1990 are a turning point in the story of Azerbaijan’s independence from the Soviet Union. The attack by Soviet military forces (Red Army) stormed Baku and murdered hundreds of civilians. The Soviet aggression against Azerbaijan during 70 years came to the end with this bloody tragedy. Soviet Special Forces entered to Baku without warning and committed ferocity action against innocent Azerbaijani people. The invasion was launched at the midnight and committed with brutality and no mercy for children, women and elderly. The military contingent entered to Baku was informed to protect the rights of Russians and Armenians, which was violated by the local population. But it was explicitly disinformation. The real face of the Soviet attack was totally different. At that time, Azerbaijan was subjected to aggression from neighboring Armenia. Armenia violated the territorial integrity of Azerbaijan, which was resulted the occupation of the Azerbaijan territory. Russia always wants to be powerful and influential in the Caucasus. When Soviet Union collapsed, Russia lost her influence on Georgia and Azerbaijan. The only state, which can help to spread Russian influence on the Caucasus, is Armenia because it is not able to survive without help and support of Russia. Armenia was accustomed to be subsidized by other republics of USSR during Soviet time. Despite being subjected to military, political and moral aggression, Azerbaijani national movement succeeded to stand against Soviet challenge, and Soviet troops eventually had to withdraw from Baku. Subsequently, Azerbaijan declared its independence on October 18, 1991. Upper (Nagorno) Garabagh Conflict, IDP/refugee women. The Upper Garabagh conflict became as one of the most tragic conflicts in the history of XX century and affected the destiny of millions. The Armenian side has cared for years to deteriorate the hostile situation by having pondering on the ethnocratic nature of its plot. It should be mentioned that Azerbaijan has endured ethnic cleansing and genocide by Armenian nationalist-chauvinists for 200 years. The people of Azerbaijan were deported from their historical lands and became refugees and internally displaced persons because of Armenian occupation. Azerbaijanis were also forced from their historical lands even during the Soviet period. The following information might be useful for understanding the root of this conflict. Garabagh is one of the ancient regions of Azerbaijan. The word “Garabagh” consists of two Azerbaijani words “gara” (black) and “bagh” (garden). The Armenian population was not present in Garabagh before a Russian resettlement in 1828. After the signing of the Gulustan and Turkmanchay treaties a very rapid mass resettlement of the Armenians in the Azerbaijani lands (specifically in Garabagh) and the subsequent artificial territorial division took place. The conflict over Upper-Garabagh has long history. In 1905, the Armenian Dashnak party, taking advantage of the Russo-Japanese War, attacked the Capital Women and violence… 31 Baku, burned and destroyed more than 300 cities and villages, killed thousands of Azerbaijani civilians, and raped many women. In the Azerbaijani city of Quba, Armenians massacred not only Azerbaijanis but also many Jews who made up half of the population of this city. There are hundreds of mass graves only in this region. 400 skeletons were found in this mass grave, most belonging to women, old men and children. 16.000 people were killed in this city during 1918-20 and 122 villages were destroyed, mosques were burned [see: http://www.liveleak.com.view]. Only by the help of the Turkey army Azerbaijan people could overcome this difficulty. In 1921, Stalin and Lenin (Head of Russian Communist Party) pacified Mustafa Kemal Ataturk (the leader of the Turkish Nationalist Army) by assigning the disputed angered the Armenian leaders who, having been forced into Soviet Union learned that Stalin had little patience for their complaints, holding out the prospect of severe recriminations if actions were taken by them [Mooradian M. & Daniel Druckman, 1999]. In 1922 Azerbaijan, Georgia and Armenia also became socialist republics of the Soviet Union under the name of The Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (TSFSR). In 1936, the Transcaucasian SFSR was divided back to the three socialist republics as the Armenian, Azerbaijan and Georgian SSRs. As part of their “divide-and-rule” policy in the area, the Soviets established the Upper- Garabagh Autonomous Region as the part of Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic. From time to time the soviet governmental officials stopped this ethnic conflict rose but it. 150,000 Azerbaijanis were deported from Armenia and placed in the Kur-Araz plain from1948-1953. 250,000 Azerbaijanis were forced from their historical territories in 1988 and Armenia became a mono-ethnical state [Institute of History named after A. Bakykhanov of ANAS, 2015]. The last conflict emerged in the dying days of the Soviet Union, in 1988, in a peaceful call for independence that immediately escalated to inter-ethnic violence. It is a conflict on the personal, national, state, and international level, posing a compound challenge of understanding. Armenian separatism in Upper Garabagh became even more active after the first and last president of the USSR; Mikhail Gorbachev rose to power in 1985. He was also following Russian empire’s “divide-and-rule” policy. One of Gorbachev’s economic advisers, Abel Aganbekyan (Armenian), spoke on the economic importance of annexing Upper Garabagh to Armenia. Gorbachev took no action against an adviser nurturing ethnic conflict within the USSR. Garabagh Armenians asked him to help them Upper Garabagh to be made a part of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic. He gave the order for the right of the Garabagh Armenians to self-government and was ready to legalize their request. Since then regular armed attacks were organized by the Armenian separatists against the Azerbaijanis and with the support of Moscow. This process of occupation continued until the end of 1993, and as a result, besides Upper Garabagh, seven adjoining districts were also occupied. During military campaign of 1992 and 1993, with the help of Russia Armenia occupied 20% of the 32 Kifayat Jabi Aghayeva Azerbaijani territory. As an outcome of the war, more than one million of people have been subjected to the ethnic cleansing by Armenia. Thousands of Azerbaijanian women and men were clearly at a loss. Jonathan RUGMAN in Kanliq, southwest Azerbaijan, reports: “On the main road south through Kubatli province, thousands of men, women and children are packed into trucks at an Azeri checkpoint waiting for permission to leave. Helicopters shuttle in and out with the wounded, while a group of women sit waiting at the roadside, tearing at their bloodstained faces with their fingernails in a frenzy of grief. Anew exodus of refugees is under way towards Azerbaijan’s border with Iran as Armenia forces continue ignoring United Nations demands that they stop their offensive. This week the UNHCR began distributing 4,000 tents and 50,000 blankets to those displaced in the recent hostilities. The organization said 250,000 Azeris have been displaced so far this year and about 1 million since the massacre began in 1988 [The Guardian, 2 September 1993]. During wartime majority of Garabagh women lost their homes, families, job places. The popular scientist Mehrangiz Najafizadeh writes that many Azeri IDP/refugee women were highly educated and occupied major positions as physicians, academics, teachers, cooperative leaders, and managers in their home communities prior to displacement. These women brought these same attributes with them as IDPs/refugees, and some were able to acquire employment in their newfound communities.
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