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A European Montenegro How Are Historical Monuments Politically Instrumentalised in Light of Future Membership of the European Union?

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A European Montenegro How Are Historical Monuments Politically Instrumentalised in Light of Future Membership of the European Union? A European Montenegro How are historical monuments politically instrumentalised in light of future membership of the European Union? MA Thesis in European Studies Graduate School for Humanities Universiteit van Amsterdam Daniel Spiers 12395757 Main Supervisor: Dr. Nevenka Tromp Second Supervisor: Dr. Alex Drace-Francis December, 2020 Word Count: 17,660 Acknowledgments My time at the Universiteit van Amsterdam has been a true learning curve and this paper is only a part of my academic development here. I wish to express my gratitude to all the lecturing staff that I have had contact with during my studies, all of whom have all helped me mature and grow. In particular, I want to thank Dr. Nevenka Tromp who has been a fantastic mentor to me during my time at the UvA. She has consistently supported my academic aims and has been there for me when I have had concerns. Lastly, I want to thank the family and friends in my life. My parents, sister and grandparents have always supported me in my development, and I miss them all dearly. I show appreciation to the friends in my life, in Amsterdam, London, Brussels and Montenegro, who are aware of my passion for Montenegro and have supported me at every stage. Dedication I dedicate this thesis to the people of Montenegro who have lived through an extraordinary period of change and especially to those who believe that it is leading them to a brighter future. Abstract This thesis seeks to explore how historical monuments are politically instrumentalised in Montenegro in light of future membership of the European Union. This paper brings together many themes, including national identity and statehood, Europeanisation and memory politics. This facilitates an intersectional and multifaceted analysis of two case studies, the Njegoš mausoleum on Mount Lovćen and the Roman ruins of Doclea. By utilising the aforementioned themes and approaching the analysis through a historical institutional lens, a study is carried out which can deliver a perspective of the EU enlargement process that is often forgotten Contents Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 1 1. Literature Review ............................................................................................................... 4 1.1 Overview .......................................................................................................................... 4 1.2 Monuments and Memory ................................................................................................ 4 1.3 Montenegrin Statehood and Identity .............................................................................. 8 1.4 Europeanisation ............................................................................................................. 11 2. Methodology ........................................................................................................................ 14 2.1 Overview ........................................................................................................................ 14 2.2 Theoretical Framework .................................................................................................. 14 2.3 Sources ........................................................................................................................... 17 2.4 Limitations ...................................................................................................................... 18 3. The Njegoš Mausoleum on Mount Lovćen: a struggle between Serbian and Montenegrin identity ..................................................................................................................................... 19 3.1 Overview ........................................................................................................................ 19 3.2 History of the monument, the material ......................................................................... 19 3.3 Competitive Memory ..................................................................................................... 23 3.4 A Symbol of European Montenegro? ............................................................................. 25 4. Doclea: Manifestation of Montenegro’s European identity? .............................................. 31 4.1 Overview ........................................................................................................................ 31 4.2 Materiality, history and interest in Doclea .................................................................... 31 4.3 Tourism and National Identity ....................................................................................... 34 4.4 European identity and history of Montenegro .............................................................. 36 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................ 38 Bibliography ............................................................................................................................. 41 1 Introduction As of 2020, Montenegro is the most advanced country in the enlargement process of the European Union (EU). In fact, to illustrate this, the country has been labelled as the ‘frontrunner.’1 As physical evidence of this, all of the acquis Communautaire or Community acquis have been opened with the last chapter on competition policy having being opened in mid-2020.2 Looking purely at the institutional level, it would appear that Montenegro is on the right path to become the newest member of the European Union in the future. Europeanisation based purely on this implies the EU integration process in the form of conditionality that candidate countries must meet.3 Europeanisation and European integration is, therefore, easy to monitor and assess. The observer simply looks at the status of the accession negotiations and can observe the level of alignment with the EU acquis. Approaching the process of European integration from this perspective, often leaves the observer with only a picture of integration from the institutional level. In addition, it is likely that this process will be viewed purely from the perspective of the European level. This leaves a one-sided impression which, in turn, leaves the observer with a distorted view of the process. This has been raised by literature in the EU enlargement processes of 2004 and 2007, where ten countries (mainly from Central and Eastern Europe) joined the European Union. Antoaneta L. Dimitrova, analysed the enlargement of the EU from the perspective of these new member states. Recognising the transformative effect that membership can have for countries, the author provides a ‘birds-eye’ view of these changes which can be seen as ‘multiple processes of political, economic, societal and state-administrative transformation, affecting at least the spheres of national identity, orientation and (sometimes) statehood…’4 This then demonstrates that viewing the process of acceding to the European Union purely through the lens of conditionality, ignores a large part of this process. For Montenegro, a young country which gained independence as recently as 2006, factors such as national identity and statehood are ignored when looking at the process purely from an institutional perspective. The perspective of EU enlargement will, therefore, be viewed from the perspective of Montenegro. By doing this, the role of the political elites will need to be explored and evaluated. There are numerous ways this could be done. As an observer, it is possible to track the attitudes of the Montenegrin towards EU membership by simply reading what is published in media outlets. This does not allow for an effective analysis, however. In addition, 1 Sandra Maksimović, “Mrdak: Accepting the new methodology reflects readiness to develop our society”, European Western Balkans, 23/06/2020, https://europeanwesternbalkans.com/2020/06/23/mrdak-accepting- the-new-methodology-reflects-readiness-to-develop-our-society/. 2 European Western Balkans, “Montenegro to open Chapter 8 on 30 June, Serbia not opening new Chapters this month”, 26/06/2020, https://europeanwesternbalkans.com/2020/06/26/montenegro-to-open-chapter-8- on-30-june-serbia-not-opening-new-chapters-this-month/. 3 Zoran Vučkovac, “Against Institutionalised Forgetting: Memory Politics from Below in Postwar Prijedor”, in Europeanisation and Memory Politics in the Western Balkans, eds. Ana Milošević and Tamara Trošt, (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2020): 232. 4 Antoaneta L. Dimitrova, “Enlargement-driven change and post-communist transformations: a new perspective”, in Driven to Change: The European Unions’ Enlargement Viewed from the East, ed. Antoaneta L. Dimitrova, (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2004): 2. 2 if the enlargement process affects the sphere of national identity this, itself, must be understood. Scholars, such as Emil Hilton Saggau, have analysed monuments and their competitive materiality in order to provide a picture of contemporary Montenegrin identity. The competing Montenegrin and Serb identities and its effects has infiltrated many aspects of life in the country. This is detailed effectively in his study of Njegoš’ mausoleum on Mount Lovćen. This, however, has not been attempted by scholars in reference to Montenegro and its European identity. Therefore, the analysis of monuments can provide a picture which relates to Montenegro’s identity and
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