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Women of the Progressive Conservation Movement: 1900-1916 Carolyn Merchant Universityof California,Berkeley

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Women of the Progressive Conservation Movement: 1900-1916 Carolyn Merchant Universityof California,Berkeley !"#$%&"'&()$&*+",+$--./$&0"%-$+/1(."%&2"/$#$%(3&456674548 9:()"+;-<3&01+"=>%&2$+?)1%( @":+?$3&A%/.+"%#$%(1=&B$/.$C3&ABD&E"=F&GD&H"F&4D&@I$?.1=&J--:$3&!"#$%&1%K&A%/.+"%#$%(1= L.-("+>&;@I+.%,D&45GM<D&IIF&NO7GN *:P=.-)$K&P>3&Q"+$-(&L.-("+>&@"?.$(>&1%K&9#$+.?1%&@"?.$(>&'"+&A%/.+"%#$%(1=&L.-("+> @(1P=$&RBS3&http://www.jstor.org/stable/3984521 9??$--$K3&4GT68TU646&UV3MM Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. 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Forest History Society and American Society for Environmental History are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Environmental Review: ER. http://www.jstor.org Women of the Progressive Conservation Movement: 1900-1916 Carolyn Merchant Universityof California,Berkeley Nowherehas women'sself-conscious role as protectorsof the environ- ment been better exemplifiedthan duringthe progressiveconservation crusade of the early twentieth century. Although that role has been renderedall but invisibleby conservationhistorians, women transformed the crusadefrom an elite male enterpriseinto a widelybased movement. In so doing, they not only broughthundreds of local naturalareas under legal protection,but also promotedlegislation aimed at haltingpollution, reforestingwatersheds, and preservingendangered species. Yet this enter- prise ultimatelyrested on the self-interestedpreservation of their own middle-classlife styles and was legitimatedby the separatemale/female spheres ideology of the nineteenthcentury aimed at conserving"true womanhood," the home, and the child. In his book The Fight for Conservation (1910), Gifford Pinchot praisedthe women of the progressiveera for their substantialcontribu- tions to conservation. He cited the conservation committee of the Daughtersof the AmericanRevolution (chaired by his mother),the Penn- sylvaniaForestry Association, "founded by ladies," which carriedout some of the earliestwork done in that state, the nationalforests preserv- ed by Minnesotawomen, and the CalaverasBig Trees set aside by the 57 women of Californiaafter a nine year fight.' Writinghis definitivehistory of the progressiveconservation cam- paignin 1959,Samuel Hays also acknowledgedthe enthusiasmof women's organizationsfor conservationand theirstaunch support, until 1913, for Pinchotas leaderof the movement.Historians Robert Welker (1955) and StephenFox (1981)amplified other female contributions, especially to the Audubonmovement and the hikingclubs, while admittingthat much re- mainsto be learnedregarding women's role in conservation.2Behind these brief tributesto their substantialcontributions lies an untold storyof im- mense energy, achievement,and dedication by thousands of women. Although only the most prominentwomen appear in recent historical studies, withoutthe input of womenin nearlyevery locale in the country, conservationgains in the early decadesof the centurywould have been fewer and far less spectacular. g ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.!... .........|-l-<Ew 4A Fig. 1 Mrs. Loveli White CaliforniaFederation of Women's Clubs Club Life, 4, no 6 (Feb. 1906) In the nineteenth century, women had developed interests and 58 organizationsthat pavedthe way for their work in the conservationand reformmovements of the progressiveera. Literaryclubs oriented toward culture drew women together for mutual improvementand shared ex- periences,while the women'srights and abolitionmovements exposed them to the political processand the public arena. Leisuretime had afforded middleand upper-classwomen opportunitiesfor botanizing,gardening, birdlore, and camping. Propelled by a growing consciousnessof the panacea of bucolic scenery and wilderness,coupled with the need for reform of the squalorof the cities, women burst vividly into the public arenain the early twentiethcentury as a force in the progressiveconser- vation crusade.3 Who werethese women of the conservationmovement? What were theiraccomplishments, objectives, and ideals?How did they interactwith the men who promotedconservation? What ideologicalframework did they bring to the crusadeand to the conflicts that developedwithin it? I. Feminist Conservation The GeneralFederation of Women's Clubs In 1900, Mrs. Lovell Whiteof San Francisco,(Fig. 1), the brilliant, dynamicfounder and presidentof the women's CaliforniaClub, took up the cause of forestry.Founded at the home of Mrs. Whiteon a cold rainy eveningin 1897in the wake of the first and abortiveCalifornia suffrage campaign- a campaign"brilliant, rich in experiences"with a "a spirit of wholesomecomradeship," - the CaliforniaClub mergedin January of 1900 with women'sclubs throughoutthe state to form the California Federationof Women'sClubs. With Mrs. RobertBurdette of Pasadena as presidentand Mrs. White as vice-presidentat large, the first meeting was steeped in conservationideals.4 "The preservationof the forestsof this state is a matterthat should appealto women,"declared Mrs. Burdettein heropening address. "While the women of New Jerseyare saving the Palisadesof the Hudson from utterdestruction by mento whosegreedy souls MountSinai is only a stone quarry,and the women of Colorado are saving the cliff dwellingsand pueblo ruins of their state from vandal destruction,the word comes to the women of California that men whose souls are gang-saws are meditatingthe turningof our world-famousSequoias into planksand fen- cing worthso many dollars." The forestsof the state, she went on, were the sourceof the state'swaters and together they madepossible the homes and healthof the peopleof California."Better one livingtree in Califor- nia, than fifty acres of lumberyard.Preserve and replantthem and the State will be blessed a thousandfoldin the developmentof its natural resources. ."' In the yearsthat followed, Mrs. White, as Presidentof the Californ- ia Club's OutdoorArt League,President of the SempervirensClub, and later Chair of the Forestry Committee of the General Federationof Women's Clubs made a national reputation "working unceasinglyin behalfof forestry.""Whenever her name is associatedwith any project," asserteda tributeto her in 1906, "it is looked upon as a guaranteeof suc- cess for the verygood reasonthat she has engineeredso many undertak- ings by her executivestrength and progressivespirit."6 In 1900Mrs. White becamealarmed by a reportthat the Calaveras Grove of Big Trees in the Stanislauswatershed of the westernSierra, discoveredin 1850 and of world renown, was scheduledfor cutting by 59 an easternlumber firm. The Big Trees,(Sequoia gigantea), were the largest known redwoodsin existence,many measuringover 12 feet in diameter with bark up to two feet thick.7 In Februaryof that year,Mrs. Whiteasked Mrs. A.D. Sharon,a club memberwho was in Washington,to requestthe introductionof a joint resolutionin Congresscalling for the acquisitionof the grove on behalf of the public. Successwas immediateand too good to be true! In March Mrs. White receiveda telegramfrom Mrs. Sharon: "Bill passed House Friday, Senate Monday, Presidentsigned Tuesday."8 Mrs. White soon realizedthat the bill had only authorizednegotia- tion to purchase. No funds had been appropriated.But with cutting delayed owing to the owner's cooperationwith the law, Mrs. White as presidentof the OutdoorArt Leaguebegan a nationwidecampaign for purchaseof the trees as a national park. After a bill failed to pass the house in 1904, she organizeda petition drive that collected 1,500,000signatures and was endorsedby dozens of national organizations. Upon its presentationto President Theodore Roosevelt,the first specialpresidential message was sent to Congress"at the requestof an organizationmanaged by women," urgingpreservation of the groves.In addition,Mrs. Whitearranged to havelarge photographs of the most prominenttrees, namedafter presidentsand generalsof the United States, sent to key congressionalcommittees.9 With Congressstill refusingto act, Mrs. Whiteembarked on a per- sonal campaignto lobby every senatorand representativein Congress. Finallyin 1909a bill was passedand signedby Rooseveltthat authorized exchangeof the CalaverasGroves for lands of equal value in the U.S. ForestReserves. Hailed as a greattriumph by the Women'sClubs, preser- vation of the Big Trees was not yet achieved.No lands satisfactoryfor the exchangecould be found by the owner, Mr. Whiteside.The situation remainedin limbo until 1926, when announcementwas madeof plansto cut the South Grove. At that point the fight was taken up by Mrs. Har- riet West Jacksonwho as presidentof the CalaverasGrove Association determinedto pressfor a state parkin
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