DOCSLIB.ORG

U.S. Imperialism and Revolution in the Philippines This Page Intentionally Left Blank U.S

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
U.S. Imperialism and Revolution in the Philippines This Page Intentionally Left Blank U.S U.S. Imperialism and Revolution in the Philippines This page intentionally left blank U.S. Imperialism and Revolution in the Philippines E. San Juan, Jr. U.S. IMPERIALISM AND REVOLUTION IN THE PHILIPPINES Copyright © E. San Juan, Jr., 2007. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2007 978-1-4039-8376-3 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles or reviews. First published in 2007 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN™ 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010 and Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, England RG21 6XS. Companies and representatives throughout the world. PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St. Martin’s Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Macmillan® is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-53922-2 ISBN 978-0-230-60703-3 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9780230607033 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data San Juan, E. (Epifanio), 1938– U.S. imperialism and revolution in the Philippines / by E. San Juan, Jr. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-349-53922-2 1. Philippines—History—1898– 2. Mindanao Island (Philippines)—History—Autonomy and independence movements. I. Title. DS685.S22 2007 959.9’031—dc22 2007003111 A catalogue record of the book is available from the British Library. Design by Scribe Inc. First edition: September 2007 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 In memory of Eden Marcellana, Juvy Magsino, Leima Fortu, Eddie Gumanoy, Melita Trinidad Carvajal, Ofelia Rodriguez, Benjaline Hernandez, Alyce Omengan Claver, Diosdado Fortuna, Lizelda Estorba-Cuñado, Markus Bangit, Victoria Samonte, Jose Maria Cui, and all other victims of political extrajudical killings in the Philippines; and to all the martyrs of the struggle for justice, equality, and national liberation. This page intentionally left blank Contents Acknowledgments ix Introduction xi 1. Post-9/11 Warnings: The Return of the Anglo Conquistadors 1 2. Imperialism Under Its Victims’ Eyes 21 3. Symbolizing Resistance against Empire 45 4. Language and Decolonization 67 5. Understanding the Bangsa Moro Struggle for Self-Determination 89 6. Terrorism and Popular Insurgency 113 7. Emergency Passage to the Liberated Zones 135 Afterword 163 References 181 Appendices 203 Index 255 About the Author 265 This page intentionally left blank Acknowledgments In the long march to the liberated zone within reach—not yet to the kingdom of free- dom from necessity—one incurs numerous debts, some slight and some enormous. One can no longer distinguish which one is which in the course of revisions, additions, and subtractions. And so the listing of names here should not be interpreted as prefer- ential election. In any event, I want to thank the following for tirelessly supporting this project: Dr. Michael Martin, Director of Black and Third World Cinema, University of Indiana; Dr. Sam Noumoff, emeritus professor, McGill University; and Professor Peter McLaren, UCLA, a world-renowned educator and inspiration of progressive teachers everywhere. I am indebted to Prof. Kenneth Bauzon for his durable comradeship in our com- mon endeavors, as well as to the following colleagues for sharing their “symbolic capi- tal” and other resources: Arif Dirlik, David Palumbo-Liu, Douglas Allen, Paul Wong, Dick Bennett, Jorshinelle Sonza, Jinqi Ling, Jeffrey Cabusao, Anne Lacsamana, John Streamas, Csaba Polony, Joel Wendland, Lester Ruiz, Bill Fletcher, and, in particular, Jim Zwick, whose knowledge of U.S. imperialism in the Philippines (evinced in his well-known Internet archive Sentenaryo) is wider and deeper than those of many aca- demic officeholders. As examples of activists unifying theory and practice, I am grateful to the kasamas and cultural workers of SANDIWA, PHILIPPINE FORUM, BULATLAT, CON- TEND, and other institutions, among them: Mike Viola, Freedom Siyam, Julia Camagong, Robert Roy, Bobby Tuazon, Sarah Raymundo, Roland Tolentino, Danilo Arao, Judy Taguiwalo, Doti Abaya, Dennis Guevarra, Karina Bolasco, Ave Perez Jacob, and Rogelio Mangahas. I also want to acknowledge the help of the following public “intellectuals” (in Gramsci’s sense): Tomas Talledo, Roland Simbulan, Joi Barrios, Bienvenido Lumbera, Delfin Tolentino, Jr., and Elmer Ordoñez at the University of the Philippines; and Lulu Torres, Soledad Reyes, Joseph Lim, Esther Pacheco, and Maria Corazon Baytion at the Ateneo de Manila University. For assistance on various occa- sions, I want to thank former U.P. President Francisco Nemenzo, Jr., Ms. Ana Maria Nemenzo, Prof. Preachy Legasto of the U.P. Diliman Review, and Profs. Clodualdo del Mundo, Jr., and David Bayot, both of De La Salle University. Special thanks to Marie Hilao-Enriquez and Ruth Cervantes of KARAPATAN for their help and permission in reproducing their 2006 Human Rights Report; to Dr. Angelica M. Gonzales and the International Coordinating Secretariat of the Permanent IX X •ACKNOWLEDGMENTS People’s Tribunal, Second Session on the Philippines, for providing the final document of the Tribunal’s Verdict; and to Dr. Carol Pagaduan-Araullo, chairperson of BAYAN (Bagong Alyansang Makabayan) for her solidarity and example. Last but not least, I want to thank my friends abroad for their support: Professor Pauline Eadie (University of Nottingham), Prof. William Boelhower (University of Padova), Prof. Pierre Lantz of the Sorbonne, Prof. Ping-hui Liao (National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan), Dr. Lee Yu-cheng (Academia Sinica), Prof. Wolfgang Fritz Haug, Dr. Rainer Werning, and Prof. Yoshiko Nagano (Kanagawa University, Japan). Anyone who finds this book useful is indebted also to Dr. Delia D. Aguilar, with- out whose critical advice and sustenance this book would not have materialized— Salamat nang walang hanggan, as the poet once said. For errors, oversights, and other flaws, I alone am responsible. —E. San Juan, Jr. Storrs, CT, USA-Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines Introduction n February 2006, President Gloria Arroyo of the Philippines issued Proclamation 1017 instituting emergency rule. Arresting nationalist legislators, Arroyo claimed I that this measure was meant to protect the Republic from a rightist military coup aided somewhat implausibly by “communist” guerillas. This provoked a scathing edito- rial in the New York Times (April 5, 2006) censuring Arroyo for betraying the ideals of the 1986 “People Power” movement that brought down the Marcos dictatorship (sup- ported by various U.S. administrations) and ushered back U.S.-style “elite democracy.” The authoritarian Arroyo has been universally condemned for crony corruption, vote- rigging, intimidation of critical journalists, and general indifference to the worst record so far of human-rights violations in the country’s history (see Afterword). Except for natural disasters and kidnapping of Western tourists, the Philippines had been ignored by the Western mass media—until September 19, 2001, when the country was trans- formed overnight into the second battlefront in the global war on terrorism (after Afghanistan), especially in the wake of unexpected counter-insurgency disasters in Iraq. The Philippines was the first colonial possession of the United States in Southeast Asia following the Spanish-American War at the turn of the last century. Unlike the conquest of Cuba, Puerto Rico, or Hawaii, the United States encountered fierce resist- ance from the revolutionary forces of the first Philippine Republic that had already van- quished the moribund Spanish colonial authority. This episode in the vicissitudes of U.S. “Manifest Destiny” had been effectively obscured or obliterated from public memory—from textbooks and public fora—until the Vietnam War revived the hor- rors of an anti-imperialist guerilla war first conducted by the Filipinos against over one hundred thousand U.S. troops sent to pacify the islands and “civilize” the natives. Only one North American historian, Gabriel Kolko, dared estimate the political import and moral resonance of this outrage in this all-encompassing indictment: Violence reached a crescendo against the Indian after the Civil War and found a yet blood- ier manifestation during the protracted conquest of the Philippines from 1898 until well into the next decade, when anywhere from 200,000 to 600,000 Filipinos were killed in an orgy of racist slaughter that evoked much congratulation and approval from the eminent journals and men of the era who were also much concerned about progress and stability at home....[T]he first American entry [into Asia]—and the most ignored—was the bloody XI XII •INTRODUCTION acquisition of the Philippines and the long repression,. which was required when the Americans found that in order really to take the islands, they had first to retrieve it by force and chicanery from a Filipino independence movement largely in control at the end of the war with Spain. Americans, with few exceptions, refused to reflect on the enormity of this crime, which it later repeated again in a yet more brutal form in Vietnam. But it was from this island base, held firmly in hand with terrible force, and then also co-option and cul- tural imperialism, that the United States was to embark on its Asian role, a role that even- tually became the most demanding and troublesome in America’s long history. (1984, 42, 286–87) The first Philippine Republic led by General Emilio Aguinaldo, born from a suc- cessful war against Spanish feudal theocracy, mounted a determined opposition to the U.S. invading forces. Switching from conventional warfare to guerilla tactics, the resist- ance proved futile. The war continued for two more decades after Aguinaldo’s capture in 1901. Several provinces resisted to the point where the United States had to employ scorched-earth tactics, including torture such as water-boarding, an interrogation tech- nique for Al-Qaeda suspects approved by Vice-President Dick Cheney (Landay 2006).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Awakening an Empire of Liberty: Exploring the Roots of Socratic Inquiry and Political Nihilism in American Democracy
    Washington University Law Review Volume 83 Issue 2 2005 Awakening an Empire of Liberty: Exploring the Roots of Socratic Inquiry and Political Nihilism in American Democracy Maurice R. Dyson Columbia Law School Follow this and additional works at: https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/law_lawreview Part of the Civil Rights and Discrimination Commons, Law and Politics Commons, and the Legal History Commons Recommended Citation Maurice R. Dyson, Awakening an Empire of Liberty: Exploring the Roots of Socratic Inquiry and Political Nihilism in American Democracy, 83 WASH. U. L. Q. 575 (2005). Available at: https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/law_lawreview/vol83/iss2/4 This Book Review is brought to you for free and open access by the Law School at Washington University Open Scholarship. It has been accepted for inclusion in Washington University Law Review by an authorized administrator of Washington University Open Scholarship. For more information, please contact [email protected]. AWAKENING AN EMPIRE OF LIBERTY†: EXPLORING THE ROOTS OF SOCRATIC INQUIRY AND POLITICAL NIHILISM IN AMERICAN DEMOCRACY DEMOCRACY MATTERS: WINNING THE FIGHT AGAINST IMPERIALISM. BY CORNEL WEST. PENGUIN PRESS (2004). Pp.229. * Reviewed by Maurice R. Dyson In his latest book, Democracy Matters, Cornel West contends that a perfect storm is in the making, one which has the greatest potential to destroy American democracy. This includes three combined anti- democratic dogmas that have collectively operated to deprive everyday Americans of the ability to critically analyze not only their own state of † The phrase “Empire of Liberty” was first used by Thomas Jefferson in the Declaration of Independence. The phrase has come to signify the contradiction of the United States as a beacon of egalitarian freedom and a bulwark of imperialism and racial subordination.
    [Show full text]
  • William Jennings Bryan and His Opposition to American Imperialism in the Commoner
    The Uncommon Commoner: William Jennings Bryan and his Opposition to American Imperialism in The Commoner by Dante Joseph Basista Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in the History Program YOUNGSTOWN STATE UNIVERSITY August, 2019 The Uncommon Commoner: William Jennings Bryan and his Opposition to American Imperialism in The Commoner Dante Joseph Basista I hereby release this thesis to the public. I understand that this thesis will be made available from the OhioLINK ETD Center and the Maag Library Circulation Desk for public access. I also authorize the University or other individuals to make copies of this thesis as needed for scholarly research. Signature: Dante Basista, Student Date Approvals: Dr. David Simonelli, Thesis Advisor Date Dr. Martha Pallante, Committee Member Date Dr. Donna DeBlasio, Committee Member Date Dr. Salvatore A. Sanders, Dean of Graduate Studies Date ABSTRACT This is a study of the correspondence and published writings of three-time Democratic Presidential nominee William Jennings Bryan in relation to his role in the anti-imperialist movement that opposed the US acquisition of the Philippines, Guam and Puerto Rico following the Spanish-American War. Historians have disagreed over whether Bryan was genuine in his opposition to an American empire in the 1900 presidential election and have overlooked the period following the election in which Bryan’s editorials opposing imperialism were a major part of his weekly newspaper, The Commoner. The argument is made that Bryan was authentic in his opposition to imperialism in the 1900 presidential election, as proven by his attention to the issue in the two years following his election loss.
    [Show full text]
  • Was American Expansion Abroad Justified?
    NEW YORK STATE SOCIAL STUDIES RESOURCE TOOLKIT 8th Grade American Expansion Inquiry Was American Expansion Abroad Justified? Newspaper front page about the explosIon of the USS Maine, an AmerIcan war shIp. New York Journal. “DestructIon of the War ShIp Maine was the Work of an Enemy,” February 17, 1898. PublIc domain. Available at http://www.pbs.org/crucIble/headlIne7.html. Supporting Questions 1. What condItIons Influenced the United States’ expansion abroad? 2. What arguments were made In favor of ImperIalIsm and the SpanIsh-AmerIcan War? 3. What arguments were made In opposItIon to ImperIalIsm and the SpanIsh-AmerIcan War? 4. What were the results of the US involvement in the Spanish-AmerIcan War? THIS WORK IS LICENSED UNDER A CREATIVE COMMONS ATTRIBUTION- NONCOMMERCIAL- SHAREALIKE 4.0 INTERNATIONAL LICENSE. 1 NEW YORK STATE SOCIAL STUDIES RESOURCE TOOLKIT 8th Grade American Expansion Inquiry Was American Expansion Abroad Justified? 8.3 EXPANSION AND IMPERIALISM: BegInning In the second half of the 19th century, economIc, New York State Social polItIcal, and cultural factors contrIbuted to a push for westward expansIon and more aggressIve Studies Framework Key UnIted States foreIgn polIcy. Idea & Practices Gathering, Using, and Interpreting EVidence Geographic Reasoning Economics and Economic Systems Staging the Question UNDERSTAND Discuss a recent mIlItary InterventIon abroad by the UnIted States. Supporting Question 1 Supporting Question 2 Supporting Question 3 Supporting Question 4 What condItIons Influenced What arguments were
    [Show full text]
  • Nationalism, Citizenship and the Politics of Filipino Migrant Labor ROBYN M
    Citizenship Studies, Vol. 6, No. 3, 2002 Migrant Heroes: Nationalism, Citizenship and the Politics of Filipino Migrant Labor ROBYN M. RODRIGUEZ The Philippine state has popularized the idea of Filipino migrants as the country’s ‘new national heroes’, critically transforming notions of Filipino citizenship and citizenship struggles. As ‘new national heroes’, migrant workers are extended particular kinds of economic and welfare rights while they are abroad even as they are obligated to perform particular kinds of duties to their home state. The author suggests that this transnationalize d citizenship, and the obligations attached to it, becomes a mode by which the Philippine state ultimately disciplines Filipino migrant labor as exible labor. However, as citizenship is extended to Filipinos beyond the borders of the Philippines, the globalizatio n of citizenship rights has enabled migrants to make various kinds of claims on the Philippine state. Indeed, these new transnationa l political strug- gles have given rise not only to migrants’ demands for rights, but to alternative nationalisms and novel notions of citizenship that challenge the Philippine state’s role in the export and commodi cation of migrant workers. Introduction In 1995, Flor Contemplacion, a Singapore-based Filipina domestic worker, was hanged by the Singaporean government for allegedly killing another Filipina domestic worker and the child in her charge. When news about her imminent death reached the Philippines, Filipinos, throughout the nation and around the globe, went to the streets demanding that the Philippine government intervene to prevent Contemplacion’s execution. Fearing Philippine– Singapore diplomatic relations would be threatened, then-Philippine President Fidel Ramos was reluctant to intercede despite evidence that may have proved her innocence.
    [Show full text]
  • Theories of American Imperialism: a Critical Evaluation THOMAS WEISSKOPF
    Theories of American Imperialism: A Critical Evaluation THOMAS WEISSKOPF contended that the issue is whether or not the I. Introduction key United States &dquo;requires&dquo; imperialism in order in Almost a decade of overt war in Indochina; some sense to survive.[5] While these may be military interventions in Greece, Iran, Lebanon, important and interesting issues in their own right, the Congo, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Colum- they do not seem to me to go to the heart of the bia, Guatemala, Panama, Bolivia, China, Korea theoretical distinction between radical and ortho- and Thailand; military missions throughout most dox approaches. of the &dquo;free world&dquo;; and American economic I believe that what fundamentally unites dominance of countless Third World countries radical theorists is an insistence on analyzing have combined to impress upon all but the most societies as integrated social systems in concrete recalcitrant observer the truth in the assertion that historical circumstances. The radical approach in the postwar period the United States has been a differs from the orthodox approach to the social formidable imperialist power. Indeed, a brief sciences in the Western world (1) by emphasizing review of American history points to a pattern of the interdependence of different spheres of a imperialist behavior that goes back long before the society rather than compartmentalizing these postwar period to the very beginning of the Federal spheres and treating them independently, and (2) republic.[l] That the United States is now and has by analyzing a society in terms of its specific insti- long been an imperialist power is a proposition that tutional structure rather than in terms of abstract is no longer subject to serious debate.
    [Show full text]
  • Modern Constitutional Democracy and Imperialism James Tully
    Osgoode Hall Law Journal Article 1 Volume 46, Number 3 (Fall 2008) Modern Constitutional Democracy and Imperialism James Tully Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.osgoode.yorku.ca/ohlj Part of the Constitutional Law Commons, and the Political Theory Commons Article Citation Information Tully, James. "Modern Constitutional Democracy and Imperialism." Osgoode Hall Law Journal 46.3 (2008) : 461-493. http://digitalcommons.osgoode.yorku.ca/ohlj/vol46/iss3/1 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at Osgoode Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Osgoode Hall Law Journal by an authorized editor of Osgoode Digital Commons. Modern Constitutional Democracy and Imperialism Abstract To what extent is the development of modern constitutional democracy as a state form in the West and its spread around the world implicated in western imperialism? This has been a leading question of legal scholarship over the last thirty years. James Tully draws on this scholarship to present a preliminary answer. Part I sets out seven central features of modern constitutional democracy and its corresponding international institutions of law and government. Part II sets out three major imperial roles that these legal and political institutions have played, and continue to play. And finally, Part III surveys ways in which the persisting imperial dimensions can be de-imperialized by being brought under the shared democratic authority of the people and peoples who are subject to them. Keywords Constitutional history; Constitutional law; Democracy; Imperialism This article is available in Osgoode Hall Law Journal: http://digitalcommons.osgoode.yorku.ca/ohlj/vol46/iss3/1 461 Modern Constitutional Democracy and Imperialism JAMES TULLY* To what extent is the development of modern constitutional democracy as a state form in the West and its spread around the world implicated in western imperialism? This has been a leading question of legal scholarship over the last thirty years.
    [Show full text]
  • Imperialism and Migration
    National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior A National Historic Landmarks Theme Study ASIAN AMERICAN PACIFIC ISLANDER ISLANDER AMERICAN PACIFIC ASIAN Finding a Path Forward ASIAN AMERICAN PACIFIC ISLANDER NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARKS THEME STUDY LANDMARKS HISTORIC NATIONAL NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARKS THEME STUDY Edited by Franklin Odo Use of ISBN This is the official U.S. Government edition of this publication and is herein identified to certify its authenticity. Use of 978-0-692-92584-3 is for the U.S. Government Publishing Office editions only. The Superintendent of Documents of the U.S. Government Publishing Office requests that any reprinted edition clearly be labeled a copy of the authentic work with a new ISBN. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Odo, Franklin, editor. | National Historic Landmarks Program (U.S.), issuing body. | United States. National Park Service. Title: Finding a Path Forward, Asian American and Pacific Islander National Historic Landmarks theme study / edited by Franklin Odo. Other titles: Asian American and Pacific Islander National Historic Landmarks theme study | National historic landmark theme study. Description: Washington, D.C. : National Historic Landmarks Program, National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, 2017. | Series: A National Historic Landmarks theme study | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2017045212| ISBN 9780692925843 | ISBN 0692925848 Subjects: LCSH: National Historic Landmarks Program (U.S.) | Asian Americans--History. | Pacific Islander Americans--History. | United States--History. Classification: LCC E184.A75 F46 2017 | DDC 973/.0495--dc23 | SUDOC I 29.117:AS 4 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017045212 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Beyond Empire and Nation (CS6)-2012.Indd 1 11-09-12 16:57 BEYOND EMPIRE and N ATION This Monograph Is a Publication of the Research Programme ‘Indonesia Across Orders
    ISBN 978-90-6718-289-8 ISBN 978-90-6718-289-8 9 789067 182898 9 789067 182898 Beyond empire and nation (CS6)-2012.indd 1 11-09-12 16:57 BEYOND EMPIRE AND N ATION This monograph is a publication of the research programme ‘Indonesia across Orders. The reorganization of Indonesian society.’ The programme was realized by the Netherlands Institute for War Documentation (NIOD) and was supported by the Dutch Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport. Published in this series by Boom, Amsterdam: - Hans Meijer, with the assistance of Margaret Leidelmeijer, Indische rekening; Indië, Nederland en de backpay-kwestie 1945-2005 (2005) - Peter Keppy, Sporen van vernieling; Oorlogsschade, roof en rechtsherstel in Indonesië 1940-1957 (2006) - Els Bogaerts en Remco Raben (eds), Van Indië tot Indonesië (2007) - Marije Plomp, De gentleman bandiet; Verhalen uit het leven en de literatuur, Nederlands-Indië/ Indonesië 1930-1960 (2008) - Remco Raben, De lange dekolonisatie van Indonesië (forthcoming) Published in this series by KITLV Press, Leiden: - J. Thomas Lindblad, Bridges to new business; The economic decolonization of Indonesia (2008) - Freek Colombijn, with the assistance of Martine Barwegen, Under construction; The politics of urban space and housing during the decolonization of Indonesia, 1930-1960 (2010) - Peter Keppy, The politics of redress; war damage compensation and restitution in Indonesia and the Philippines, 1940-1957 (2010) - J. Thomas Lindblad and Peter Post (eds), Indonesian economic decolonization in regional and international perspective (2009) In the same series will be published: - Robert Bridson Cribb, The origins of massacre in modern Indonesia; Legal orders, states of mind and reservoirs of violence, 1900-1965 - Ratna Saptari en Erwiza Erman (ed.), Menggapai keadilan; Politik dan pengalaman buruh dalam proses dekolonisasi, 1930-1965 - Bambang Purwanto et al.
    [Show full text]
  • UC Riverside Electronic Theses and Dissertations
    UC Riverside UC Riverside Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Language, Tagalog Regionalism, and Filipino Nationalism: How a Language-Centered Tagalog Regionalism Helped to Develop a Philippine Nationalism Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/69j3t8mk Author Porter, Christopher James Publication Date 2017 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE Language, Tagalog Regionalism, and Filipino Nationalism: How a Language-Centered Tagalog Regionalism Helped to Develop a Philippine Nationalism A Thesis submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Southeast Asian Studies by Christopher James Porter June 2017 Thesis Committee: Dr. Hendrik Maier, Chairperson Dr. Sarita See Dr. David Biggs Copyright by Christopher James Porter 2017 The Thesis of Christopher James Porter is approved: Committee Chairperson University of California, Riverside Table of Contents: Introduction………………………………………………….. 1-4 Part I: Filipino Nationalism Introduction…………………………………………… 5-8 Spanish Period………………………………………… 9-21 American Period……………………………………… 21-28 1941 to Present……………………………………….. 28-32 Part II: Language Introduction…………………………………………… 34-36 Spanish Period……………………………………….... 36-39 American Period………………………………………. 39-43 1941 to Present………………………………………... 44-51 Part III: Formal Education Introduction…………………………………………… 52-53 Spanish Period………………………………………… 53-55 American Period………………………………………. 55-59 1941 to 2009………………………………………….. 59-63 A New Language Policy……………………………… 64-68 Conclusion……………………………………………………. 69-72 Epilogue………………………………………………………. 73-74 Bibliography………………………………………………….. 75-79 iv INTRODUCTION: The nation-state of the Philippines is comprised of thousands of islands and over a hundred distinct languages, as well as over a thousand dialects of those languages. The archipelago has more than a dozen regional languages, which are recognized as the lingua franca of these different regions.
    [Show full text]
  • The Philippines Illustrated
    The Philippines Illustrated A Visitors Guide & Fact Book By Graham Winter of www.philippineholiday.com Fig.1 & Fig 2. Apulit Island Beach, Palawan All photographs were taken by & are the property of the Author Images of Flower Island, Kubo Sa Dagat, Pandan Island & Fantasy Place supplied courtesy of the owners. CHAPTERS 1) History of The Philippines 2) Fast Facts: Politics & Political Parties Economy Trade & Business General Facts Tourist Information Social Statistics Population & People 3) Guide to the Regions 4) Cities Guide 5) Destinations Guide 6) Guide to The Best Tours 7) Hotels, accommodation & where to stay 8) Philippines Scuba Diving & Snorkelling. PADI Diving Courses 9) Art & Artists, Cultural Life & Museums 10) What to See, What to Do, Festival Calendar Shopping 11) Bars & Restaurants Guide. Filipino Cuisine Guide 12) Getting there & getting around 13) Guide to Girls 14) Scams, Cons & Rip-Offs 15) How to avoid petty crime 16) How to stay healthy. How to stay sane 17) Do’s & Don’ts 18) How to Get a Free Holiday 19) Essential items to bring with you. Advice to British Passport Holders 20) Volcanoes, Earthquakes, Disasters & The Dona Paz Incident 21) Residency, Retirement, Working & Doing Business, Property 22) Terrorism & Crime 23) Links 24) English-Tagalog, Language Guide. Native Languages & #s of speakers 25) Final Thoughts Appendices Listings: a) Govt.Departments. Who runs the country? b) 1630 hotels in the Philippines c) Universities d) Radio Stations e) Bus Companies f) Information on the Philippines Travel Tax g) Ferries information and schedules. Chapter 1) History of The Philippines The inhabitants are thought to have migrated to the Philippines from Borneo, Sumatra & Malaya 30,000 years ago.
    [Show full text]
  • Race and Ethnicity in the Era of the Philippine-American War, 1898-1914
    Allegiance and Identity: Race and Ethnicity in the Era of the Philippine-American War, 1898-1914 by M. Carmella Cadusale Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in the History Program YOUNGSTOWN STATE UNIVERSITY August, 2016 Allegiance and Identity: Race and Ethnicity in the Era of the Philippine-American War, 1898-1914 M. Carmella Cadusale I hereby release this thesis to the public. I understand that this thesis will be made available from the OhioLINK ETD Center and the Maag Library Circulation Desk for public access. I also authorize the University or other individuals to make copies of this thesis as needed for scholarly research. Signature: M. Carmella Cadusale, Student Date Approvals: Dr. L. Diane Barnes, Thesis Advisor Date Dr. David Simonelli, Committee Member Date Dr. Helene Sinnreich, Committee Member Date Dr. Salvatore A. Sanders, Dean of Graduate Studies Date ABSTRACT Filipino culture was founded through the amalgamation of many ethnic and cultural influences, such as centuries of Spanish colonization and the immigration of surrounding Asiatic groups as well as the long nineteenth century’s Race of Nations. However, the events of 1898 to 1914 brought a sense of national unity throughout the seven thousand islands that made the Philippine archipelago. The Philippine-American War followed by United States occupation, with the massive domestic support on the ideals of Manifest Destiny, introduced the notion of distinct racial ethnicities and cemented the birth of one national Philippine identity. The exploration on the Philippine American War and United States occupation resulted in distinguishing the three different analyses of identity each influenced by events from 1898 to 1914: 1) The identity of Filipinos through the eyes of U.S., an orientalist study of the “us” versus “them” heavily influenced by U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • UC Santa Cruz Electronic Theses and Dissertations
    UC Santa Cruz UC Santa Cruz Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Mediating America: Black and Irish Press and the Struggle for Citizenship, 1870-1914 Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7785c92j Author Shott, Brian H. Publication Date 2015 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SANTA CRUZ MEDIATING AMERICA: BLACK AND IRISH PRESS AND THE STRUGGLE FOR CITIZENSHIP, 1870-1914 A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in HISTORY by Brian H. Shott December 2015 The Dissertation of Brian H. Shott is approved: __________________________________ Professor David Brundage, chair __________________________________ Professor Catherine Jones __________________________________ Professor Matthew O’Hara __________________________________ Professor Martin Berger __________________________________ Tyrus Miller Vice Provost and Dean of Graduate Studies Copyright © by Brian H. Shott 2015 Table of Contents List of Figures ......................................................................................................... iv Abstract .................................................................................................................. vii Introduction: Battling for Belonging When Print Was King.................................... 1 Chapter 1. Father Peter Yorke: A Publisher-Priest in the Fault Lines of American Identity ...................................................................................................
    [Show full text]