Reconhecendo Estereótipos Racistas Na Mídia Norte-Americana, Por Suzane Jardim (Medium, 15/07/2016)

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Reconhecendo Estereótipos Racistas Na Mídia Norte-Americana, Por Suzane Jardim (Medium, 15/07/2016) Reconhecendo estereótipos racistas na mídia norte- americana, por Suzane Jardim (Medium, 15/07/2016) Já faz tempo que acompanho alguns debates nessa rede mundial de computadores e sempre surgem muitas dúvidas quanto a estereótipos e ofensas racistas vindas geralmente dos EUA e que não fazem parte do cotidiano brasileiro — pelo menos não quanto ao uso corrente. Acredito na importância de saber reconhecer esses estereótipos, principalmente para compreender polêmicas internacionais e ter a capacidade de criticar as obras midiáticas americanizadas que consumimos no nosso dia-a-dia. Por isso, eu e o meu consultor de língua inglesa e cultura midiática americana, Francisco Izzo, fizemos uma pesquisinha básica em sites e artigos norte-americanos para tentar falar um pouco de alguns desses estereótipos — de um modo bem didático, simplificado e informal. Esse texto foi feito originalmente como um álbum no Facebook. A intenção era de popularizar a discussão e criar um dialogo em linguagem simples e fácil. Falta muita coisa provavelmente e talvez novos termos possam sem acrescentados aqui com o tempo. Se tiverem sugestões de termos a serem pesquisados, só jogar aí que nas horas de folgas a gente vê o que dá pra fazer. Nota: esse artigo informal foi feito com pesquisa de fato, sabe? Não com uma pesquisa bibliográfica. Fomos atrás de termos vistos em filmes, séries e em alguns artigos em inglês mais informais que liamos pela internet. Basicamente o que fizemos foi procurar fóruns, discussões e textos em blogs americanos pra ver o sentido que davam a cada termo e as explicações históricas que apareciam. Esses estereótipos se dividem entre Históricos e Modernos e tentamos à medida do possível indicar origens e datas, só faltando quando não foi possível encontrar, logo, contribuições são bem vindas. vlw ae O Jim Crow Thomas D. Rice era um comediante novaiorquino nascido no início do século XIX. Pra dar aquela inovada no seu repertório, o homem resolveu ir visitar o Sul dos EUA pra ter umas idéia, refrescar a mente e pá. Lá, ele descobriu que era um costume da galera branca comparar os seus escravos com corvos (em inglês, crow) e que os escravos, nas horas de descanso, costumavam cantar uma canção cuja a origem não se sabe, sobre uma figura lendária chamada Jim Crow. Então, como qualquer ser humano “normal”, o homem simplesmente teve a genial idéia de pintar seu corpo de preto e se apresentar em casas de shows onde cantava sua adaptação da música dos escravos — a Jump Jim Crow. Nessas apresentações, ele incorporava o que achava ser o “típico escravo negro”: um cara burro, vestindo trapos, fazendo trapalhadas e andando de maneira boba por aí. Isso fez um sucesso tão grande que criou todo um gênero de apresentações semelhantes — the minstrel show — um rolê onde se pagava pra ver diversos brancos fazendo blackface para imitar negros em diversas situações cômicas e estereotipadas. Com o tempo, Jim Crow se tornou um sinônimo para negros americanos usado pelos brancos e uma marca de como negros eram inferiores e bem menos desenvolvidos intelectualmente. E essa imagem se manteve firme e forte por uma cacetada de tempo. A parada ficou tão forte que as leis de segregação racial impostas nos Estados Unidos ganharam o nome informal deJim Crow Laws (Leis Jim Crow). Já ouviram falar da polêmica dos corvos do desenho Dumbo, da Disney? Então… em 1941, enquanto ainda rolavam as leis de segregação racial, a Disney lançou esses personagens que eram basicamente corvos com trejeitos estereotipados associados a negros (malandragem, musicais, sotaque típico etc) e cujo líder se chamava.. tchan tchan tchanan!!! Isso mesmo! Jim Crow! Sambo (Coon) Em 1898, quando a escravidão nos EUA já havia sido abolida e as leis de segregação já estavam sendo aplicadas, foi lançado um livro infantil chamadoThe History of Little Black Sambo — algo como A História do Pequeno Negro Sambo, em português. A historinha era sobre um garoto de pele escura que tapeou um grupo de tigres famintos graças a suas habilidades — era felizão, sem preocupações, irresponsável, malandrão, inocente e pans. O texto original sugeria que o personagem principal era um garotinho indiano, não muito diferente do Mogli, que a gente já conhece — MAS, como estamos falando dos EUA da segregação, rapidamente ligaram o garotinho da história com um negro por suas características. Claro que os brancos não precisavam de um livro pra pensar isso dos negros, né memo. Esse esteriótipo já existia, associado à palavra Coon— contração da palavra racoon que em português significa guaxinin, sabe? Guaxinin? Aquele animal pequeno, selvagem e que rouba ovos de galinhas sem ninguém perceber porque ele é bem ligeiro etc e tal? Então, um dos personagens que marcaram a trajetória dos Minstrel Shows (aquelas apresentações de brancos fazendo blackface que mencionamos na parte do Jim Crow e que foram um baita sucesso) foi Zip Coon. Enquanto Jim Crow era um pastiche de um escravo negro sulista, Zip Coon, que foi interpretado pela primeira vez por George Dixon em 1834, era o que consideravam um “típico negro liberto do norte”: um negro malandro que quer ostentar sua situação de liberto andando bem vestido por aí, cheio de arrogância por não “se colocar no seu lugar”, usando gírias exageradas e andando pelas cidades aplicando golpes. POIS BEM — Coon ou Sambo, se tornaram sinônimos de uma ofensa racial usada para associar negros à malandragem, preguiça, gente que foge das obrigações, que conta altas piada, vive cantando e só quer ficar de boa comendo melancia… Mas depois a gente chega nessa parte. Golliwog, pickaninny e golly doll Golliwog é o nome de bonequinhos de trapo que apareciam em livros infantis no século XIX caracterizados como uma caricatura de criança negra totalmente estereotipada e com traços exagerados — um bonequinho com blackface basicamente. Esse bonequinho criou tendência iconográfica para a criação de itens, produtos e shows que usavam blackface. E rapidamente se tornou uma ofensa racial. Pickaninny é uma palavra adaptada de “pequenino”, em português, sabe? E era usada para se referir a crianças negras — aquelas que lembravam golliwogs e golly dolls. Basicamente, pickaninny/golly doll/golliwog são formas depreciativas e racistas de se chamar uma criança negra, colocando-a sempre como arteira, independente, imune à dor e que não precisa de cuidados de ninguém, nem dos pais, que podem deixá-los sozinhos de boa e irem cuidar das crianças brancas dos seus patrões sem problemas. Tia Jemina (a Mammy) Mommy, é o modo carinhoso de se chamar uma mãe em inglês. Mammy é como um negro do século XIX pronunciaria a palavra “Mommy” nos estados sulistas americanos. Logo, Mammy vem das memórias e diários escritos por brancos no pós guerra civil, onde contavam como foram felizes ao lado da escrava de casa que era “quase da família”, aquela que os amamentou, que deixava os próprios filhos de lado pra cuidar deles, que não tinha vaidade, nem vontades — dedicava a vida inteira a todas essas crianças brancas maravilhosas que ela amava como se fossem os próprios filhos — ó que bonito! A descrição básica da Mammy gira em torno de uma mulher negra bem gorda, com seios enormes capazes de amamentar todas as crianças brancas do mundo, um lenço pra esconder o cabelo crespo “horroroso” e uma personalidade forte, cheia de garra, mas que só serve pra lutar pela família branca que ela tanto ama. Ela é uma doméstica, nasceu pra isso. Cozinha como ninguém e tem as melhores receitas. É leal, é gentil, dá dicas de limpeza, é supersticiosa, religiosa, tá sempre pronta pra aconselhar as donas de casa e suas filhas — uma grande amiga! Claro que por se dedicar tanto à família branca, a Mammy é alguém sem pretensões, sem vida própria, assexuada e que só sabe servir e mais nada, mas o importante é usar a imagem pra enfatizar uma suposta boa relação entre senhores e escravos que tenta mascarar uma relação de poder gritante rolando. A marca Aunt Jemima ainda existe, mas atualmente deu uma repaginada em seu logo pra tentar dar uma aliviada na imagem estereotipada (dar aliviada = tirar o lenço da cabeça, como podem ver.) Essa imagem foi firmada no cotidiano e na cultura popular principalmente depois do lançamento dos produtos culinários da Tia (Aunt) Jemima, láááá em 1889. Os produtos, a partir de 1893, ganharam um logo que trazia uma mulher negra com todas as características já citadas aqui e a figura da Aunt Jemima se tornou referência popular rapidamente, fixando uma nova personagem na publicidade, TV e cinema. Vários musicais, séries de TV e filmes tiveram sua versão da Tia Jemima. A fixação da imagem da mulher negra como Mammy foi também usada no discurso ideológico que manteve as mulheres negras presas ao trabalho doméstico. Eram mulheres com vocação para servir e não para alcançar melhores postos e pretensões nos mercados de trabalho. Além disso, por anos definiu o lugar da mulher negra na mídia: só aparecia na função de doméstica e conselheira da patroa, não sendo representada como nada além de uma eterna Mammy. Hattie McDaniel, a primeira mulher negra a ganhar um Oscar por seu papel no filme …Gone With the Wind ou … E o Vento Levou em português, fez a maior parte da sua carreira interpretando Mammies no cinema — só na década de 30, McDaniel interpretou pelo menos 40 empregadas domésticas. Vale lembrar que, o ano em que Hattie McDaniel levou o Oscar de Melhor Atriz (1940), foi também o ano em que uma pessoa negra esteve pela primeira vez em um cerimônia do Oscar sem ser para fazer faxina ou servir cafézinho… Muitas garotas propaganda nos EUA, resgatam a figura da Mammy de um modo mais disfarçado, tipo tirando o lenço da cabeça ou coisa assim — mas obviamente só para produtos de cozinha ou de limpeza, como rolou com a garota do Pinho Sol até um tempo atrás.
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